Scribd
Upload
14 views

18CVL67 Environmental Engineering Laboratory Manual

Uploaded by

prajalc101
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views

18CVL67 Environmental Engineering Laboratory Manual

Uploaded by

prajalc101
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

EXPERIMENT NO: 07

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

AIM: To determine the biochemical oxygen demand in the given sample of water.

APPARATUS:

1) BOD bottle 300 capacity.


2) Incubator, to be controlled at 20C±10C.
3) Burette,
4) Pipette and
5) Measuring jar.

REAGENTS:

1) Phosphate buffer.
2) Magnesium sulfate.
3) Calcium chloride.
4) Ferric chloride.
5) Sodium Thiosulfate solution 0.025N.
6) Additionally all reagents listed in DO estimation.

THEORY:

BOD is defined as the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms while stabilizing


biologically decomposable organic matter in a waste under aerobic conditions. The BOD test
is widely used to determine
1) The pollution load of waste water,
2) The degree of pollution in lakes and streams at any time and their self-purification
capacity and
3) Efficiency of waste water treatment methods.
Since the test is mainly a bio-assay procedure, involving measurement of oxygen consumed
by bacteria while stabilizing organic matter under aerobic conditions, it is necessary to
provide standard conditions of nutrient supply, ph, absence of microbial growth inhibiting
substances and temperature. Because of the low solubility of o2 in water, strong wastes are
always diluted to ensure that the demand does not increase the available O 2. A mixed group
of organisms should be present in the sample: if not, the sample has to be seeded artificially.

Department of Civil Engineering, AIT Page 21


Temperature is controlled at 20ºc. The test is controlled for 5 days as 70 to 80% of the waste
is oxidized during this period.

PROCEDURE:
PREPARATION OF DILUTION WATER:
1) Aerate the required volume of distilled water in a container by bubbling compressed
air for about 15 min to attain DO saturation. Try to maintain the temperature near
200C.
2) Add 1ml of phosphate buffer, magnesium sulphate, calcium chloride and ferric
chloride solution for each litter of dilution water. Mix well.
3) In the case of the wastes which are not expected to have sufficient bacterial pollution,
add seed to the dilution water. Generally, 2ml settled sewage is considered sufficient
for 100ml of dilution water.
DILUTION OF SAMPLE
1) Neutralize the sample to pH around 7.0 if it is highly alkaline or acidic.
2) Take 50ml of the sample and acidify with addition of 10ml 1+1 acetic acid. Add
about 1kg KI. Titrate with sodium thiosulphate 0.025N using starch indicator.
Calculate the volume of sodium thiosulphate required per ml of the sample and add
accordingly to the sample to be tested for BOD.
3) Samples having high DO content i.e. DO 9mg/l, due to either algal growth or some
other reason, reduce the DO content by aerating the samples.
4) Make several dilutions of the pretreated sample so as to obtain about 50% depletion
of DO in dilution water but not less than 2mg and the residual O 2 after 5 days of
incubation should not be less than 1mg/lit. prepare dilutions as follows

5) Siphon out seeded dilution water in a measuring cylinder or volumetric flask half the
required volume. Add the required quantity of carefully mixed sample. Dilute to the
desired volume by siphoning dilution water and mix well.
6) The following dilutions are suggested:
0.1% to 1% Strong trade waste
1% to 5% Raw or settled sewage
5% to 25% Treated effluent
25% to 100% River water

Keep 1 bottle for determination for the initial DO and incubate 2 bottles at 20ºC for 5 days.

Department of Civil Engineering, AIT Page 22


See that the bottles have a water seal. Prepare a blank in duplicate by siphoning plain
dilution water (without seed) to measure the O2 consumption in dilution water. Fix DO of
the bottles kept for immediate DO determination and blank by adding 1ml MnSO 4 followed
by 1ml alkali iodide azide solution as described in the estimation of DO. Determine DO in
the sample and in the blank on initial day and after 5 days.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:

Initial DO
Sample Burette reading Volume(ml)
Final reading Initial
reading
Blank
10% dilution
20% dilution
DO (10%) = ml
DO (AV %) = ml
Five-Day DO
Sample Burette reading Volume(ml)
Final reading Initial
reading
Blank
10% dilution
20% dilution

C5= ml
D5 (10%) = ml
D5 (AV %) = ml

CALCULATION:
BOD mg/l= ((D5-D0)-(C5-C0))/ (ml of sample used in decimals)
Where: D5 and D0 = DO in sample after 5 days and initial day respectively
C5 and C0=DO in blank after 5 days and initial day respectively
RESULT:
BOD of the sample = mg/l.

CONCLUSION:

ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE:

Department of Civil Engineering, AIT Page 23

You might also like