PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

2nd QUARTER
Module 6

Analyzing Research Data

MRS. VIOLETA A. ROJAS

Writer

Most Essential Learning Competencies

 Infers and explain patterns and theme from data (CS_RS11-4d-f2)
 Relates the findings with pertinent literature (CS_RS11-4d-f3)

To the Learner
This module was specially designed to help you understand and apply the lesson
objectives. Read and follow the simple instructions as your guide.
1. Set a conducive learning space at home so you can focus on your studies.
2. Seek assistance from your parents or guardian to guide you in doing the
activities.
3. Take down important concepts and list questions you would like to ask from
your teacher.
4. Reflect and apply the concepts that you have learned.
The Writer
 Expectations

Data gathered in qualitative research differs greatly from quantitative in a manner

that words or images presented are interpreted instead of numbers. This module aims
to achieve the following objectives:
1. Use code and analyze pattern in data collected.
2. Identify common themes among pattern recognized.
3. Interpret data through recognized patterns and themes.
4. Find connections between data gathered and literature studied.

Pre-Test
Directions: Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on the
blank provided before the number.
_____ 1. Which of the following statement is TRUE about qualitative analysis?
A) Results are best analyzed through statistical data.
B) Graphs and charts help in organization of numerical data.
C) Data collected are usually in words that are analyzed and interpreted.
D) There are several approaches to doing it which includes content analysis.
_____ 2. What is the correct pattern for inductive approach to qualitative analysis?
I. Category III. Collated data V. Theme
II. Code IV. Condensed data VI. Theory
A) I, II, III, IV, V, VI C) III, IV, II, I, V, VI
B) II, IV, V, VI, I, III D) IV, III, II, I, V, VI
_____ 3. Which does NOT belong to the group?
A) Content analysis C) Narrative analysis
B) Grounded theory D) Phenomenological study
_____ 4. How do you describe discourse analysis?
A) It analyzes behavioral data. C) It is used in policy research.
B) It studies everyday use of language. D) It is an analytic induction
_____ 5. What is the first step in qualitative analysis?
A) Identifying patterns C) Identifying framework
B) Assigning codes D) Organizing data

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 Looking Back
Qualitative or Quantitative
Objective: Identify observation and interview according to types.
Direction: Rearrange the scrambled letters to determine what term is being described.
___________ 1. As a resident of Misty province who was devastated by the super typhoon
Linda, Clarisse started observing how the disastrous event has affected
emotional stability of all residents in the area. (ptaaticripn)
___________ 2. Through records obtained from periodicals, journals, biographies of
and prior interviews of people who had been devastated by the Pinatubo
eruption, a group of students looked for patterns that will explain victims
motivation to rise up from the distressing situation. (tinedirc)
___________ 3. An observation setting in which a supervisor visited a school to observe
teachers handling classes as well as how students are responding to
instructions. (untaarl)
___________ 4. It is an interview setting where the interviewer and interviewee converse
Informally and questions were asked based on prompts provided by the
participant. (ueruructtsnd)
___________ 5. Before the interview with five known politicians, Ana carefully crafted
questions that she would ask the participants of the study and gathered
data based on these sets of questions. (srruuttced)

Brief Introduction
Qualitative data analysis refers to the extent in which data collected and gathered
are described, analyzed and interpreted. There are two approaches to qualitative data
analysis. These could be inductive or deductive. An approach is inductive if data
relevant to a researchers’ topic of interest are collected then the researcher looks for
pattern in the data with the aim of developing a theory to explain the patterns generated.
Deductive on the other hand works backward. It started with a theory that is used to
identify patterns made from observations.
Aside from approaches, there are also variety of techniques for data analysis.
These types are content analysis, narrative analysis, discourse analysis, framework
analysis and grounded theory. How do you differentiate the five?
a) Content analysis - it involves analysis and interpretation of verbal or behavioral
data. This process is done for the purpose of classifying, summarizing and
tabulating data. There are two ways in which content can be analyzed. First
descriptive, which focus is on the question “what is the data” and second
interpretative, answer the question” what was meant by the data?”.

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 b) Narrative analysis – narratives are transcripts from interview, observation,
biographies and other written forms. In a narrative analysis, the researcher takes
a step back, sort out and reflect on transcribed experiences and then reformulate
these stories.
c) Discourse analysis – discourse refers to both spoken and written communication.
Discourse analysis focuses on the use of language in everyday situations.
d) Framework analysis – mostly used in policy research, a framework analysis is a
five-step process that involves, familiarization, identifying a thematic framework,
coding, charting, and lastly mapping and interpretation.
e) Grounded theory – “also called analytic induction”, (Buensuceso et al., 2016). In
grounded theory, one case from a pre-define population was studied until a
general statement, maybe a concept or a hypothesis about the population was
formulated. Then another case is taken to see if the hypothesis fits the statement.
The statement may be adjusted to fit the case, or the population may be redefined
to eliminate the prior case. The process continues until the researcher arrives at
a statement that fits all cases.
How is qualitative analysis done? Firstly, data must first be organized? Organization
of data entails transcribing and translating data if need be, data cleaning, and data
labelling. Collating or summarizing belong to this category. Secondly, framework must
be identified. Would it be explanatory (guided by the question) or exploratory (guided by
the data)? At this point, the researcher will devise a coding plan. By coding, it means a
method of attaching labels to lines of text. This process is important when you group or
compare information. Thirdly, sorting data into framework. This involve the actual
placing of codes. Condensations of information would also fall in this part of data
analysis. Fourthly, arranging responses into categories and then identifying recurrent
themes. Themes are categorical ideas generated from grouping data. Lastly, the second
order analysis wherein recurrent patterns and themes are identified. Data is now
reviewed to find answers to the research questions.
Data interpretation immediately followed second order analysis. Sunday (n.d)
defines interpretation as “the act of identifying and explaining the core meaning of the
data”. Furthermore, he added that it involves organizing and connecting emerging
themes, sub-themes and contradictions in order to draw a larger picture of it is about.
The process of reporting the findings though is not limited to analyzing only one
particular data source. It is always important to triangulate for a more objective if not
accurate report.

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 Activity 1

Preparing and organizing data

Objective: Prepare data for coding
Direction: Read a portion of Howie Severino’s interview with Michael V. After, the
dialogue, an example of how the data is organized is given. (Note: The example interview
is transcribed from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQUf9Lcr1Cw, and translated.
Parts of the interviewers’ statement are omitted just for the purpose of limiting the
number of words used, but the context is the same). The meaning units are provided
after the dialogue, provide the condensed form. Condensation involves reducing the
terms in a statement while retaining the essential meaning.

Howie: How are you Bitoy? Are you fully recovered?

Bitoy: Uhmm… I would say yes, overall I am good. But my lung capacity is the same as
the other patients who are COVID victims, seems like my lung capacity is not yet
100%. I still easily felt harshness in breathing.
Howie: So how do you feel now?
Bitoy: Just that. I easily get tired. But when I do breathing exercise, I feel okay. And
also, there is no longer the usual feeling of people who has COVID, no fever,
cough, colds, none of them any longer. Just that. It’s maybe because I felt that a
scar was left in my lungs that’s why it is difficult for it to expand now, because
it’s capacity is not yet 100%.
Howie: But Bitoy, have you already completed the period of self-quarantine? Are you
with your family now?
Bitoy: Yes, it is over. The period of hardship is done, I am free now. I haven’t had check
up yet, I really would like to do that, like you, I would like to donate plasma, you
know, to help our countrymen however small. Just to give back.
Howie: Several information has revealed that risk from food deliveries are very low
compared to person to person interaction that’s why I was surprised with what
you mentioned in your vlog about deliveries. Has it changed? Is there a change
in how you received deliveries at home?
Bitoy: I’ve just became extra cautious Howie. I think food deliveries are okay, there is
no problem. I think I contracted the virus from items like metal or plastic. That’s
the culprit, I think. But the food, i think in the entire process of delivery, it is
possible that the virus can be transmitted somehow. As for our home, we just
strengthen our defense. We do sterilization, spray, reheating of food, we’re like a
battalion on combat battle, always on guard.

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Howie: Why do you decide to document, an almost blow by blow account, from your
fear, to your symptoms, you even edited video of you coughing so hard, from Day1
until you went to St. Lukes for testing, until you knew the result? What motivated
you to document yourself and share it to the public?
Bitoy: Over all, maybe it’s to spread awareness. The virus does not exempt anyone.
Anybody could have it, anytime, anywhere. I just want people to have a realization
that we need to be careful, wearing a mask, handwashing is not a joke, it’s a
factor, a big help to all of us, and it’s the same for the front liner. The less the
possibility of contracting the virus, the less people they have to take care of, the
lesser problem for our country.

As suggested by Brysiewics and Erlingsson (2017) to organize data for analysis

id to first list down the data provided by the participant, then condensed it to what they
really want to say…

Meaning Units Condensation

Uhmm… I would say yes, overall, I am good. Overall, I am good.
But my lung capacity is the same as the other My lung capacity is not
patients who are COVID victims, seems like my yet 100%
lung capacity is not yet 100%.
I still easily felt harshness in breathing. I still felt harshness in breathing
Just that. I easily get tired. ________________________________
But when I do breathing exercise, I feel okay. I feel okay when I do breathing
exercise
And also, there is no longer the usual feeling of ________________________________
people who has COVID, no fever, cough, colds, ________________________________
none of them any longer.
Just that. It’s maybe because I felt that a scar I felt that a scar was left in my
was left in my lungs lungs
it is difficult for it to expand now, because it’s ________________________________
capacity is not yet 100%.
Yes, it is over. The period of hardship is done, The sickness is over
I am free now.
like you, I would like to donate plasma, I would like to help
you know, to help our countrymen however small.
Just to give back. ________________________________
I’ve just became extra cautious Howie. ________________________________
I think food deliveries are okay, there is There is no problem in food
no problem. deliveries
I think I contracted the virus from items like ________________________________
metal or plastic. That’s the culprit, I think.

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But the food, I think in the entire process of ________________________________
delivery, it is possible that the virus can be
transmitted somehow.
As for our home, we just strengthen our defense. We strengthen our defense at
home
We do sterilization, spray, reheating of food,
we’re like a battalion on combat battle, ________________________________
always on guard.
Over all, maybe it’s to spread awareness. ________________________________
The virus does not exempt anyone. ________________________________
Anybody could have it, anytime, anywhere. ________________________________
I just want people to have a realization that ________________________________
we need to be careful, ________________________________
wearing a mask, handwashing is not a joke, _______________________________
it’s a factor, a big help to all of us, and it’s
the same for the front liner.
The less the possibility of contracting the virus, ________________________________
the less people they have to take care of,
the lesser problem for our country.

1.
Activity 2
Data Coding
Objective: Assign codes to condensed meaning units.
Direction: Label each statement based on what the interviewee is talking about. For
uniformity used the following as codes
* Health is good * Lung capacity * Help others
* Contracting the virus * More cautious

Condensed meaning units Codes

Overall, I am good Health is good

My lung capacity is not yet 100%

I still felt harshness in breathing Lung capacity

I easily get tired

Okay when I do breathing exercises

No fever, cough, cold

A scar was left in my lung

Lung is not yet 100%

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 I would like to help

Give back Help others

I became extra cautious More cautious

There is no problem in food deliveries Contracting the virus

Virus was contracted from plastic or metal

Not the item but the process of food delivery

We strengthen our defense at home More cautious

Always on guard

To spread awareness

Want people to have a realization Help others

We need to be careful

Wearing a mask, handwashing, is a big help.

Activity 3
Categories and themes
Objective: Develop categories and themes.
Direction: The next part of the data analysis involves putting together coded text to
determine categories and themes. For this step, follow the following process:
a. Rewrite condensed meaning units and code, grouping together similarly coded
terms.
b. From groups having the same code, determine category. Categories are codes that
seems to address same issues. Moreover, it answers the questions who, what,
when or where.
c. Determine underlying meaning or “theme” among terms belonging to the same
category.
d. The first one is done as an example.
Overarching Theme: COVID-19 survivors’ viewpoint after the recovering from the
sickness.
Condensed meaning
Codes Categories Themes
units
Overall, I am good Health is good Patients
Description of subjective
Okay when I do
Health is good present health assessment of his
breathing exercises
condition. present health
No fever, cough, cold Health is good condition.

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(Note: Different categories does not necessarily mean different theme.)

Activity 4
Telling the story with data
Objective: Interpret data and report finding
Direction: Read the paragraph below, then answer the questions that follow.

This qualitative phenomenological study sought to explore a COVID-19 survivor’s

personal viewpoint after recovering from the disease. It sought to understand how the
participant evaluate his health condition and determine how acquiring the disease
affected his approach towards dealing with the present condition. The Philippine
Department of Health informed the public of the first COVID-19 patient last January
20, 2020 (Coronavirus disease in the Philippines, 2020). Since then, several areas in the
country had been under quarantine to mitigate mass transmission, yet as of September
there had been 290,190 record of COVID victims (Soho, 2020). Data for the study was
derived from an interview made to a recovering COVID patient. Since both have been
recovering from the disease, through this the researcher gets an insider of COVID
patients.
Few days after being in quarantine, can the patients consider themselves fully
recovered? A lot of times, the interviewee has given indications of being healed.
Statements like “I am good”, “no fever, cough or cold”, are indirect way of saying that
they have been cured but health condition is not as it used to be as shown by

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 statements like “I still felt harshness in breathing”, “I’m okay when I do breathing
exercise”. “my lung capacity is not yet 100%”. Through these it can be deduced that
even after the absence of symptoms or elimination of the virus or maybe development
of antibodies to counter the disease, immediate recovery is not felt by COVID_19
patients. They may be well but not perfectly healthy.
Guide Questions:
1. What consist the introduction part of the analysis report?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. How does incorporating related literature help in the presentation of data
analysis?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. How does coding aid in connecting data gathered to research aims?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Check Your Understanding

You are doing a research with a title “Quarantine and Interpersonal
Relationship”, which aim is to determine whether or not the frequency of physical
interaction which has been affected by the implementation of community quarantine in
any way change the degree of interpersonal relationship. Results derived from
qualitative survey is collated in a table below.
Table 1: Tabulation of participants survey question responses.
Participant Profession Q1. Before the periods of Q2. Was your normal Q3. How do you describe
community quarantine, day including your relationship with
how do you describe a interacting with these people?
normal day? different people?

A Student It is time consuming. I Yes. I meet my Yes, it is good since I’m

had a lot of activities classmates regularly. the one interacting with
everyday school works, family and friends
household chores.
B Student Tiring and stressful. Yes, I meet with my Close with everyone
There are tons of classmates, with my
homework, extra- other org members, with
curricular activities. relatives on weekends.
C Student Easygoing. Uhm, I don’t Yes. I always meet with Friends
have much my friends.
responsibility.
D Student Everyone was busy Yes Friends
E Student I usually spend my days Yes, it does. The people I interact
going to school or spend with are my families and
time with my families. schoolmates.

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 F Student Active days where I do Yes, I used to go to Our relationships are
different stuffs like going different places with my closer.
to school and hang out friends
with friends
G Educator Normal activities. People Yes, the nature of my I have good relationship
are free to go where ever work requires me to with these people
they want, eat out, interact with students,
watch movies in cinema, parents and co-teachers
attend parties
H Educator Regular home routine, I meet a lot of people on I easily communicate
go to work, Meet friends, a regular basis with them. There is
colleagues and always similar
students. experience to talk about.

Table 2: Tabulation of participants survey question responses.

Participant Profession Q4. Is there any Q5. Do you in anyway Q6. How do you feel
change in the manner felt that there is a about meeting new
in which you relate to change in the degree of people after the
these people now that familiarity that you’ve quarantine
the country is under developed with friends experience?
quarantine? and colleagues before
and during
quarantine? How is
that?
A Student Yes Yes, it seems like there I may be glad but still
in no constant feel uneasy at the
communication same time.
B Student Yes Yes, I can’t interact I am more a bit
with them the same cautious in terms of
way before. physical distancing
and less touchy.
C Student Yes Not much because I Happy to meet new
still interact with them friends
through social media.
D Student Yes Yes, I felt very close to It’s nice because you
the people who I can’t discovered something
interact with before from them.
quarantine
E Student Yes I do feel somehow shy I think that will really
to approach and reach be great
out for my friend now
F Student There are many We are only It’s nice to have new
changes with how I am communicating friends.
interacting with them through social media
right now. We’re not
allowed to hang out to
different places now.
G Educator Definitely yes, our Yes, everything is new I am very excited to
interaction now is in a new normal meet people after this
limited. We don’t have scenario now. The way pandemic or
time to talk to each I talk or communicate quarantine period. To
other face to face. We to them is in a different have chit chat with my
only communicate way too. friends or have fun
through social media. maybe.
H Educator Yes. Being not so A little distant most of Meeting new people is
active in social media I the time but whenever always nice.
felt that I haven’t been an opportunity arises
in communication with to meet other in
a lot of people lately person, I think it’s still
the same.
Following the examples shown in the activities presented above, write at least a
100-word paragraph that reflects your interpretation of the data. You can do

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categorizing and coding in a separate sheet of paper. Have it pictured and submit to
your teacher.
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Remember

1. Qualitative data analysis is a non-numerical scrutiny as well as interpretation of

gathered data. The primary activities involved in qualitative analysis are searching for
patterns and explaining those patterns.
2. Finding patterns involve organizing words or behaviors into codes, categories,
patterns and themes while explaining those patterns employs the use of written
narratives that summarizes what has been found out.
3. There are two approaches to qualitative analysis – inductive and deductive. For
inductive approach, meanings are derived from gathered data through condensation,
condensed terms are coded then categorized to identify patterns and themes. Deductive
approach on the other hand, themes must possess the following: a) aligned with the

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theory; b) reflected in tools; c) must have enough codes. Transcripts are then used to
test the codes.
4. Types of data analysis could be content analysis, discourse analysis, framework
analysis which is also thematic, grounded theory and narrative analysis.

Post-Test
Directions: Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on the
blank provided before the number.
_____ 1. Which of the following is a characteristic of a qualitative analysis?
A) Data representation is presented in a narrative format.
B) Chunked data are coded for easy categorization.
C) Recurrent patterns and themes lead to theory.
D) All statements are true.
_____ 2. In this kind of analysis, a case was studied until a general statement about a
population was formulated. Then case after case is taken to test the hypothesis.
What kind of analysis is described?
A) Content analysis C) Grounded theory
B) Discourse analysis D) Narrative analysis
_____ 3. During the organization of data, which process involves limiting the number of
terms in a statement while retaining its meaning?
A) Categorizing B) Coding C) Clarifying D) Condensation
_____ 4. What are the proper steps in deductive approach?
I. Develop codes III. Determine themes
II. Establish theory IV. Test codes with data
A) I, II, III, IV B) II, III, I, IV C) III, II, IV, I D) IV, II, I, III
_____ 5. How should data analysis be reported?
A) In a narrative form
B) Incorporate literature to establish theory.
C) Include aims, brief account of methodology in the introduction.
D) All the given are included in the write-up.

Reflection
1. Look for examples of analysis from research papers and classify them according
to types.
2. Make a rough draft analysis of your data and present it with your teacher a video
or during online meet.
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