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Periodic Table Group VII

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Periodic Table Group VII

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ayesha.memon2046
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Cambridge O Level Chemistry Your notes

8.3 Group VII Properties


Contents
Group VII Properties
Group VII Displacement Reactions

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Group VII Properties


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Group VII Properties & Trends
The halogens
These are the Group VII non-metals that are poisonous and include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
and astatine
Halogens are diatomic, meaning they form molecules of two atoms
The formulae of the halogens are F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 and At2
All halogens have seven electrons in their outer shell
They form halide ions by gaining one more electron to complete their outer shells
Fluorine is not allowed in schools so observations and experiments tend to only involve chlorine,
bromine and iodine
Properties of the halogens
At room temperature (20 °C), the physical state of the halogens changes as you go down the group
Chlorine is a pale yellow-green gas, bromine is a red-brown liquid and iodine is a grey-black solid
This demonstrates that the density of the halogens increases as you go down the group:

The physical state of the halogens at room temperature


Reactivity of Group VII non-metals increases as you go up the group (this is the opposite trend to that
of Group I)
Each outer shell contains seven electrons and when the halogen reacts, it will need to gain one outer
electron to get a full outer shell of electrons
As you go up Group VII, the number of shells of electrons decreases (period number decreases moving
up the Periodic Table)
This means that the outer electrons are closer to the nucleus so there are stronger electrostatic forces
of attraction, which help to attract the extra electron needed

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This allows an electron to be attracted more readily, so the higher up the element is in Group VII then
the more reactive it is
Your notes

Diagram showing the electronic configuration of the first three elements in Group VII

Exam Tip
Solid iodine, iodine in solution and iodine vapour are different colours. Solid iodine is dark grey-black,
iodine vapour is purple and aqueous iodine is brown.

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Predicting Group VII Properties


You may be given information about some elements and asked to predict the properties of other Your notes
elements in the group
The information you might be given could be in relation to melting/boiling point or physical
state/density so it is useful to know the trends in properties going down the group
Melting and boiling point
The melting and boiling point of the halogens increases as you go down the group
Fluorine is at the top of Group VII so will have the lowest melting and boiling point
Astatine is at the bottom of Group VII so will have the highest melting and boiling point
Physical states
The halogens become denser as you go down the group
Fluorine is at the top of Group VII so will be a gas
Astatine is at the bottom of Group VII so will be a solid
Colour
The colour of the halogens becomes darker as you go down the group
Fluorine is at the top of Group VII so the colour will be lighter, so fluorine is yellow
Astatine is at the bottom of Group VII so the colour will be darker, so astatine is black

Exam Tip
You can be asked to identify trends in chemical or physical properties of the Group VII elements, given
appropriate data.
Firstly, make sure that you have placed the elements and associated data in either ascending or
descending order according to their position in Group VII. Then look for any general patterns in the
data.

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Group VII Displacement Reactions


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Group VII Displacement Reactions
A halogen displacement reaction occurs when a more reactive halogen displaces a less reactive
halogen from an aqueous solution of its halide
The reactivity of Group VII non-metals increases as you move up the group
Out of the three commonly used halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine, chlorine is the most reactive
and iodine is the least reactive
Colour of Halogens in Aqueous Solutions

Halogen displacement reactions


Chlorine and bromine
If you add chlorine solution to colourless potassium bromide solution, the solution becomes orange as
bromine is formed
Chlorine is above bromine in Group VII so is more reactive
Chlorine will therefore displace bromine from an aqueous solution of the metal bromide
The least reactive halogen always ends up in the elemental form
potassium bromide + chlorine → potassium chloride + bromine
2KBr (aq) + Cl2 (aq) → 2KCl (aq) + Br2 (aq)
Bromine and iodine
Bromine is above iodine in Group VII so is more reactive
Bromine will therefore displace iodine from an aqueous solution of metal iodide
The solution will turn brown as iodine is formed
magnesium iodide + bromine → magnesium bromide + iodine
MgI2 (aq) + Br2 (aq) → MgBr2 (aq) + I2 (aq)
Summary table of displacement reactions

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Your notes

Exam Tip
Iodine solid, solution and vapour are different colours. Solid iodine is dark grey-black, iodine vapour is
purple and aqueous iodine is brown.

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