PLUMBING

BUILDING UTILITIES
ARC – 2101 | First Semester, AY 2022-2023

PLUMBING 22 PRINCIPLES OF THE

- The art and technique of installing pipes, PLUMBING CODE
fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings 1. All premises intended for human use or
for bringing in the supply of liquids, habitation shall be provided with a supply
substances, and/or ingredients and of pure and wholesome water, neither
removing them connected to unsafe water supply nor subject
- Water, liquid, and other carried-wastes to backflow or back- siphonage.
hazardous to health, sanitation, life and 2. Plumbing fixtures, devices and
property appurtenances shall be supplied with
- Pipes and fixtures after installation (i.e., the water in sufficient volume and pressure
‘plumbing system’) adequate to function satisfactorily and
without undue noise.
HISTORY OF THE PLUMBING PRACTICE
3. Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to
IN THE PHILIPPINES use the minimum quantity of water
- 17th century – plumbing profession was born consistent with proper performance and
- 18th – 9th century – filipino plumbers were cleaning.
assigned with the task of maintaining, 4. Devices for heating and storing water shall
repairing, and/or remodeling plumbing be so designed and installed as to prevent
systems dangers from explosion through
- 20th century – hygiene became priority overheating.
- Gov. Gen. Harrison – issued a letter of 5. Every building abutting on a street, alley
instruction on proper waste disposal in all or easement with a public sewer shall
municipalities connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer
- 1902 – the Plumbing Trade was duly system.
recognized by the government in the City of 6. Each family dwelling unit shall have at
Manila. least one water closet, one kitchen type
- Master Plumber John F. Haas – first chief of sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or shower
the Division of Plumbing Construction and to meet the basic requirements of sanitation
Inspection and personal hygiene.
- A plumbing code based on the Plumbing 7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth
Code of the United States was incorporated non-absorbent material, free from
into the Building Code for the City of Manila concealed fouling surfaces and shall be
- 1935 – National Master Plumbers located in ventilated enclosures.
Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) 8. The drainage system shall be designed,
was formally organized constructed and maintained to safeguard
- Manila City Ordinance 2411 – “Plumbing against fouling, deposit of solids,
Code for the City of Manila” was enacted and clogging and with adequate cleanouts so
placed under the Department of Public arranged that the pipes may be readily
Services, Manila cleaned.
- 1954 – third congress approved House Bill 9. All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-
No. 962 which in June 18, 1955, became RA APPROVED materials, free from defective
1378 “Plumbing Law of the Philippines” upon workmanship, designed and constructed
ratification of the President Ramon by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure
Magsaysay satisfactory service.
- January 28, 1959 – National Plumbing Code 10. Each fixture directly connected to the
of the Philippines, prepared by NAMPAP, drainage system shall be equipped with a
was promulgated and approved by water-sealed trap.
Malacanang 11. The drainage pipes piping system shall be
- Republic Act No. 6541 – known as “The designed to provide adequate circulation
Building Code of the Philippines” before of air free from siphonage, aspiration or
Martial Law in 1972 and was passed with the forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.
“National Plumbing Code of 1959” as referral 12. Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air
code in full text and installed to prevent clogging and the
- Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) return of foul air to the building.
– adopted the Revised Plumbing Code of 13. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such
1999 which President Joseph Estrada tests to effectively disclose all leaks and
approved on December 21, 1999 pursuant to defects in the workmanship.
Section 4 of RA 1378 known as the Plumbing 14. Substance which will clog the pipes,
Law produce explosive mixtures, destroy the
pipes or their joints or interfere unduly
with the sewage-disposal process shall
PLUMBING
BUILDING UTILITIES
ARC – 2101 | First Semester, AY 2022-2023

not be allowed to enter the building drainage

system.
15. Proper protection shall be provided to
prevent contamination of food, water,
sterile goods and similar materials by
backflow of sewage. When necessary, the
fixture, device or appliance shall be
connected indirectly with the building
drainage system.
16. No water closet shall be located in a room or
compartment which is not properly lighted
and ventilated.
17. If there is no sewer system in the area, THE PLUMBING CYCLE
suitable provision shall be made for the COMPONENTS AND FLOW IN WATER SYSTEMS
disposal of building sewage by some 1. SOURCE – lakes, rivers, reservoirs
accepted method of sewage treatment 2. SUPPLY – water mains, storage tanks
and disposal, such as a septic tank. 3. DISTRIBUTION – pressure, piping networks
18. Where a plumbing drainage system may 4. USE – plumbing fixtures
be subject to backflow of sewage, 5. COLLECTION – gravity, piping networks
suitable provision shall be made to 6. DISPOSAL – sanitary and storm sewers
prevent its overflow in the building. 7. TREATMENT – sewage plants, natural
19. Plumbing systems shall be maintained in purification
serviceable condition by Registered 8. REPEAT – treated water returned to the
Master Plumbers. original source (1)
20. All plumbing fixtures shall be installed WATER FUNCTIONS DIAGRAM
properly spaced, to be accessible for their
intended use.
21. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard
to the preservation of the strength of
structural members and the prevention of
damage to walls and other surfaces
through fixture usage.
22. Sewage or other waste from plumbing
system which may be deleterious to surface
or sub-surface waters shall not be - Flow of water (and water carried wastes)
discharged into the ground or into any should always be only in one direction (from
waterway, unless first rendered innocuous supply to disposal)
through subjection to some acceptable form - The two side should always be carefully
of treatment. separated from each other

COMPONENTS SOURCES OF WATER

- Water Distribution System RAIN WATER
- Fire Protection System • COLLECTION
- Plumbing Fixtures o Collected from roofs of buildings and
- Sanitary Drainage System special water sheds and stored in
- Storm Drainage System cisterns or ponds;
- Fuel Gas Piping System o Cistern water for drinking should be
boiled, chlorinated or otherwise sterilized
THE WATER CYCLE • ADVANTAGES
3 MAJOR PHASES: o Water is soft & pure and is suitable for the
1. Evaporation hot water supply system
2. Condensation • DISADVANTAGES
3. Precipitation o Only a source during the wet season;
o Storage becomes a breeding place for
mosquitoes;
o Roofs may not be clean
NATURAL SURFACE WATER
• COLLECTION
o Obtained from ponds, lakes and rivers
• ADVANTAGES
o Easy to acquire;
o Usually in large quantities;
PLUMBING
BUILDING UTILITIES
ARC – 2101 | First Semester, AY 2022-2023

o Used for irrigation, industrial purposes COLOR

and, when treated, for community water • CAUSE
supply o Presence of iron and manganese
• DISADVANTAGES • EFFECTS
o Contains a large amount of bacteria, o Discoloration of fixtures and laundry
organic, & inorganic substances; • CORRECTION
Purification & treatment is necessary o Oxidizing filter
GROUND WATER POLLUTION
• COLLECTION • CAUSE
o Obtained from underground by means of o Contamination by organic matter or
mechanical & manual equipment; sewage
o From springs and wells and is the • EFFECTS
principal source of water for domestic use o disease
in most rural areas • CORRECTION
• ADVANTAGES o Chlorination
o Usually has an abundant supply;
o requires less treatment because of TESTING OF WATER
natural filtering CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
• DISADVANTAGES - Test for potable water provides a chemical
o May have organic matter & chemical analysis of the water, indicating the parts per
elements; million (ppm) of each chemical found in the
o Treatment is suggested; water.
o Character of ground water, its hardness,
BACTERIOLOGY
depends upon the nature and condition of
- Provides estimate of the density of bacteria
the soil and rock through which it passes
in the water supply in particular the presence
or percolates
of coliform organisms.
QUALITY OF WATER, THEIR PROBLEMS
WATER TREATMENT
AND CORRECTION
ACIDITY
• CAUSE
o Entrance of oxygen and carbon dioxide
• EFFECTS
o Corrosion of non-ferrous pipes
o Rusting and clogging of steel pipes
• CORRECTION
o Raising alkaline content by the
introduction of a neutralizer (sodium
silicate)
HARDNESS
• CAUSE
o Presence of magnesium and calcium
salts
• EFFECTS
o Clogging of pipes
o Impaired laundry and cooking
• CORRECTION
o Boiling
o Use of an ion exchanger (zeolite process)
TURBIDITY
• CAUSE
o Silt or mud in surface or in ground
• EFFECTS
o Discoloration
o Bad taste
• CORRECTION
o Filtration
PLUMBING
BUILDING UTILITIES
ARC – 2101 | First Semester, AY 2022-2023

PURIFICATION OF WATER 2. BORED WELL

AERATION - Similar to dug well, but constructed using an
- Spraying the water into the atmosphere auger driven in by hand or with power tools
through jets or passing it over rough surfaces - Seldom hand driven below 15m, but can
to remove entrained noxious gases such as reach 40+ m with power tools
carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide 3. JETTED WELL
- Use of extreme water pressure so as not to
affect existing foundations in the vicinity
- Makes use of a suction pump above, while
casing acts as the pump riser
- Used only where ground is relatively soft,
hence sometimes referred to as ‘sand-point
wells’

COAGULATION & PRECIPITATION

- Addition of coagulants, such as ferrous
sulfate and lime, to the water which cause
the larger suspended particles to form a
gelatinous mass which precipitates readily.
The precipitate is gathered in large dumps
and disposed of.
FILTRATION 4. DRIVEN WELL
- Dug with a sharp pointed hollow slotted iron
- Water is passed through layers of sand and
gravel in concrete basins in order to remove rod and well screen
the finer suspended particles. - Depths are from 10-15 m

SEDIMENTATION 5. DRILLED WELL

- Water is passed through basins so - Used for drilling oil
sediments can settle through a period of time - Can reach up to 1000m

LOCATING A WELL
CHLORINATION - 2 most common sources of contamination:
- Water is injected with hypo-chlorite or o Septic tank / leach fields
chlorine gas to kill the harmful bacteria. o Livestock feedlots
- Location must not be less than 100ft away
WELLS AND PUMPS from such pollution sources
TYPES OF WELLS (general) - Locate on higher ground
- Shallow wells - The deeper the well, the better for natural
- Deep wells filtration

INDIVIDUAL WELL SPRINGS (types according to

method of construction)
1. DUG WELL
- Most common type
- Usually dug manually
- Around 15m deep
- Aka ‘shallow well’
PLUMBING
BUILDING UTILITIES
ARC – 2101 | First Semester, AY 2022-2023

METHODS OF WELL SCREENING 2. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

1. Well screens are made of non-corrosive o Water is drawn into the pump and
material like brass discharge with a centrifugal force
2. Natural material like stones and rock
sediment provide additional screening

2 BASIC TYPES OF PUMPS

JET PUMPS
1. PISTON PUMPS
- Centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing
o Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum
water up from a well
by use of a piston
- Four types:
o Single Action (water is drawn in with
o Deep well Jet Pumps are used in high
only 1 motion) or
volume applications
o Shallow well Jet Pumps are used for
residential wells
o Convertible Jet Pumps can be used for
deep wells and shallow wells
o Miniature Jet Pumps are used for small
applications
ROTARY PUMPS
- Rotary pumps are piston pumps that make
use of a pump driver
- Rotary Pumps can discharge from 900 to
1200 GPM
- Rotary Pumps are more efficient for viscous
fluids
SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS
- Submersible Pumps are designed to be fully
immersible within a tank or other media
storage receptacle.
- Many common types of pumps can be
o Double Action (water is drawn in with designed by manufacturers to be
either stroke) submersible
SUMP PUMPS
- Sump pumps are used in applications where
excess water must be pumped away from a
particular area.
- Sump pumps, in general, is a category that
encompasses a number of styles of pumps
that are used to pump out collected fluid
TURBINE PUMPS
- Turbine Pumps are centrifugal pumps used
for large applications because of their
multiple impellers
- Turbine Pumps can discharge up to 2000
GPM

o Duplex or Twin Piston Pump

PLUMBING
BUILDING UTILITIES
ARC – 2101 | First Semester, AY 2022-2023

PNEUMATIC WATER TANKS

- Used in the air pressure system
- Often used with a pump
- Also makes use of a pressure relief valve,
which relieves pressure automatically if
necessary

WATER TANKS AND CISTERNS

TYPES OF TANKS FOR DOMESTIC USE:
OVERHEAD TANK
- Does not have any pressure concerns, but
relies on gravity to supply water to fixtures
below TYPES OF HOT WATER TANKS
- Usually made of galvanized steel, stainless RANGE BOILER
steel, or reinforced concrete, it can come in - Small hot water tank (30-60 cm diameter,
various shapes 180 cm max length)
- Made of galvanized steel sheet, copper or
stainless steel
- Standard working pressure limit is 85 to 150
psi

CISTERNS
- Usually built of reinforced concrete STORAGE BOILER
underground and connected with a pump - Large hot water tank (60-130 cm in diameter,
5m max length)
- Made of heavy duty material sheets applied
with rust proof paint
- Standard working pressure limit is 65 to 100
psi
- Kailangang ihiga yung tank kasi lagpas one
storey na to para Madali maabot. Need
babaan ang pressure kasi baka masira yung
PRESSURE TANKS device kapag tinaasan
HOT WATER TANKS
GRAVITY SUPPLY TANKS
- Used in overhead feed system
- Components:
o Supply pipe
o Inlet
o Overflow
o Drip pan FUNCTION OF VALVES
o Gate valves
• Control of the water system
o Start or shut down a system
o Regulate pressure
o Check backflow
o Control the direction of water
PLUMBING
BUILDING UTILITIES
ARC – 2101 | First Semester, AY 2022-2023

RULES REGARDING LOCATION OF

VALVES
1. Locate and distribute valves in such a
manner that they can isolate a certain section
of the network in case of system breakdown
(before each branch)
2. Locate valves where they are not too visible
while remaining accessible to users

- Three types:
o The plug type disc valve – for throttling
o The conventional disc valve (ball type)
– for shutting
o The composition disc valve – for steam
TYPES OF VALVES and hot water
GATE VALVE
CHECK VALVE
- Aka ‘full-way valve’
- Main function is to prevent reversal of flow
- Used mainly to completely close or
(backflow) in the line
completely open the water line (does not
control flow of water)
- Best suited to the main supply and pump
lines wherein operation is infrequent

- Four types:
o The swing check valve
o The lift check valve
o Vertical check valve
o Horizontal check valve

- Two types: ANGLE VALVE

o The wedge shape or tapered disc (pic - Operates in the same manner as globe valve
on the left) (disc and seat design)
- Used to make a 90 degree turn in a line
- Reduces number of joints

o The double disc valve (pic on the right)

GLOBE VALVE
- Controls the flow of water with a movable
FOOT VALVE
spindle
- Located at the lower end of the pumps
- Can reduce water pressure (throttling)
- Used mainly to prevent loss of priming of the
- Only one side of the valve is an inlet
pumps
- Aka ‘retention valve’
PLUMBING
BUILDING UTILITIES
ARC – 2101 | First Semester, AY 2022-2023

SAFETY VALVE plumbing fixture, or other device and the

- Used on water systems, heating systems, flood level rim of the receptable
compressed air lines and other pipe lines
EXPANSION / CONTRACTION
with excessive pressure
- Pipes expand and contract due to continuous
TYPES OF FAUCETS / BIBBS changes in temperature
COMPRESSION COCK - An air space should be provided to allow for
- Operates by the compression of a soft breathing room
packing upon a metal sheet
FRICTION HEAD LOSS
- Friction occurs when liquid flowing through
the pipe makes contact with the pipe
enclosures, thus reducing the speed of water
flow
- There is greater friction head loss with longer
pipes, small diameter pipes, and a high
number of valves of fittings

CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC WATER

DISTRIBUTION
KEY COCK DIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
- Operates with a round tapering plug ground - Water is obtained through a large intake
to fit a metal sheet installed on the lake basin and extended into
- Hose bibb – has grooves fit for a hose deep water
- Components: water basin, receiving well,
filtration plant

INDIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

- Water is taken from a drilled well or
underground water
BALL FAUCET
- Involves individual special mechanical
- Constructed with a ball connected to the
equipment
handle

DEFECTS IN WATER DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEMS
WATER HAMMER
- A knocking in the pipes caused when faucets
in the lower levels are shut off abruptly or
automatically
- The force exerted by the decelerating water
causes the pipes to shake and rattle
BACK SIPHONAGE
COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
- The flowing back of used, contaminated, or
PARTS OF THE COLDWATER DISTRIBUTION
polluted water from a plumbing fixture or
SYSTEM (POTABLE AND TAP)
vessel into a water supply pipe due to a
SERVICE PIPE
negative pressure in such pipe
- ‘back flow’ – the flow of water or other liquids, - Pipe from the street water main or other
mixtures, or substances into the distributing source of water supply to the building served
pipes of a potable supply of water to a tank,
PLUMBING
BUILDING UTILITIES
ARC – 2101 | First Semester, AY 2022-2023

WATER METER
- Device used to measure in liters or gallons
the amounts of water that passes through the
water service
HORIZONTAL SUPPLY MAIN
- The principal water distribution pipe running
from the water meter from which the various
branches and risers to the fixtures are taken
RISER
- A water supply pipe extending vertically too
one full story or more to convey water into
pipe branches or plumbing fixtures bypass

FIXTURE BRANCH ADVANTAGES

- The water supply pipe between the fixture UPFEED SYSTEM
supply pipe and the water-distributing pipe 1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps and tanks
CONTROLS AND VALVES
AIR PRESSURE SYSTEM
- Used for control, isolation, and repair of the
1. With compact pumping unit
water distribution system
2. Sanitary due to air tight water chamber
STORAGE TANKS 3. Economical (smaller pipe diam)
4. Less initial construction and maintenance
UPFEED SYSTEM cost
- DIRECT UPFEED 5. Oxygen in the compressed air serves as
o Water is provided by the city water purifying agent
companies using normal pressure from 6. Adaptable air pressure
public water main 7. Air pressure serve zones of about 10 stores
intervals

DOWNFEED SYSTEM
1. Water is not affected by peak load hour
2. Not affected by power interruptions
3. Time needed to replace broken parts does
not affect water supply

- AIR PRESSURE SYSTEM (PNEUMATIC) DISADVANTAGES

o When pressure supplied by city water UPFEED SYSTEM
supply is not strong enough 1. Pressure from water main is inadequate to
o Compressed air is used to raise and supply tall buildings
push water into the system 2. Water supply is affected during peak load
hour

AIR PRESSURE SYSTEM

1. Water supply is affected by loss of pressure
inside the tank in case of power interruption

DOWNFEED SYSTEM
1. Water is subject to contamination
2. High maintenance cost
3. Occupies valuable space
4. Requires stronger foundation and other
structure to carry additional load of tank and
DOWNFEED (OVERHEADFEED) OR GRAVITY water
SYSTEM
- Water is pumped into a large tank on top of
the building and is distributed to the fixtures
by means of gravity
PLUMBING
BUILDING UTILITIES
ARC – 2101 | First Semester, AY 2022-2023

TYPES OF THE HOT WATER HOT WATER CONSUMPTION

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
(WITHIN BUILDINGS)
UPFEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM
- With a continuing network of pipes to provide
constant circulation of water
- Hot water rises on its own and does not need
any pump for circulation
- Hot water is immediately drawn from the
fixture any time
- Provided economical circulating return of WORKING LOAD OF HOT WATER SYSTEMS
unused hot water
- Larger pipe is installed at the top of the riser
and the diminishing sizes passes through the
lower floors of the building

2 TYPES OF WATER HEATING SYSTEMS

1. HOT WATER SPACE HEATING SYSTEM
o Water is confined within a system at low
temperature
2. HOT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
o Not a closed system which operate on
much higher temperature

PROTECTION OF HOT WATER TANK

SYSTEM RELIEF VALVE
DOWNFEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM - Used for hot water space heating system
- Hot water rises on to the highest point of the
plumbing system and travels to the fixtures TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE RELIEF
via gravity (closed pipe system) - Used for hot water supply system
- Water distribution is dependent on the
expansion of hot water and gravity
- Larger pipe is installed at the bottom of the
riser and the diminishing sizes passes
through the upper floors of the building

PUMP CIRCUIT SYSTEM

- For a more efficient circulation of hot water to
the upper floor levels of multi-storey buildings