Meaning and objectives of planning:

Planning is an intellectual process of thinking in advance about setting of goals and developing
strategies which are requires to attain the goals efficiently.
“Planning is a way to systematize, direct and organize the events or competitions and extract the
advantage and benefit of the available resources.”
“Planning is the process of making a sequence of work for a future line of action”
The success of Physical education programs depends upon efficient staffing, food, direction, proper
control, well super vision, good co-ordination and minimize the chances of lapses.
Objectives of planning:
a. To keep control over all activities which suggests that planning & control are connected with each
other.
b. It also helps in keeping a good control in organizing a tournament.
c. Reduce the chances of mistake
d. It suggests programmes can be conducted with proper coordination with least mistakes rather
focusing on success.
e. To promote innovative ideas.
f. To provide direction towards the goal
g. To reduce undue pressure
h. To provide proper co-ordination among the committees.
i. To have good control over all the activities.
j. To improve efficiency.
k. To reduce the chances of mistakes.
l. To increase the creativity.
m. To enhance the sports performance.
n. To protect existing facilities.
o. Provide new facilities to meet demand.
p. Helps in decision making.

Various committees and responsibilities:

Different committees work together for the smooth conduct of the sports events. The various
committees are:
(ì) Technical Committee: This committee is responsible for the technical conduct or the Emmis. This
committee selects various officials such as referees, judges, starters, umpires, time keepers etc.
(ii) Transport Committee; This committee is responsible for providing the facilities regarding
transportation of various teams If the venue of sports events.
(ììì) Reception Committee: The members of this committee are responsible to welcome the Chief
Guest and spectators at opening and closing ceremonies.
(ìv) Boarding and Lodging Committee: This committee is responsible for making necessary
arrangements for providing accommodation and serving meals to the sportspersons Abel other
officials,
(v) Ground and Equipment Committee : This committee males necessary arrangements of equipment
related to events.
(vi) Medical and First Aid Committee: This committee i5 Formed to provide medical assistance. e to
participants round the clock
(vii) Protest Committee : it’s protest against a judgment, the members of this committee decide about
it.
(viii) Publicity Committee: All the press releases and press conferences are conflicted by Who’s
committee.
(ix) Finance Committee: This committee is assigned to make the budget for the event and handle the
expenses.
(x) Refreshment Committee : This committee is formed to profile refreshment to the participants.

Tournaments:
A tournament is a competition involving relatively large number of competitors, all participating in a
sports or game. It is a series of contests with several rounds in which many contestants compete,
individually or as a team to decide the winner. In other words, tournament is a series of contests in
which a number of contestants compete and the one that prevails through the final round or that
finishes with the best record is declared the winner.
Tournament: A series of sports competitions, in which, a team finally wins and rest of the
participating teams lose the matches. It depends on various factors i.e… – No. of participating teams,
availability of grounds and equipment, No. of days and funds.
Importance of tournaments:
The sportsman learns the discipline by playing tournaments.
The sportsman meets other sportsman at a single platform.
He learns ethical values such as honesty, fair play and respect for others.
Tournaments provides recreation to all, i.e… organizers, spectators, students.
Type of tournament:
Knock out: In this type of tournament, the team once defeated, gets eliminated from the tournament.
Only the winning teams contest in the next rounds. Opportunities are given to the winning
players/teams.
League or Round Robin: In single league tournament all participating teams compete once, with
each other, where as in double league, each team plays with every as in double league, each team
plays with every other team twice, without any consideration of victory or defeat.
Combination Tournaments: Combination tournaments are organized in group or zonal matches.
Whenever there is a large number of teams, combination tournaments facilitate the Physical
Education Teachers, job. It gives them elbow room to try out new experiments.
There are mainly four types of combination tournaments:
1. Knock out cum Knock out
2. League cum league
3. Knock out cum league
4. League cum Knock out
Knock out tournaments:
In knock out tournaments, the teams which gets eliminated gets automatically eliminated from the
tournament.
In this type of tournament, if a team is defeated once, it gets eliminated. Only the winners continue in
the competition. It is the fastest method to know about the winner team in the tournament.
Seeding a Team:- The sorting of the teams and fitting them in the fixtures so that the stronger teams
do not meet each other in earlier rounds is known as Seeding. This method is good if we know the real
strong teams. The organizers should find out the real strong teams from the previous tournaments or
old records figure starting a new tournament.
The procedure of giving seeds are as follows:
The first seed is given to first team of upper half.
The second seed is given to last team of lower half.
The third seed is given to first team of lower half
The fourth seed if given to last team of upper half.
The next seed or seeds will be given in the same order as described above.
Bye
The advantage given to a team usually by drawing a lot, and exempting it from paying a match in the
first round is known as Bye. These are given to a specific number of teams in the first round. The
number of byes are decided by subtracting the number of teams from the next higher number which is
in power of two’s.
Bye Next Higher No-no of Team [2n-no of teams]
The procedure of giving byes are as follows:
The first bye is given to last team of lower half.
The second bye is given to first team of upper half.
The third bye is given to first team of lower half
The fourth bye if given to last team of upper half.
The next bye or byes will be given in the same order as described above.
Advantages of knock out tournament:
These are less expensive.
Helpful in enhancing standard of sports.
It requires less time to complete the tournament.
Minimum no. of officials are required.
Disadvantages of knock out tournament:
There are many chances of elimination of good teams in preliminary rounds.
There are many chances of weak teams to enter in the final round.
Spectators may not have enough interest in the final round.
Draw a knock out fixture of 17 teams?
No. of teams = 17,
Total No. of matches = N-1 = 17-1 = 16
No. of teams in upper half N+1/2 = 17+ 1 = 9
No. of teams in lower half N-1/2 = 17 – 1 = 8
Total no. of byes = 32- 17 =15 byes,
No. of byes in upper half = NB-1/2 = 15 – 1 = 7
No. of byes in lower half = NB + 1/2 = 15 + 1 = 8
Total rounds = 2n = 5
Cyclic method:
In cyclic method, If the number of teams is in even number, the team number 1 is fixed on the top of
right-hand side and then other team numbers in ascending order consecutively downward and then
upward on the left-hand side and then from the next round teams will rotate in clockwise direction. If
the number of teams is odd then the bye is fixed on the top of right hand side and rest of the procedure
will remain same. If the number of team is even number than number of rounds will be (N-1). If the
number of teams is odd number then number of rounds will be equal to number of teams.
Fixture- Cyclic method
Fixture ( Odd number)= No of matches=n(n-1)/2 = 9(9-1)/2 =36
No. of rounds=N = 9
Fixture ( Even number)
Number of matches = N(N-1)/2 = 8(8-1)/2 = 8(7)/2 = 56/2 = 28 matches
Number of Rounds = N -1 = (8 – 1) = 7

Stair-case Method:
In stair-case method, the fixtures are made just like a ladder or a stair- case. In this method, no bye is
given to any team and there is no problem of even or odd number of teams.
No of matches= N(N-1)/2 = 9(9-1)/2 =36

INTRAMURAL AND EXTRAMURAL: MEANING, OBJECTIVES AND ITS

SIGNIFICANCE
Meaning of Intramural:-
Intramural is derived from the Latin word’ Intra” and “muralist’. “Intra” means within and “Muralist”
means Wall .So we can say that the activities, which are performed within the walls or within the
campus of an institution, are called ‘Intramural”.
The intramural sports means competitions within the walls or within the school, i.e. being or occurring
within the limits usually of a community, organization, or institution. This programme offers the school
community the opportunity to participate in organized sports competition. The rules of the games/ sports
are modified accordingly, if needed.
Objectives of Intramural:-
1. To provide opportunity to every student to participate in Games and Sports
2. To develop Leadership Qualities among students
3. To develop Feeling of Cooperation
4. To provide Recreation
5. To develop the Feeling of Sportsmanship
6. To provide opportunity to learn a variety of games and Skills
 7. To provide opportunity to get Experience of Organization of Competitions
8. To find out talented Sport persons
9. To provide opportunity to develop personality
Extramural:
Extramural is derived from the Latin words “Extra” and “Muralist”. So, we can say that the activities
which are performed outside the walls of an institution or school, are known as “extramural”.
Extramural sports satisfy the need for structured sports activities between students from various schools,
organizations, or institutions. Extramural means competitions outside walls or boundaries, as of a city
or town or a university. These tournaments will be organized on a zonal, regional, state or national
basis.eg. CBSE tournaments, SGFI tournaments etc.
Objectives of extramural:
1. To provide Experience to Students
2. To improve the Standard of Sports
3. To broaden the Base of Sports
4. To develop Sportsmanship and Fraternity
5. To provide knowledge of New Rules and Advanced Techniques
Significance of intramurals and extramural:
1. Helps in providing the ways and means for the development self-esteem, citizenship,
responsibility, sportsmanship, and skills in co-operative behaviour.
2. Helps in providing take part in activities that encourages active participation, enjoyment, and
fun without external pressure or reward.
3. Helps in providing to reinforce the concept that winning is less important than preparing to
win. Losing should not be the same as failure, nor success the same as winning.
4. Helps in providing to determine participation by interest rather than skill, not limiting
activities to the gifted or early maturing athlete.
5. Helps in providing opportunities for students and expose them to a wide variety of sports,
skills and activities so that they may refine interest and make choices to suit their personal
abilities and needs.
6. Helps in providing opportunities for students, faculty, and staff to actively engage in activities
involving sports, recreation, and play while providing structure for an experimental education.
SPECIFIC SPORTS PROGRAMMME
Sports and games programs are arranged in the world as well as in our country to promote the games
and sports for a specific cause. Every country in the world has some or other cause for promoting
specific sports programs.
The programs motivate and create the feeling to take part in these sports programs. People become
health-conscious and try to remain fit and stay healthy for as long as possible. These specific sports
programs are usually organized by the federations, state government, NGO etc. to create health
consciousness among the people and take part in health-related sports programs.
More and more people of all age groups should take part in such sports programs. Specific sports
programmes are such programmes of sports which are not usually related to competitions. These
programmes have various objectives such as creating awareness among peoples regarding unity,
health & diseases etc.
The various important specific programs are:-
l. SPORTS DAY–
Annual Sports Day and National sports day
2. HEALTH RUN:
These are organised by health departments to ameliorate the standard of health in a country along with
raising funds for charity.
3. RUN FOR FUN:
It is also organised to spread the message among masses to remain healthy and fit. It may be
organised to motivate the people to remain fit.
4. RUN FOR UNITY:
It is organised to show unity and peace among the people of different religions. Its purpose may be
national and international integration and brotherhood.
5. RUN FOR SPECIFIC CAUSE:
This is the run related to specific or noble cause. Most of the social non- profit organisations organises
these runs for creating awareness about AIDS, Educating the girl child, Cancer, etc. Mumbai and
Chennai Marathons are organised for such noble purpose.
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