STRUCTURAL CONCRETE BUILDING CODE/COMMENTARY 318-123

CODE COMMENTARY
9.5.2.3 — Unless stiffness values are obtained by a R9.5.2.3 — The effective moment of inertia procedure
more comprehensive analysis, immediate deflection described in the Code and developed in Reference 9.15 was
shall be computed with the modulus of elasticity for selected as being sufficiently accurate for use to control
concrete, Ec , as specified in 8.5.1 (normalweight or deflections.9.16-9.18 The effective moment of inertia Ie was
lightweight concrete) and with the effective moment of developed to provide a transition between the upper and
inertia, Ie , as follows, but not greater than Ig lower bounds of Ig and Icr as a function of the ratio Mcr /Ma.
For most cases, Ie will be less than Ig.
M cr 3 M cr 3
I e = ⎛ ---------
- I g + 1 – ⎛ --------- I (9-8)
⎝M ⎠ ⎝ M -⎠ cr
a a

where

fr Ig
M cr = --------
- (9-9)
yt
--``,`,,,```,``,`,,`,,`,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

and

fr = 7.5λ f c′ (9-10)

9.5.2.4 — For continuous members, Ie shall be R9.5.2.4 — For continuous members, the Code procedure
permitted to be taken as the average of values suggests a simple averaging of Ie values for the positive and
obtained from Eq. (9-8) for the critical positive and negative moment sections. The use of the midspan section
negative moment sections. For prismatic members, Ie properties for continuous prismatic members is considered
shall be permitted to be taken as the value obtained satisfactory in approximate calculations primarily because
from Eq. (9-8) at midspan for simple and continuous the midspan rigidity (including the effect of cracking) has
spans, and at support for cantilevers. the dominant effect on deflections, as shown by ACI
Committee 4359.19,9.20 and SP-43.9.13

9.5.2.5 — Unless values are obtained by a more R9.5.2.5 — Shrinkage and creep due to sustained loads
comprehensive analysis, additional long-term deflection cause additional long-term deflections over and above those
resulting from creep and shrinkage of flexural members that occur when loads are first placed on the structure. Such
(normalweight or lightweight concrete) shall be deter- deflections are influenced by temperature, humidity, curing
mined by multiplying the immediate deflection caused conditions, age at time of loading, quantity of compression
by the sustained load considered, by the factor λ∆ reinforcement, and magnitude of the sustained load. The
expression given in this section is considered satisfactory
ξ for use with the Code procedures for the calculation of
λ ∆ = ---------------------- (9-11) immediate deflections, and with the limits given in Table
1 + 50ρ′
9.5(b). The deflection computed in accordance with this
where ρ′ shall be the value at midspan for simple and section is the additional long-term deflection due to the
continuous spans, and at support for cantilevers. It dead load and that portion of the live load that will be
shall be permitted to assume ξ, the time-dependent sustained for a sufficient period to cause significant time-
factor for sustained loads, to be equal to: dependent deflections.

Equation (9-11) was developed in Reference 9.21. In Eq. (9-11)

5 years or more........................................................2.0
the multiplier on ξ accounts for the effect of compression
12 months ................................................................1.4
reinforcement in reducing long-term deflections. ξ = 2.0
6 months ..................................................................1.2
represents a nominal time-dependent factor for a 5-year
3 months ..................................................................1.0
duration of loading. The curve in Fig. R9.5.2.5 may be used
to estimate values of ξ for loading periods less than 5 years.

If it is desired to consider creep and shrinkage separately,

approximate equations provided in References 9.15, 9.16,
9.21, and 9.22 may be used.

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 318-124 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE

CODE COMMENTARY

Fig. R9.5.2.5—Multipliers for long-term deflections.

9.5.2.6 — Deflection computed in accordance with R9.5.2.6 — It should be noted that the limitations given
9.5.2.2 through 9.5.2.5 shall not exceed limits stipulated in this table relate only to supported or attached nonstruc-
in Table 9.5(b). tural elements. For those structures in which structural
members are likely to be affected by deflection or deformation
of members to which they are attached in such a manner as
to affect adversely the strength of the structure, these
deflections and the resulting forces should be considered

--``,`,,,```,``,`,,`,,`,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
explicitly in the analysis and design of the structures as
required by 9.5.1. (See Reference 9.18.)

Where long-term deflections are computed, the portion of

the deflection before attachment of the nonstructural
elements may be deducted. In making this correction, use
may be made of the curve in Fig. R9.5.2.5 for members of
usual sizes and shapes.

9.5.3 — Two-way construction (nonprestressed) R9.5.3 — Two-way construction (nonprestressed)

9.5.3.1 — Section 9.5.3 shall govern the minimum

thickness of slabs or other two-way construction
designed in accordance with the provisions of
Chapter 13 and conforming with the requirements of
13.6.1.2. The thickness of slabs without interior beams
spanning between the supports on all sides shall satisfy
the requirements of 9.5.3.2 or 9.5.3.4. The thickness of
slabs with beams spanning between the supports on all
sides shall satisfy requirements of 9.5.3.3 or 9.5.3.4.

TABLE 9.5(b) — MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE COMPUTED DEFLECTIONS

Type of member Deflection to be considered Deflection limitation
Flat roofs not supporting or attached to nonstructural elements
Immediate deflection due to live load L l /180*
likely to be damaged by large deflections
Floors not supporting or attached to nonstructural elements
Immediate deflection due to live load L l /360
likely to be damaged by large deflections
Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural That part of the total deflection occurring after attachment l /480‡
elements likely to be damaged by large deflections of nonstructural elements (sum of the long-term
Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural deflection due to all sustained loads and the immediate
deflection due to any additional live load)† l /240§
elements not likely to be damaged by large deflections
*Limit not intended to safeguard against ponding. Ponding should be checked by suitable calculations of deflection, including added deflections due to ponded
water, and considering long-term effects of all sustained loads, camber, construction tolerances, and reliability of provisions for drainage.
†
Long-term deflection shall be determined in accordance with 9.5.2.5 or 9.5.4.3, but may be reduced by amount of deflection calculated to occur before attachment
of nonstructural elements. This amount shall be determined on basis of accepted engineering data relating to time-deflection characteristics of members similar to
those being considered.
‡
Limit may be exceeded if adequate measures are taken to prevent damage to supported or attached elements.
§
Limit shall not be greater than tolerance provided for nonstructural elements. Limit may be exceeded if camber is provided so that total deflection minus camber
does not exceed limit.

Copyright American Concrete Institute

Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=Bechtel Corp Loc 1-19/9999056100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/14/2008 10:51:19 MST