ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES end. March - 2021 fi pe Paper Code:PCC-ECE-301-G _ Note : Attempt five questions in all, selecting one question from each Section. Question No. \ is compulsory. All questions carry equal marks. Q.1.(a) What are Electromagnetic Waves ? (2.5) Ans. Electromagnetic waves or EM waves are waves that are created as a result of vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field. In other words, EM waves are composed of oscillating magnetic and electric fields. Electromagnetic waves are formed when an electric field comes in contact with a magnetic field. They are hence known as ‘electromagnetic’ waves, The electric field and magnetic field ofan electromagnetic wave are perpendicular (at right angles) to each other. They are also perpendicular to the direction of the EM wave. EM waves travel with a constant velocity of 3.00 x 108 ms-1 in vacuum. They are deflected neither by the electric field, nor by the magnetic field. However, they are capable of showing interference or diffraction. An electromagnetic wave can travel through anything - be it air, a solid material or vacuum. It does not need a medium to propagate or travel from one place to another. Mechanical wayes.(like sound waves or water waves), on the other hand, need a medium to’travel. EM waves are ‘transverse’ waves. This means that they are measured by their amplitude (height) and wayelength (distance between the highest/lowest points of two consecutive waves), The highest pointiofa waye is known.as ‘crest’, whereas the lowest point is known as ‘trough’. Electromagnetic, waves. Gantbe split into a rangé of frequencies. This is known as the 0 oh ectromagnetic spectrum. Examples of EM waves are radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, ium val rays, gamma rays, etc. te of Li ans ‘ Q.1.(b) Define and briefly explain Reflection Coefficient. (2.5) ‘Ans. Reflection coefficient is a parameter that describes how much of a wave is feflected by an impedance discontinuity in the transmission medium. It is equal to the ratio of the amplitude of the reflected wave to the incident wave, with each expressed as phasors. For bxample, it is used in optics to calculate the amount of light that is reflected from a surface with {different index of refraction, such as a glass surface, or in an electrical transmission line to baloulate how much of the electromagnetic wave is reflected by an impedance. The reflection hoefficient is closely related to the transmission coefficient. The reflectance of a system is also sometimes called a “reflection coefficient”. Q.1.(6) Define Phase Velocity. 5) ‘Ans. The phase velocity of a wave is the rate at which the wave propagates in some medium, This is the velocity at which the phase of any one frequency component of the wave travels, For such a component, any given phase of the wave (for example, the crest) will appear totravel at the phase velocity. The phase velocity is given in terms ofthe wavelength 4 (lambda) and time period T'as ot x Vp= AT .EE ROY, ‘ | Q.1.(@) Explain Total Internal Reflection. ‘HR PSE SRN si Pera ‘Ans. otal internal reflection isthe reflection ofthe incident light, which hits amediug ” Unit=1 boundary at an angle greater than the critical angle, relative tothe surface. Total internal reflection takes place only when the following two conditions are satisfied: Q2. Find the input impedance of transmis: mm at high frequency? (15) (The angle of incidence is greater han the eritical angle ‘Ans. The line impedance of the transmission line isthe comple ratio ofthe voltage (Gi) The ray of light travels fom a denser medium toa rarer medium phasor at any pont tothe curen phasor a that pint. | This optical phenomenon oocurs in a numberof waves, including sound Waves an ae clectromagneti waves. re Consider the tine terminatod wit an impedance (Z,) having characterstc impedance Q.1.(e) What are Transverse Electromagnetic Waves ? esq), i a Ans. A wave is called a transverse wave when the disturbances in the wave a ‘perpendicular (at right angles) to the direction of propagation ofthe wave. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves. That means the electric and magnes, fields change (oscillate) in a plane that is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of th wave. Also note that electric and magnetic fields in an EM wave are also perpendicular to eac other. ‘The voltage or curren along the line isthe sum of incident and reflected wave voltage. oA Q.1,(0 What is Monopole Antenna @s ‘Ans. A monopole antenna is one halfofa dipole antenna, almost always mounted abo, some sor of a monopole antenna of length Z mounted above ¢ infinite igure 1). ION (, thet abo, b TBLICA’ enh above fa equations will become PUBLICATION ws Fa see aces Yo(V, -¥_) v.47. 2b. “aa Solving ii) and (i) 2V,=1(@, +2, = GAG +2) and > erfect Electric Conductor a Va4IG,+Z))07 +2, -29)e7] al a = @ © 1a FEIG, +20 +2, Zo), : above a and the equivalent source in free space va i BOE GC) Mouopolaaiors = EEC Gy ana the aultalcat pace (0) rn ie impedance at any point ‘s’ from the sending end is given by Using image theory the fields above the ground plane canbe found by using the equivale ee source (antenna n fee spaces shown in Figure I().Thsis simply a dipole antenna oft z- eter eer Be the length. The fields above the ground plane in Figure 1(a) are identical to the fields in Figu (2, + 2p)e"?* + (2, ~Zo)e” i. 1(6), which are known and presented inthe dipole antenna section. The monopole antenna fel Atz=1, V=V, I=, below the ground plane in Figure (a) are zero. 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Saye Fi IC: Take surface inegal on both sides. Jirxe)as _ -fé.as of electromagnetic wave ‘Arplyng sce's theorem to LS, we get [ivxe)as _ fea 2 i Edb _ [has &, = E, sin (@1— 2) i) There NMR cn] Thstleoriottd F varies nerytan roe und-ae valuoet andthe aretion, conten (Consider the third Maswel'seqution to the y-direction only. VD =p, _ | In general, the electic wave progressing in po Take volume integral on both sides, Feader) may contain x component and y component a we a the wave is said t0 be ll J ae fow rotates asa function o Applying divergence: theorem t to LHS, we get ers Scat jin fou ae Dds Therefore g : - fut Third Maxwell's equihe _ A ty 2m 2m. < ine a Aue cs phe. 2° ma 0 we finite fait, Hy, 4 ned s As M= ot and By, yaa : + ‘ 2 and itis assumed th eS at sy =H =1 an expression for roetion B ya pe ae Perfect ae seine Sc... ja and e : Beta The ‘ ee Me~ pete © Formula of Total Internal Reflection: cr jon by 3 dB corresponds to ‘otal intemalreflection factor in general (Critical angle, © Notton Used Ia Theos ‘Used for RF up to 500 in GHz. Upto 18 I Attenuation of TE waves GHz for shor distance. E | where -Q7. What are Rectangular Waveguides ? Describe Modal Propagati ctangular Waveguides in detail.‘Ans. Rad ERIE a eGR ‘of charges create a sin FPSO opagated throu son CTEM rave can never Be POP the waveies Spe wavelength of propagation. retin normal to the they create. The cl Jharges further separated from the forms an ls eld anda magnet of is are perpendicular to each other. The pottofchares. Thee elecc and magnet Papen occ he The ee ics inthe form EM energy density dcreses wil they prope Bas is yery shor linear antenna tse poroxina pear atcna whos ngs estan 2/8 an th approximate is a linear antenna whose length is less than 2/8 and the tn guide given by pa-g Mexia state a 2, t monopole : It is a linear antenna whose length is 2/4 and the is 2 and the current b a pose length is 02 and a -PeboblerRowieui the guide is given by toate ae % 2, 4 at | 1 whet ihe as) E Usingerettion 7 =, } = wave impedance ofthe guide referred to tguded impedance, ‘We know that an electric dipole is defined as the separation. OO eels Sy positive and negative). A dipole as an antenna is a horizontal For modes h-G is? (yg ED pus 6 Pas + reas gg 4 for TM male g_tiseonsidered tobe asthe simplest practical antenna However, theres a classification . MONON til ana hich s usually done onthe bass of length of the elect dipole and its EP +16, F tation, na infec ih 8 1 Facay Dipole antennas are generally classified as: o Half Wave Dipole Antenna :Itis an antenna having a length equal to half the wavelength k Unit-1V At the fequency of operation, on - 2 mean by ition mechani ofan antenna? Also discuss ~ Quarter Wave Dj ipole Antenna : When the total length of the dipole is one-fourth of ¢/ e Wavelength at operating frequency then it is known as a quarter wave di ips‘ (2s jt) Tin YAR Fila G+ ICO) esa standing wave ge to the minimum voltage Belong Z=Ro+iXo= racteristic impedance. requeney of operation. @5) measure that descirbes the dre jo ofthe antenna radiatior ratio of directivity to gain. I takes, jon. The losses may be due to mismatch 0 wisest _ eerie (4) esc ne ICE ons Stance td Soe (shat ne pees Th oe oe op ‘sna noise temperature and Bis the bandwidth ofthe system receiver. “ Q.1,@) Define VSWR. ‘Ans. VSWR: VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, and isalso ref Standing Wave Ratio (SWR), Standing wave ratio may be defined aset, fev avy Pty ae ae “Thisis second order differential equation “Thesolution forthe equation is Vv =Act+Be™ 1=Ce"+De* Where 4, B,C, Dare arbitrary constant Differentiate eq (5a) & (Sb) wrt av. a J ave™-Bve™ de Zi =vAe"-vBe™ Weknow that vei gra Jove! ZY Be pe flac feoe ‘ Z Z Sh dt cyet—pve™ Similarlys & Docve™-Dve x wile MODI iz iz, iin. [Ey es y= fZco™-2pe F lila’ ‘Atthe receivingend, Assume x=0,V = Vg l= Ip ‘Sub in equ 5a, 5b, 62, 66 V, = A+B 1, = C+D a a = fra % Be Vy, = AFB 1 fEs-fea ‘Zz Zz iy = A+B Zz Inf ¥q = 24 To find B, si = p= /e_ 2 Similay, aT=Ipcos hyx+ 11g 005 IZ x+ "Bt sin NZ ‘Thi the volte ard current equation at any p nthe receivingend oftransmission DV =Vp 008 WNZYx+ Ip Z, sin hVZVx ot -Ke™| lB 2 2, Anotherusefil form of voltage & current equ can be derived by simp! aie and a, = 5h-= attention const =0 % mes vata 4 Jen ea = 2) Hence, the propagation constant is given as Zn hyk, P=atjB=/B forlosslesslineasa=0 vata gnta le yu Va gm Ve Zo Putting this condition in the input impedance eqn., ehave, eames peat 2 2ZpZa cosh (UB)! + Zosinh UP! Zye0sh UP)I+Z_si08 But cosh B= cos Bland sinh j B= ZacosB [+ J Zosin B Z,= | Ee (B+ Zosion U Zo = ZgcosB 1+ Zasin BL Zoensh+JZpsinB | 1 isthe direction of magnetic ecanalso be writ ic flux through any surface is equal to surface “Thisinputimpedance ofthe lossless transmission ing numerator and denominator by 08 B Zy4+j Zon Bl 2.- lesa where Z, = characersticimpedance of ine. Z, = Terminated load impedance. where ds =4,| 45) = 2% >1I, far field region Br<< 1, near field region. 1 I Hminnincrmcretios ?} 3) 5 induction field (or) near field and + term iscalled far-field (or) radiation field. 1 Z has 3terms (induction field, radiation feld) and “y texm which are called elect field terms. =F termise fields andr . ee Be Fr er, omer Case? : Near field region cn Br 0 _ = Inlay nf jensbr _=Jtdlncos® ange _ Tdi sind Cian Boundary between near field and far-field regions are given by B, = 1 2n PE ay 2 yi 2n r= 6, i.e, Atthe boundary between far-field and near field region, the amplitudes of induction tion fields are equalI 1 25 \'5) relia” Pere )\ ae ) 1 2 eel, alls agp a cat nn/3lee 1 = ea R =a) =s0n2( 41) agin PB Avt a in? Oj mB (y__t y Paster we R, =80n2( 4 see ra : iG n= 120 m for fiee space _Pab sin? 0x44 ea a ae inva Pa i ann, re rious parameters of Antenna, ee pr) 8 amefers of Antenna A flap sin? ol, | “Hehe ated 1) = | P-ds Teal power J [e=o sf 7 OF ds, =P singdoay ea j 4 [Shed pales Jeno FSF Th ACR 2 1 4) [770-16 sin? 9.40 4 voltage _m 1A) af 0x0 J/ Pin 38 = 35004 led the voltage standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). z ay pasts TELIA 1A) [1 73en30-Gsind-sn2040)] 2 a) [4% sae H, 05307]? =| — | | -] 3c0s0-- 2 a) |4 3 Lh = mO=J1B'F)( TY Ag a i FT) 9783 the power lose before ra ‘erminals conduction losses, meacyipre(Ay BD oy tefl (7 Sas, 2a) iswre : Theantenna no senna given frequency. I'can be obtain ity and te brighnesstemperature oft venpaing be prodtoneanema oe man made and grounc is dependent on any noise SOurEeS | power received the antenna erinalsis 290 TAB i ‘Taisthe antenna noise temperature and B isthe bandwidth o 9, Writea short notes on ¢ (ed by Hertz Dipole, jn? egret {Integrating overa spherical surfoce of radi 2 le antenr 2p) _sin20 1 ina radiation pattern diagram is. P-if waso( 2 JP atcoso = fe antenna, The radiation pattems the graphics dP)? 4negc Grey | di? Radiat powerisconservedsinoethisisindependentofr. The time-averags is proportional toa. ‘Ans(b) Dipole Antenna :A dipole antenna isatype of Ri Juctve elements ik wires orrods where the metal wire length is half!“Advantages: The advantages ofadipoleanienne JB, agg 1 ad sin @ e/8" My = en wp+4) yg erie (Beg )am Hy= pelt eT BD fad =a 9 Consider er[p:))-mr-» pee De ot (Vx) = jock la/ar 0/00 8/a H, Hy rsinOH, ray sin Ody ee: (29% csi) = = (=F p/n) i Jdlsin® Ox: ip+ (ono 9. Tdlsin® €' 4nr joe peat eo 1), 2 sein? (+2) 59 Sit Arjosr? sin® Eo=1 E has3 terms (induction field, radiation field) and “5 term whichare called elegy feldterms. Case 1 : Far-field region (B,>> 1). ne tanec iE ye | i Md nsia® pe sin@ jper Hi, = 8 Bs H-H,-0. E,=0 Case2 : Near field region (B, << 1) sin? 0 me Ung Pal*sin2 0 jp? 1 2 nidicos® , om ) Consider ce ot cee 2nd) Br, 1isneglected component to f.. [01028 1, = 1dlc080 spr _ —Inldle0s0 spy \vo=0t0 25/8? 2nBr> H, =H,=E,=0 Tal nos 1) spr _ =Jl dl 0050 = Jer = HE C08? a wf me) nprElectra, xf sin’ 0 doxa- 7/62), y L pw it i Oe so) nae 2" lo ama) a2 ARE 30 = 24a = ne(l= 5/8) 2) SIS Iz _ nad =j/84) idan Aii = 1-7/8) 2 » Sis = I na(l—j/B'r9)) 2 As theantenna radiates its real power through = Perfect Blectie Conductor : aR @ ©) 2 bod ey: Monopole abovea PEC (andthe equivalent source in free space). = LH 1 ag averteges Te monopole tena avarages 26(4) we(t} er a(t) -20e(22) oor aneoahasa yh resive impedane: tovemos oft ferey 1 -wn( 2) rec epertstcimininets ~ 28rdof Q. Explain monopole and dipole antenna. {G)Avertal-type monopole anon suse fr any requene shot Ans. Monopote antenna monopole antenna sone hafofa dipole antenng ays mounted above some sort of ground plane, The case ofa monopole 3 ess spaces comparedto an k 2 simple oni less spaceas comp. ray of wheel antennas mounted ontop of ea () These antennas handle commur any path except vertically ontop of ref theantenna’ length above the ground plane on which tis mounted, The radiation ae) Pai a Rea ends‘works as an open resonator, particularly forradio waves & fluctu = rearrent& voltage throughitslength So, the antenna engi are simply determine, preferred radio waves wavelength. {G) Thistype ofantennais extensively used within wireless com! le pentagonal mods ese! (5) Thisantenna isextensively used in automobiles, portable AM or FM rc ed monopole antennais use band, miti-band, and UWE (ultra-wideband) applications. pyoleanten JERE antenna hatincludestocondaf Half Wave Dipole > 1). | ao Hainp[ ie 1 4nr BF pr? ial (20. Loedesigtigrnsertems (“5-5 } _/dinsin® y= perlvon, + ne Presi Cae? Be)” sinodo 2. fj C=7/B)sin® 6 a0 -u() He oriee R,. 2a ? ay é R=—-|—| =80n2| 30 Ty