POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Practical Report

Submitted by

Name: Sajan Gurung

Student No: 02200093

Electrical Engineering

College of Science and Technology

Rinchending, Phuentsholing

Lab report 5: Transient Stability Date:03/11/2024

Aim:
Observe the response of the generator rotor angle and its ability to return to the new
equilibrium point after clearance of disturbance in the power system and to study how it
depends on suitable values of the critical load angle and critical clearing time.

Single line diagram

The single line diagram of the three-bus system is shown in Figure O I with the detail network
parameters.

Figure I Single line diagram of 6 bus network

Theory
The generator rotor angle is a crucial parameter in power systems, representing the angular
displacement of the rotor with respect to a synchronously rotating reference frame. The
dynamics of this angle play a pivotal role in maintaining system stability and responding to
disturbances.

1. Rotor Angle Dynamics:

The generator rotor angle, representing the angular position of the rotor in a synchronous
machine, is a dynamic parameter critical to power system stability. In response to disturbances,
such as sudden load changes or faults, the rotor angle undergoes transient oscillations as the
system seeks a new equilibrium state. This dynamic behavior is a key factor in understanding
the system's ability to recover from disruptions.
2. Critical Load Angle:
The critical load angle signifies the point at which the power system is on the verge of instability.
Beyond this angle, the restoring forces may no longer be sufficient to counteract the
destabilizing effects of the disturbance. Identifying and understanding the critical load angle is
essential for predicting the system's stability limits and ensuring its resilience under varying
operating conditions.
3. Critical Clearing Time:
The critical clearing time is the duration it takes for the system to return to a stable state after a
disturbance. It directly correlates with the recovery of the generator rotor angle. A shorter critical
clearing time indicates a faster system response and is indicative of a more robust and resilient
power system design.

Experimental data used for the system designed in figure I.

Table 01 : line data

Line data X(Ω/km) R(Ω/km) B(µs/km) Length (km)
Line12 115 11 1450 1
Line23 9 0.9 115 1

Table 02: load data

Load Data P(MW) Q(Mvar)
Loadl 600 250
Load2 400 100

Table 03: Transformer data

Transformer T1 T2 T3
MVA 750 750 250
Voltage Ratio 20/220kV 20/220kV 20/220kV
X(p.u) 0.15 0.15 0.12
R(P.u) 0 0 0

Table 04: Generator data

Gen MVA Voltage Power (p.u) (pu) Xd'(pu) TCI' TCI"
rating (p.u) (sec) (sec) (sec)
rated
Pgn
G1 (SL) 750 1.02 0.05 2 0.35 5 0.03 6.5
G2 750 1 450 0.05 1.7 0.325 4 0.03 4
G3 250 1 150 0.05 1.6 0.3 3 0.03 3
Procedure:
1) Create the three-phase fault at Bus 3,
Select Bus3, define short-circuit event and enter Short-circuit eventl (fault initiating
time) Fault starting time =O sec.
Select Bus3, define short-circuit event and enter Short-circuit event2 (fault clearing
time) Fault clearing time = 0.08 sec plot rotor angle of G l, G2 and G3 and note
critical load angle and maximum angle. Click on load low menu to Reset the
simulation (every time you want edit variable/event) Repeat above step:
Change fault clearing time (short circuit event2) to 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3 seconds and
plot rotor angle of Gl, G2 and G3 (comment)
2) Continue on the three-phase fault at Bus 3 with 'switch event'
Deactivate short-circuit-events (tick out of service)
Select Bus 3, define switch event and enter CB open at t=O sec Select Bus 3, define
switch event2
CB close at =0.08 sec, 0.1, and 0.2 sec.
Plot rotor angle of Gl, G2 and G3 and tote Initial load angle, critical angle and maximum
angle.
3) With increase in fault clearing time if the rotor angle is not stable, try changing inertia
constant (H) of Generators (G2, G3) by one or two higher values and simulate the effect of
inertia constant.

Result
Fault clearing time of 0.08 seconds.
Fault clearing time 0.2 second. Fault clearing time of 0.25 second.

Fault clearing time 0.3 second Fault time after 0.45 second

The effect of Fault clearing time on the rotor angle of the generator
Table I Rotor angle of the Generator
Generator Fault Angle (Degree)
clearing Initial angle Maximum Minimum settling
time an e ðm an e ð
Gen 2 0.08 sec 13.133 24.47 4.3 13.2
Gen 3 2.75 5.124 1.09 2.719
Gen 2 0.2 sec 13.133 43.171 -10 13.473
Gen 3 2.75 7.912 1.625 2.72
Gen 2 0.25 sec 13.133 53.284 -17.43 13.59
Gen 3 2.75 8.47 -3.059 2.67
Gen 2 (k3 sec 13.133 65.38 -25.99 13.98
Gen 3 2.75 9.291 -4.67 2.57
Result Interpretation:
The data indicates a clear correlation between fault clearing time and rotor angles for two generators, Gen
1 and Gen 2. In Gen 2, as fault clearing time rises from 0.08 to 0.3 seconds, there's a consistent
increase in maximum rotor angle (24.41 to 65.38 degrees) and a progressive rise in critical angle
(13.98 degrees).
Similarly, for Gen l, the maximum rotor angle grows from 5.24 to 9.291 degrees, while the critical
angle decreases from 2.74 to 2.57 degrees with extended fault clearing time. These trends emphasize
the dynamic nature of rotor angles in relation to fault clearing time, underscoring their vital role in
evaluating and sustaining generator system stability. The importance of swift fault clearing is
highlighted to minimize the risk of equipment damage as fault clearing time affects fault current
magnitude.

2) Continue on the three-phase fault at Bus 3 with 'switch event'

Deactivate short-circuit-events (tick out of service)
Select Bus 3, define switch event and enter
CB open at t=O sec
Select Bus 3, define switch event2.
CB close at =0.08 sec, 0.1, and 0.2 sec.
Plot rotor angle of Gl, G2 and G3 and tote Initial load angle, critical angle, and maximum angle.

Result:
Switch Event of Circuit breaker.
CB closing time of 0.08 second
378'

CB closing time of 0.1 second CB closing time of 0.2 second.

Table 2 Effect of the CB closing on the rotor angle.

Generator CB Closing Angle
time (Degree)
Initial Maximum settling
an e ð an e ð an e ö
Gen 2 0.08 sec 13.133 39.79 16.6
Gen 1 2.75 7.769 2.83
Gen 2 0.1 sec 13.133 47.328 13.068
Gen 1 2.75 12.6 2.76
Gen 2 0.2sec 13.133 88.202 13.181
Gen 1 2.75 17.337 2.7279
Result Interpretation:
The above figures show the results of transient analysis for two generators, Gen I and Gen 2,
considering variations in circuit breaker (CB) closing times. In the case of Gen 2, a shorter CB closing
time of 0.08 seconds leads to a relatively stable transient response, starting at 13.133 degrees, peaking
at
39.79 degrees, and settling at 16.6 degrees. Conversely, a longer closing time of 0.2 seconds results in a
more prolonged and less stable transient response, evident in the increased maximum angle of 88.202
degrees and a settling angle of 13.181 degrees. The conclusion is that shorter CB closing times generally
produce quicker and more stable transient responses, underscoring the crucial role of this parameter in
influencing the dynamic behavior of power system generators.

3) With increase in fault clearing time if the rotor angle is not stable, try changing inertia
constant (H) of Generators (G2, G3) by one or two higher values and simulate the effect of
Inertia constant.
Result
The clearing time is kept constant = 0.2 seconds

Table 3 Decreasing the Inertia constant H

Generator Inertia Angle (Degree)
Constant Initial Maximum Minimum settling
an e ð an e ð an e ö an e ð
Gen 2 3.5 13.133 47.69 -13.31 13.35
Gen 3 2.5 2.75 8.88 -2.948 2.73
Gen 2 3 13.133 53.484 -17.219 13.65
Gen 3 2 2.75 9.88 -4.28 2.74
Gen 2 2.5 13.133 -22.514 13.71
Gen 3 1.5 2.75 11.28 -5.28 2.72
Ineritaion Gen2=3.5 and Gen 3=2.5
Ineritaion Gen2=3 and Gen 3=2

Inertia decreased by 1.5 unit.

Result Interpretation:
The results highlight the substantial influence of reducing
inertia constants on the dynamic performance of generators
within a power system. A decrease in inertia constants
corresponds to generators displaying more significant
angular deviations during fault events and settling at lower
angles, indicating a less stable response. These findings
emphasize the critical role of inertia in improving system
stability, where higher inertia constants contribute to a more
robust and less oscillatory response to disturbances. This
underscores the importance of carefully assessing and
maintaining sufficient inertia levels in power systems to
ensure resilience and reliability, especially in fault
conditions. As power systems evolve, incorporating renewable energy sources with potentially lower
inertia, these findings underscore the necessity for effective strategies and technologies to address and
alleviate challenges associated with reduced system inertia.

Table 4 Increasing the Inertia constant H.

Generator Inertia An e (De ree)
Constant Initial Maximum Minimum settling
(H) angle angle an e ö an e ð
Gen 2 13.133 36.634 -4.69 13.55
Gen 3 2.75 6.149 0.387 2.77
Gen 2 6 13.133 32.087 -1.28 13.557
Gen 3 2.75 4.799 1.55 2.72
Gen 2 13.133 28.649 13.67
Gen 3 6 2.75 3.6595 2.233 2.73
Inertia constant increased by 1 unit. Inertia constant increased by 2
unit.

Inertia constant increased by 3 unit

Result interpretation:
The findings indicate that elevating the generator inertia constant in a power system brings about several
favorable outcomes for system dynamics. A higher inertia constant contributes positively to transient
stability by offering greater resistance to speed changes, resulting in diminished angular deviations
during faults. This heightened kinetic energy facilitates an extended fault clearing time, allowing
protective devices to operate effectively and bolstering overall system resilience. The system benefits
from improved synchronization of generators and a reduction in frequency instabilities, as higher inertia
aids in balancing generation and load changes. However, excessively high inertia may result in slower
response times. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain inertia constant to specific value.
Conclusion

Generator Rotor Angle Response to Disturbances:

The examination of the generator rotor angle in response to power system disturbances revealed valuable
insights. The rotor angle exhibited dynamic behavior during disturbances, showcasing deviations from
the equilibrium point. This dynamic response is a crucial aspect of understanding the stability and
resilience of the power system under various conditions.

System's Ability to Return to a New Equilibrium Point:

The analysis demonstrated the system's ability to return to a new equilibrium point after the clearance
of disturbances. This resilience is vital for maintaining stable and reliable power system operation. The
generator rotor angle, as a key parameter, plays a central role in determining the system's recovery
dynamics.

Influence of Critical Load Angles and Clearing Times:

The investigation into the impact of critical load angles and clearing times on rotor angle response and
system stability yielded significant findings. Suitable values of critical load angles and clearing times
were identified as essential factors for ensuring a prompt and stable return to equilibrium. This
underscores the importance of carefully selecting and optimizing these parameters to enhance the overall
stability of the power system.

In summary, the study underscores the intricate relationship between the generator rotor angle,
disturbance response, and system stability. By understanding and optimizing critical load angles and
clearing times, power system operators can make informed decisions to mitigate the impact of
disturbances and maintain a robust and stable power system. These findings contribute to the broader
objective of enhancing the resilience and reliability of power systems in the face of dynamic operating
conditions.