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Practical Work 3 s1

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LI9 GAMER
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Department: Common Core Technology Academic year: 2024/2025

Module: Chemistry Practical work 1st Semester


Module co-ordinator: Dr. Fergani Z/ Dr. Alouaoui R

Practical work 3
Preparation of solutions

I. Objectives
- Preparing a solution of known concentration,
- Preparing a dilute solution from a more concentrated one,
- Determining the uncertainties arising from the preparation of these solutions.

II. Definitions

A. Solution:
Solutions are an important part of chemistry. A solution is a homogeneous mixture created by
dissolving one or more solutes in a solvent. The chemical in the mixture that is present in the
largest amount is called the solvent, and the other components are called solutes.

Solution = Solvent + Solute


Example: A solution of sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt, is formed when
NaCl (solute) is dissolved in a solvent, typically water.

B. Concentration:
The concentration of a solution refers to the quantity of solute dissolved in a particular quantity
of solvent or solution. There are several ways of expressing solution concentrations such as
moles per litre, percentage concentration, grams per litre, etc.

 Molar concentration (C) or Molarity (M): In chemistry, molarity is the most


frequently used method of expressing concentration of a solution. Molarity indicates the
number of moles of solute dissolved in a litre of a solution; has the symbol M, and the
unit, moles per litre (mol/L). The concentration of a solution in mol/L can be calculated
using the formula:
𝑛
𝑀= (moles per liter)
𝑉
Where C = concentration of the solution in moles per litre (mol/L)
n = amount of moles of solute (mol)
V = volume of solution in litre (L)

 Normality (N) : also called by the name equivalent concentration, defined as the
number of gram equivalent of solute present in one liter of solution.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝐸𝑞)
𝑁=
𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Department: Common Core Technology Academic year: 2024/2025
Module: Chemistry Practical work 1st Semester
Module co-ordinator: Dr. Fergani Z/ Dr. Alouaoui R

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞 =
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑀𝑊
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 =
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

 Relation between normality and molarity:

𝑁 = 𝑀 × 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

 Mass concentration: is defined as the mass of the solute per unit volume of the solution.

 Mass percent solution: defined as the ratio of the solute’s mass to the solution’s mass.
Example: 20 g of sodium chloride in 100 g of solution is a 20% by mass solution.

III. Preparation of solutions


The different preparation solutions methods are:
- From a solid solute: Preparing a solution from a solid solute involves dissolving a
certain amount of the solid substance in a solvent to achieve a desired concentration.

𝑀𝐶𝑉
𝑚=
𝑃
With m being the mass of the solute in grams, completed to a volume V in liters to obtain
a concentration C in mol/L. M is the molar mass of the solid solute in grams per mole.
P is the purity of the solid solute (0< P <1).
- From a liquid solute: involves accurately measuring the liquid solute and mixing it
with a solvent to achieve the desired concentration.
𝑀 𝐶 𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑙
𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 =
𝑃×𝜌
With Vsolute representing the volume of the liquid solute needed to be added to achieve
a volume V in liters, in order to obtain a concentration C in mol/l. M is the molar mass
of the liquid solute in grams/mole. P is the purity of the liquid solute (0 < P < 1). ρ is
the density of the solute in grams/liter or (Kg/m3).

- Dilution: Dilution is the process of adding more solvent to a solution.


Solutions can be prepared by diluting a solution of a known higher concentration (stock
solution) to produce solutions of lower concentration.
Department: Common Core Technology Academic year: 2024/2025
Module: Chemistry Practical work 1st Semester
Module co-ordinator: Dr. Fergani Z/ Dr. Alouaoui R

𝐶1 𝑉1 = 𝐶2 𝑉2
Where: C1: concentration of the initial solution or concentrated solution.
V1: initial volume or the volume of concentrated solution.
C2: concentration of the final or diluted solution.
V2 = final volume or the volume of diluted solution. The desired volume of the diluted
solution.

IV. Practical
 Materials and products

Materials Products
Electronic balance
Volumetric flasks NaCl
Beakers HCl
Funnel H2SO4
Pipettes NaOH
Distilled water wash bottles
Watch glass

 Solutions to prepare and calculations

1. Preparation of a 100 ml solution of 0.1 N HCl from a 1 N stock solution.


2. Preparation of a 100 ml solution of 1 N H2SO4 from concentrated sulfuric acid (pure).
3. Preparation of a 50 ml solution of 0.5 M NaOH from a 1 M solution.
4. Preparation of a 50 ml solution of 0.5 M NaCl.
5. Preparation of a 100 ml solution of 1% NaCl.

 For each preparation:


- Perform the calculations
- Carry out the preparation using the appropriate glassware.
- Record the uncertainty of the various accessories used for calculating the uncertainty.

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