Differences between plant and animal cell

Plant Animal

They have a cell wall They do not

Larger in size They are smaller in size

Contain chloroplast with Don’t contain any

chlorophyll

Regular shape Irregular shape

Nuclease is more towards the Nuclease is more towards the

edges center

Structures of cells

Nuclease

Controls all activity in the cell

Cell wall

Prevents the cell from bursting gives the cell its shape

Cell membrane

It controls substances that enter/leave the cell

Cytoplasm

All the cells chemical reactions happen here it contains all organelle

Mitochondria

Where respiration takes place, energy is released

Vacuole

It stores cell sap

Ribosomes

Creates proteins needed for cell growth and repair

Chloroplast

Contains chlorophyll which is used to trap sunlight for the process of photosynthesis to take place

Fully permeable and Selectively permeable

Fully permeable

Allows all substances to pass through it e.g. Cell Wall

Selectively permeable

It only allows certain ions/molecules/particles to pass though it e.g. cell membrane

Structure of the plasma membrane

It consists of phospholipids and protein

The lipids form a double layer with protein which helps the cell membrane with controlling what enters
or leaves the cell and to recognize other cells

The head is Hydrophilic (water-loving)

The tail is Hydrophobic (water-hating)

Membrane proteins

Carrier proteins interact with certain molecules to allow them to pass thru the plasma membrane

Channel proteins allow molecules to pass through them freely

Receptor proteins are shaped in such a way to allow certain molecules to attach to them

Relate the structure of a plasma membrane to its various functions

Protein molecules allow the movement of substances like amino acids calcium and urea by active
transport

Some protein molecules have pores to allow the movement of large soluble substances glucose by
facilitated diffusion

Lipid molecules allow the movement of substances like CO2, O2 fatty acids and urea by diffusion

Animal Cells in Pure Water

Water will move in

The cell becomes turgid

The cell will burst

Because theres no cell wall

Concentrated Solution
Water will move out of the cell

The cell will shrink

The cell will become flaccid and plasmolysis

Active Transport

Is the movement of substances from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration
against a concentration gradient

Concentration Gradient in active transport

ions move against the concentration gradient

energy is required

Active transport in plants

Helps with the absorbtion of ions by the root hair cells

In animlas

Helps with the absorbtion of nutrients in the small intestine

Helps with the absorbtion of salts and amino acids in the kidney

Significance of cell processes

Osmosis

Diffusion

Active transport

Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down a
concentration gradient

Concentration Gradient in Diffusion

Particles move with the concentration gradient

No energy required

A passive process

Importance of Diffusion

It allows plants and animlas to absorb subtances

It allows plants to cool down during transpiration

It allows for gaseous exchange to take place

It allows for plants and animals to get rid of waste prodcuts

Factors that influence Diffusion

Temp

Size

Concentration gradient

Temp

The warmer the particles the more kinetic energy they gain and the faster they diffuse

Size

the smaller the size the faster they difuse

Concentration gradient

the greater the concentration difference between 2 areas, the steeper the diffusion gradient and faster
diffusion

Examples of Diffusion in living organisms

The entering of carbon dioxide in plants during photosynthesis

The entering of oxygen in blood from alveoli

The cooling down of plants during transpiration (partially correct)

Osmosis

Is the movement of water molecules from high water potential low water potential through a partially
permeable membrane

Water potential gradient in osmosis

No energy needed

Water molecules move down the water gradient

Importance of Osmosis

Helps with the absorbtion of water from the environment

Helps expel water

It affects the distribution of nutrients and the removal of waste products

Xylem Vessel
Long hollow tube (to allow continuous movement of water)

Lined with dead cells (so that it doesn’t use the water being transported)

Has pits to support the plant)

Thick wall made of lignin for lateral movement of water)

Function

Used to transport water and mineral salts from the roots to the rest od the plant

Palisaide mesophyll cells

Found in the leaves of a plant (right below the upper epidermis)

Function

It has chloroplast with chlorophyll which is used to trap sunlight for photosynthesis

Cilliated epethiliam cell

Found in the trachea bronchi and bronchioles

The mucus is used to trap dust and sweep it away toward the throat away from the lungs

Found in the bronchi oviduct trachea

Oviduct is used to sweep the ovum

Red blood cell

Found in plasma of blood

Red pigment called haemoglobin

No neucleas

It is small

Biconcave shape

Root hair cell

Found growing in the epidermal cells of the root

Function

Used to absorb minerals and water from soil

Long extensions give a large surface area for the absorption of water and inorganic salts

Test
1. Fill in the blanks:

 Plant cells have a ____cell wall____, while animal cells do not.

 Plant cells are typically ___larger____ in size compared to animal cells.
 The ___chloroplast_____ in plant cells contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

2. Multiple Choice:

 In which direction is the nucleus typically located in plant cells?

o A) Center of the cell
o B) Near the edges
o C) Outside the cell
o D) Near the cell membrane

3. True or False:

 Animal cells have a regular shape. __False_

Section 2: Structures of Cells and Their Functions

4. Match the cell structure with its function:

 Nucleus A) Controls entry and exit of substances D

 Cell Wall B) Where energy is released through respiration E
 Cell Membrane C) Contains chlorophyll for trapping sunlight A
 Cytoplasm D) Controls cell activities F
 Mitochondria E) Prevents cell from bursting, gives shape B
 Chloroplast F) Site of chemical reactions, contains organelles C

5. Short Answer:

 What is the function of ribosomes in a cell? It creates protein

6. True or False:

 The vacuole stores cell sap in plant cells. _True__

Section 3: Permeability Types

7. Define the following terms:

 Fully Permeable: allows all substances to pass through it e.g cell membrane
 Selectively Permeable: only allows certain substances to pass through it

8. Fill in the blanks:

 The cell membrane is ____selectively____ permeable, allowing only certain ions and
molecules to pass through.

Section 4: Plasma Membrane Structure and Functions

9. Multiple Choice:

 Which part of the phospholipid in the plasma membrane is hydrophilic?

o A) Tail
o B) Head
o C) Both head and tail
o D) Neither

10. Match each membrane protein type with its function:

 Carrier Protein A) Allows specific molecules to attach A

 Channel Protein B) Transports specific molecules across the membrane C
 Receptor Protein C) Allows molecules to pass freely B

Section 5: Cell Transport Processes

11. Fill in the blanks:

 Active transport moves substances from an area of ___low____ concentration to

___high____ concentration and requires ___energy____.

12. Short Answer:

 Describe the difference between diffusion and osmosis.

13. Multiple Choice:

 Which of the following processes does not require energy?

o A) Active Transport
o B) Diffusion
 o C) Absorption in small intestine
o D) Absorption in kidney

Section 6: Factors Influencing Diffusion

14. True or False:

 Smaller particles diffuse faster than larger ones. _True__

15. Short Answer:

 List two factors that can increase the rate of diffusion.

 Temperature
 Concentration gradient

Section 7: Specialized Cells and Their Functions

16. Matching:

 Xylem Vessel A) Carries oxygen in blood, contains hemoglobin E

 Palisade Mesophyll Cell B) Has cilia to move mucus and sweep the ovum D
 Ciliated Epithelial Cell C) Absorbs minerals and water with large surface area C
 Red Blood Cell D) Has chloroplasts for trapping sunlight A
 Root Hair Cell E) Transports water and mineral salts, has lignin B

17. Multiple Choice:

 What is the main function of the palisade mesophyll cell?

o A) Traps dust in the airways
o B) Absorbs water from soil
o C) Stores cell sap
o D) Traps sunlight for photosynthesis

18. Fill in the blanks:

 The root hair cell has long extensions that increase its ____surface area____ for
absorbing water and minerals.