Hindawi

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume 2018, Article ID 7613231, 13 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7613231

Research Article
Warping Torsional and Distortional Stress of Composited Box
Girder with Corrugated Steel Webs

Peng Qiao ,1 Jin Di,2,3 and Feng-jiang Qin2,3

1
School of Civil Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710061, China
2
Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education,
Chongqing 400045, China
3
School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Peng Qiao; [email protected]

Received 25 October 2017; Revised 24 January 2018; Accepted 20 February 2018; Published 1 April 2018

Academic Editor: Roman Wendner

Copyright © 2018 Peng Qiao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The torsional behaviors of composite box girders with corrugated steel webs are more obvious than traditional concrete girders due
to the lower torsional rigidity. In this paper, the torsion and distortion of this kind of composite girder are studied. The formulas for
warping normal stress and shear stress were put forward according to the second theory of Umanskii, considering the accordion
effect of corrugated steel webs. Then, the influences of different dimensional parameters on the torsional and distortional stress are
investigated. Results show that the effect of parameters on stress is different and implicit in composite box girders with corrugated
steel webs. Under eccentric loads, the warping torsional and distortional stress in this kind of girder should not be neglected.
Compared with girders under corresponding symmetric loads, the total warping stress may be as big as flexural normal stress, and
the total shear stress usually reaches 30 to 50 percentage of flexural shear stress. So the warping stress and additional shear stress
due to warping torsion and distortion are suggested to be calculated by the proposed equations in structural analysis, which are
usually not taken into account in conventional concrete box girders.

1. Introduction box girders. Yang et al. investigated the warping and shear
stress of the box girders with corrugated steel webs under
The composite box girders with corrugated steel webs have torsion by the second theory of Umanskii [6]. Di et al. [7]
been used more extensively in bridge engineering since first and Wang [8] studied the torsional property of composite
appearance in France. Under eccentric loads, the box girder girders with corrugated steel webs by theoretical analysis and
may not only produce longitudinal flexural and shear defor- experiment and found its normal stress and shear stress due
mation, but also the torsion and distortion. The torsional to torsion are 15% to 50% bigger than flexural normal stress
behaviors in these composite girders were found quite dif- and the distortional warping stress is larger than that due
ferent from traditional concrete box girders [1]. Researchers to warping torsion. Nie and Zhang [9] and Chen et al. [10]
worldwide have done much work on the torsional and distor- studied the influencing factors to torsional properties by finite
tional properties of composited box girder with corrugated element method, including the diaphragm number, geometry
steel webs. Mo et al. presented an analytical model to predict parameters of section, and corrugated web. Ding et al.
the torsional behavior of composite girders with corrugated investigate the behavior under pure torsion and the ultimate
steel webs [2] and developed an analytical model according torsional strength considering material nonlinearity by finite
to the test results [3]. According to experimental results element models [11] and scaled specimen experiments [12].
of scaled models and bridge in site, Li et al. [4] and Liu According to current studies, the additional normal and shear
et al. [5] concluded that resistance of this kind of box stress caused by torsion and distortion should be considered
girder to torsion and distortion is lower than conventional properly, which is often neglected for concrete box girders.
2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

z y
x

dw
w

tw
aw bw aw bw

Figure 1: Geometry of the corrugated web.

b b
e c e
tcb

tw tb tw
Concrete tw tw

ℎ
ℎ1
ta
tca

a Corrugated a
steel web
(a) Composite section (b) Equivalent section

Figure 2: Geometry of equivalent section.

But little detailed conclusions are found on how the section 𝐸𝑠 is Young’s modulus of steel;
dimensions influence the torsional and distortional stress. 𝐸𝑥 , 𝐸𝑦 are the equivalent elastic modulus in 𝑥 and 𝑦
As to composite box girders with corrugated steel webs, direction, respectively;
the 3D finite element models are rather complex to build. So,
the theoretical analysis, based on the thin-walled beam the- 𝑎𝑤 , 𝑏𝑤 , 𝑑𝑤 , 𝛼𝑤 are flat panel width, inclined panel
ory, can be used more conveniently to study the mechanical width, wave height, angle of the corrugated web,
properties of such composite structures. In the theoretical respectively.
deduction process, the accordion effect of corrugated steel According to (1), the axial stiffness in longitudinal direc-
web should be considered correctly, as discussed by Yang tion can be neglected, for the ratio of 𝑡𝑤 and 𝑑𝑤 of a
et al. [6]. However, there were still some improper results corrugated web is always less than 1/100.
from current studies. For example, the web shear stress is Additionally, the effective shear modulus of a corrugated
not influenced by the warping torsion, or the shear stress web [15], 𝐺𝑒 , is given by
is not even in web. Additionally, the formula of distortional
shear stress has not yet been proposed explicitly. The purpose 𝑎𝑤 + 𝑏𝑤
𝐺𝑒 = 𝐺, (3)
of this paper is to propose formulas for warping torsional 𝑎𝑤 + 𝑏𝑤 sec 𝛼𝑤 𝑠
and distortional shear stress and study the influences of
in which 𝐺𝑠 is the shear modulus of steel.
different factors to the warping torsional and distortional
stress compared to the flexural normal stress.
2.2. Equivalent Section of Composite Box Girders with Corru-
gated Steel Webs. In order to directly adopt the thin-walled
2. Equivalent Section box girder theory to analyze the mechanical properties of
2.1. Equivalent Orthotropic Plate of the Corrugated Steel Web. the composite box girders with corrugated steel webs, the
The geometry of the typical corrugated web is shown in composite section is transformed to an equivalent cross
Figure 1. The corrugated steel web is recommended to be section of single material, as shown in Figure 2. Considering
equivalent to the orthotropic plate [13, 14], which has different the corrugated webs bear most of shear force in composite
elastic modulus in 𝑥 and 𝑦 direction: box girder, the cross section is assumed to be composed of
steel material alone.
𝑎𝑤 + 𝑏𝑤 𝑡𝑤 2 Assuming that the shearing force and stress remain the
𝐸𝑥 = ( ) 𝐸𝑠 , (1)
4𝑎𝑤 𝑑𝑤 same, the equivalent thickness of concrete slab, 𝑡, is given by

𝑎𝑤 + 𝑏𝑤 sec 𝛼𝑤 𝐺𝑐
𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸𝑠 , (2) 𝑡= ⋅ 𝑡 = 𝑛󸀠 ⋅ 𝑡𝑐 , (4)
𝑎𝑤 + 𝑏𝑤 𝐺𝑒 𝑐
where where
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 3

𝑡𝑐 is the thickness of concrete slab in composite box For equivalent cantilever slab,
section; 𝑠
𝐺𝑐 is the shear modulus of concrete; 𝑞 (𝑠) = 𝐸𝑦 𝛽󸀠󸀠󸀠 (𝑧) ∫ 𝜔𝑑𝐴 = 𝐸𝑦 𝛽󸀠󸀠󸀠 (𝑧) ⋅ 𝑆𝜔 (𝑠) . (11)
0
𝑛󸀠 is the ratio of shear modulus of concrete and
corrugated steel web. For equivalent top and bottom slab,
𝑠
𝑞 (𝑠) = 𝐸𝑦 𝛽󸀠󸀠󸀠 (𝑧) ∫ 𝜔𝑑𝐴 + 𝑞0
3. Warping Torsional Stress 0 (12)
󸀠󸀠󸀠
3.1. Torsional Warping Stress. According to the second theory = 𝐸𝑦 𝛽 (𝑧) ⋅ 𝑆𝜔 (𝑠) + 𝑞0 .
of Umanskii, the warping displacement caused by warping
torsion is given by For corrugated steel web,
󸀠 𝑠
𝑢 (𝑧) = 𝑢0 (𝑧) − 𝜔𝛽 (𝑧) , (5)
𝑞 (𝑠) = 𝐸𝑥 𝛽󸀠󸀠󸀠 (𝑧) ∫ 𝜔𝑑𝐴 + 𝑞0
in which 𝜔 is the principal unit warping (sectorial coordi- 0 (13)
nate). Its practical formulas may be found in [16–18]. 󸀠󸀠󸀠
= 𝐸𝑥 𝛽 (𝑧) ⋅ 𝑆𝜔 (𝑠) + 𝑞0 ,
The torsional warping normal stress, 𝜎𝜔 , is determined
from the bimoment: where
For concrete slab, 𝑠
𝑆𝜔 (𝑠) = ∫ 𝜔𝑑𝐴. (14)
𝐵 ⋅𝜔 0
𝜎𝜔 = 𝜔 . (6)
𝐼𝜔 Noting that the external torque is 𝑀𝑘 equal to the total
action of 𝑞, we get
For corrugated steel web,
𝐸𝑥 𝐵𝜔 ⋅ 𝜔 𝑀𝑘 (𝑧) = ∮ 𝑞 (𝑠) 𝜌 (𝑠) 𝑑𝑠
𝜎𝜔 = ≈ 0, (7)
𝐸𝑦 𝐼𝜔 (15)
󸀠󸀠󸀠
= 𝑞0 Ω + 𝐸𝑦 𝛽 (𝑧) ⋅ ∮ 𝑆𝜔 𝑑𝜔,
where
𝐵𝜔 is the warping bimoment caused by warping where
torsion;
𝐼𝜔 is the warping torsional inertia. For composite box Ω = ∮ 𝜌 (𝑠) 𝑑𝑠, (16)
girder with corrugated steel webs, it is given by
𝐸𝑥 ∮ 𝑆𝜔 (𝑠) 𝑑𝜔 = ∫ 𝑆𝜔 (𝑠) 𝑑𝜔 + ∫ 𝑆𝜔 (𝑠) 𝑑𝜔
𝐼𝜔 = ∫ 𝜔2 𝑑𝐴 + ∫ 𝜔2 𝑑𝐴 + 2 ∫ 𝜔2 𝑑𝐴. (8) 𝑏 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎 𝐸𝑦 𝑤
𝐸𝑥
+ ∫ 𝑆 (𝑠) 𝑑𝜔 (17)
Considering that the ratio 𝐸𝑥 /𝐸𝑦 of corrugated steel web 𝐸𝑦 𝑤 𝜔
is small enough to ignore, the warping torsional inertia is
simplified by ≈ ∫ 𝑆𝜔 (𝑠) 𝑑𝜔 + ∫ 𝑆𝜔 (𝑠) 𝑑𝜔.
𝑏 𝑎
2 2
𝐼𝜔 = ∫ 𝜔 𝑑𝐴 + ∫ 𝜔 𝑑𝐴 (9) In (17), it is noted that the ratio 𝐸𝑥 /𝐸𝑦 of corrugated steel
𝑏 𝑎
web is small enough to ignore corrugated steel webs.
in which the subscripts 𝑎 and 𝑏 indicate the bottom and top From (15),
slab, respectively. Equation (9) is used in formulas to calculate
󸀠󸀠󸀠
warping normal stress for composite girder with corrugated 𝑀𝑘 (𝑧) 𝐸𝑦 𝛽 (𝑧)
steel webs, which has already been given in [6]. 𝑞0 = − ∮ 𝑆𝜔 𝑑𝜔. (18)
Ω Ω
The warping torsional moment derived from torsional
3.2. Total Torsional Shear Stress. The deduction procedure of
warping bimoment is
shear stress for composite box girder with corrugated steel
web is similar to that of concrete box girder. However, the 𝑑𝐵𝜔 (𝑧)
accordion effect of corrugated steel web should be considered 𝑀𝜔 = = −𝐸𝑦 𝐼𝜔 𝛽󸀠󸀠󸀠 (𝑧) . (19)
𝑑𝑧
correctly.
Substituting (18) and (19) into (11)∼(13), the total shear
The shear flow in slab can be determined by the warping
stress considering the warping torsion can be determined
normal stress considering the equilibrium in the longitudinal
from torsion and warping torsional moment:
direction of a plate element:
𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝜎 𝑀𝑘 (𝑧) 𝑀𝜔
𝑑𝑠 = − 𝜔 𝑡𝑑𝑠. 𝜏 (𝑠) = − 𝑆 (𝑠) , (20)
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑧
(10) 𝑡Ω 𝐼𝜔 𝑡 𝜔
The shear flow in different plate is shown as follows. in which 𝑆𝜔 (𝑠) is the generalized area moment of inertia.
4 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

For equivalent cantilever slab, 4.2. Distortional Shear Stress. Little has been studied on
the distortional shear stress of composite box girder with
𝑆𝜔 = 𝑆𝜔 . (21)
corrugated steel webs. So the additional shear stress due to
For equivalent top and bottom slab, distortion is deduced as follows.
The distortional shear moment is given by
∮ 𝑆𝜔 𝑑𝜔
𝑆𝜔 = 𝑆𝜔 − . (22) 𝑑𝐵𝐷 (𝑧)
Ω 𝑀𝐷 (𝑧) = ̂ 󸀠󸀠󸀠 .
= −𝐸𝐼𝛾 (28)
𝑑𝑧
For corrugated steel web,
Then, the distortional shear force in different slabs can be
∮ 𝑆𝜔 𝑑𝜔 calculated as follows.
𝑆𝜔 = − . (23)
Ω
For corrugated steel web,
3.3. Differential Equation. Considering the longitudinal dis- 𝑀𝐷 (𝑧)
placement closure condition, the differential equation is 𝑄1 = . (29)
deduced: 𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝑚𝜇
𝛽𝐼𝑉 (𝑧) − 𝑘2 𝛽 (𝑧) = − , (24) For equivalent bottom slab,
𝐸𝐼𝜔
in which 𝑚 is load intensity of torque; 𝜇 is the restrained 𝑐 𝑐𝑀𝐷 (𝑧)
𝑄2 = 𝑄1 = . (30)
constant of section; 𝑘 is the moment-torsional coefficient, ℎ1 ℎ1 𝑎 sin 𝜃
defined by
𝐺𝑒 𝐼𝑑 For equivalent top slab,
𝑘2 = 𝜇 , (25)
𝐸𝑦 𝐼𝜔 𝑎 𝑀 (𝑧)
𝑄4 = 𝑄1 = 𝐷 . (31)
in which 𝐺𝑒 𝐼𝑑 is the torsional rigidity; 𝐸𝑦 𝐼𝜔 is the warping ℎ1 ℎ1 sin 𝜃
torsional rigidity. According to specific boundary conditions,
the above differential equation can be solved by initial- The distortional shear stress is given by
parameter method in [19, 20].
𝑄𝑖
𝜏𝐷𝑖 = , (32)
4. Distortional Stress 𝐴𝑖

4.1. Distortional Warping Stress. According to [20], the dis- in which 𝐴 𝑖 is the cross-sectional area of equivalent top,
tortional warping stress of composite box girder with corru- bottom, or web slab. Because of the changing of normal stress
gated steel web has already been given. The most important due to distortional warping, the additional shear stress is
equations are list as follows. also produced. The additional shear stress can be deduced
The distortional differential equation of distortional by similar procedures like warping torsional shear stress, and
angle, 𝛾, is it should be considered that no torsional force in section is
generated under distortion. Thus, the distortional additional
𝑎2 shear stress can be calculated by
𝐸𝐼𝜔𝐷 𝛾(4) + 𝐸𝐼𝑅 𝛾 = 𝑃 (𝑧) (26)
𝑎+𝑐
𝑀𝐷
in which 𝐸𝐼𝜔𝐷 is distortional warping rigidity, 𝐸𝐼𝑅 is distor- 𝜏𝐷𝜔 (𝑠) = − 𝑆 (𝑠) , (33)
𝐼𝜔𝐷 𝑡 𝜔𝐷
tional rigidity of transverse frame, and 𝑃(𝑧) is antisymmetric
load at intersection point of top slab.
Combined with specific boundary conditions, the ana- in which 𝑆𝜔𝐷 (𝑠) is the generalized area moment of inertia.
lytical solutions of distortional angle, 𝛾, and distortional For equivalent cantilever slab,
bimoment, 𝐵𝐷, can be deduced by initial-parameter method.
Then the distortional warping normal stress is given as 𝑆𝜔𝐷 = 𝑆𝜔𝐷 . (34)
follows:
𝐵
𝜎𝐷𝑎 = 𝐷 𝜔𝐷𝑎 , For equivalent top and bottom slab,
𝐼𝜔𝐷
(27) ∮ 𝑆𝜔𝐷 𝑑𝜔
𝐵𝐷 𝑆𝜔𝐷 = 𝑆𝜔𝐷 − . (35)
𝜎𝐷𝑏 = 𝜔 , Ω
𝐼𝜔𝐷 𝐷𝑏
in which 𝜎𝐷𝑎 , 𝜎𝐷𝑏 are the warping stress at the junction For corrugated steel web,
between bottom and top slab, respectively. 𝜔𝐷𝑎 = 𝐾4 , 𝜔𝐷𝑏 =
𝛽𝐾4 . The coefficients 𝛽 and 𝐾4 can be calculated according to ∮ 𝑆𝜔𝐷 𝑑𝜔
𝑆𝜔𝐷 = − , (36)
[20]. Ω
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 5

1100 kN
10000

300

5100

150
250

10
6000 300 260 300 260

(a) Cross section (b) Corrugated steel web

Figure 3: Configurations and dimension of specimens in case 1 (unit: mm).

where constraint was given. In finite element analysis (FEA), the

𝑠 torsional loads and the distortional loads were separately
𝑆𝜔𝐷 (𝑠) = ∫ 𝜔𝐷 𝑑𝐴, applied on nodes of top and bottom concrete slab and steel
0 webs in the mid-span section of the girder.
(37)
The warping normal stress and shear stress of this com-
∮ 𝑆𝜔𝐷 (𝑠) 𝑑𝜔 ≈ ∫ 𝑆𝜔𝐷 (𝑠) 𝑑𝜔 + ∫ 𝑆𝜔𝐷 (𝑠) 𝑑𝜔. posite girder are shown in Figure 5. As the normal stress in
𝑏 𝑎
corrugated webs and shear stress in concrete slabs are rather
Finally, the total distortional shear stress is as follows: small, only the normal stress in concrete slabs and shear stress
in corrugated webs are given. In order to verify the results
𝑄𝑖 𝑀𝐷 according to equations in this paper, the stress calculated by
𝜏𝐷𝑖 = − 𝑆 (𝑠) . (38)
𝐴 𝑖 𝐼𝜔𝐷 𝑡 𝜔𝐷 FEA is presented separately in bracket [].
As shown in Figure 5, the above equations of warping
According to the above equation, the distortional shear normal stress and shear stress for composite girder with
stress is comprised of two parts, which are the direct shear corrugated steel webs are verified by FEA results. Compared
stress due to distortional shear force and the additional shear with stress due to distortion, the warping normal stress due
stress due to changing normal stress, just like the warping to warping torsion is much smaller, while the shear stress
torsional shear stress. in webs is a little bigger. Noticing that the flexural normal
stress in bottom slab is 1.45 MPa and the flexural shear stress
5. Comparative Studies in webs is 5.39 MPa, the distortional warping stress is even
as big as flexural normal stress. This means the influence of
5.1. Case 1. Take the simple supported composite girder with both warping torsion and distortion on normal and shear
corrugated steel webs in [21] as an illustration (as shown in stress must be considered properly. In this girder, the normal
Figure 3). The span, 𝐿, is 43.2 m. The height, ℎ, is 5.1 m. The stress in bottom slab due to warping torsion has the opposite
top slab width, 𝑏, is 10 m and thickness, 𝑡𝑐𝑏 , is 0.30 m. The direction to stress due to distortion.
bottom slab width, 𝑎, is 6 m and thickness, 𝑡𝑐𝑎 , is 0.25 m. For The results of warping normal stress and web shear stress
the corrugated steel webs, the thickness, 𝑡𝑤 , is 0.01 m, the were also displaced in Figure 6, comparing with the stress
panel width 𝑎𝑤 is 0.30 m, 𝑏𝑤 is 0.26 m, and 𝑑𝑤 is 0.15 m. For according to analytical equations. As shown in Figure 6,
concrete, 𝐸𝑐 is 3.4 × 104 MPa and 𝜇𝑐 is 0.1667. For steel, 𝐸𝑠 the stress from two different methods has little discrepancy,
is 2.1 × 105 MPa and 𝜇𝑠 is 0.3. The 1100 kN eccentric load is which means the analytical equations in this essay are
applied at one conjunction of web on the top slab at the mid- effective.
span cross section.
Using the finite element program ANSYS, 3D models 5.2. Case 2. Take the simple supported composite girder with
of composite girders were built to verify the above theo- corrugated steel webs in [6] as another illustration (as shown
retical analysis expressions. The eight-node Solid element in Figure 7). The span, 𝐿, is 7.5 m. The height, ℎ, is 0.3688 m.
(SOLID45) was used to model the concrete slabs. The four- The top slab width, 𝑏, is 1.8 m and thickness, 𝑡𝑐𝑏 , is 0.1125 m.
node Shell element (SHELL63) was chosen to simulate the The bottom slab width, 𝑎, is 0.4626 m and thickness, 𝑡𝑐𝑎 , is
corrugated steel webs. The concrete and steel materials were 0.11 m. For the corrugated steel webs, the thickness, 𝑡𝑤 , is
linear elastic and no plastic or strain hardening was taken 0.003 m, the panel width 𝑎𝑤 is 0.063 m, 𝑏𝑤 is 0.050 m, and 𝑑𝑤
into account. The slip and composite action between the is 0.038 m. For concrete, 𝐸𝑐 is 3.4 × 104 MPa amd 𝜇𝑐 is 0.1667.
concrete slab and steel web were neglected, so the concrete For steel, 𝐸𝑠 is 2.1×105 MPa and 𝜇𝑠 is 0.3. The 20 kN eccentric
and steel nodes on their interface were merged to ensure load is applied at one conjunction of web on the top slab at
they had the same deformation. As the girder is assumed to mid-span section.
be simple supported at both ends, four nodes at the bottom Based on equations for warping torsional and distortional
were constrained as shown in Figure 4. Nodes no. 1 to 4 were stress, the warping normal stress and shear stress of the
provided constraints in different directions, but no rotating composite girder are shown in Figure 8. To verify the results,
6 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

1 Hd2
Hk2

Corrugated web
Vk Vk Vd Vd
Concrete slab
4
3
Movable direction Hk1 Hd1

(a) Girder model (b) Torsional loads and distortional loads

Figure 4: Finite element model of composite girder in [21].

0.30 0.34 0.57

[0.26] 0.11 [0.78]
[0.06] [0.47]

−0.30 −0.57
−0.56
−1.83
1.95 1.95 2.32
[2.42] 2.32
[2.21]

0.56 1.83
[0.33] [1.85]
(a) Warping torsional stress (b) Distortional stress

Figure 5: Warping normal stress and shear stress of composite girder in [21] (unit: MPa).

stress results from [6, 20] and stress calculated by FEA are warping torsional and distortional stress, the warping rigidity
presented separately in brackets () and []. and transverse form rigidity are not easy to be derived.
Figure 8 shows that the above equations of warping nor- Besides the fact that the equations for normal and shear stress
mal stress and shear stress are verified by FEA results again. are complex, it is difficult to find the explicit relationship
The warping torsional shear stress calculated by equations in between girder dimension parameters and warping torsional
this paper is 80% smaller than that in [6, 20], because the and distortional rigidity or stress. So, the parametric analysis
accordion effect of corrugated steel web is considered to get needs to be done to study how these parameters influence
the generalized area moment of inertia, 𝑆𝜔 (𝑠). It should be the warping torsion and distortion behaviors for composite
also noted that the additional shear stress due to restrained girder with corrugated steel webs.
torsion has the opposite direction to the free torsional stress, The composite girder dimensions in [21] were used to
which may reduce the total shear stress. The shear stress analyze the torsional and distortional stress under eccentric
due to warping torsion is smaller than that by distortion. load at mid-span section under the simple supported bound-
Additionally, the warping normal stress in bottom slab is ary condition. The following analysis covers parameters
much bigger than stress in top slab for trapezoidal sections. including the span length and section height of girder, the
Besides, the normal stress in bottom slab caused by warping width and thickness of top and bottom flange, and the
torsion has the opposite direction to stress due to distortion. dimensions of corrugated steel web. Only one parameter is
On the corresponding symmetric load condition, the flex- changed in each analysis. The normal stress on the bottom
ural normal stress in bottom slab is 1.91 MPa and the flexural slab at the conjunction of web and web shear stress at mid-
shear stress in webs is 4.52 MPa. The above results show that span section were studied to compare the effect of warping
the total warping stress in this trapezoidal composite box torsion and distortion.
girder is small, but the total shear stress due to torsion and Six coefficients were defined to analyze the influence of
distortion is 30 percent of flexural shear stress and must be warping torsion and distortion on the normal stress and shear
calculated properly. stress, which are

󵄨󵄨 𝜎 󵄨󵄨
6. Parametric Analysis 󵄨 󵄨
𝜂1 = 󵄨󵄨󵄨 𝜔 󵄨󵄨󵄨 ,
󵄨󵄨 𝜎𝑀 󵄨󵄨
According to the above two examples, the influence of torsion
and distortion on stress is different if dimensional parame- 󵄨󵄨󵄨 𝜎 󵄨󵄨󵄨
𝜂2 = 󵄨󵄨󵄨 𝐷𝜔 󵄨󵄨󵄨 ,
ters of composite box girder change. When calculating the 󵄨󵄨 𝜎𝑀 󵄨󵄨
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 7

Mid-span
Mid-span

3.0
0.0
Warping stress (MPa)

Shear stress (MPa)

2.5
−0.2

2.0
−0.4
1.5
−0.6
1.0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Distance from midsection (m) Distance from midsection (m)
Analytical results Analytical results
FEA results FEA results
(a) Torsional warping stress in bottom slab (b) Torsional shear stress in web

Mid-span
Mid-span

3 3.0
Warping stress (MPa)

Shear stress (MPa)

2 2.5

1 2.0

0 1.5

−1 1.0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Distance from midsection (m) Distance from midsection (m)
Analytical results Analytical results
FEA results FEA results
(c) Distortional warping stress in bottom slab (d) Distortional shear stress in web

Figure 6: Stress by FEA and analytical equations.

20 kN 1800
838.3
11.25

368.8

38
11

462.6 63 50 63 50

(a) Cross section (b) Corrugated steel web

Figure 7: Configurations and dimension of specimens in case 2 (unit: mm).

(𝜏𝑘 + 𝜏𝜔 ) 𝜏𝐷𝜔
𝜂3 = , 𝜂6 = ,
𝜏𝑀 𝜏𝐷
(39)
(𝜏𝐷 + 𝜏𝐷𝜔 )
𝜂4 = ,
𝜏𝑀 where 𝜎𝑀, 𝜎𝜔 , 𝜎𝐷 are normal stress separately caused by
𝜏 bending, torsional warping, and distortional warping; 𝜏𝑀, 𝜏𝑘 ,
𝜂5 = 𝜔 ,
𝜏𝑘 𝜏𝜔 , 𝜏𝐷, 𝜏𝐷𝜔 are shear stress separately caused by bending, free
8 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

0.061
0.149 (0.061) 0.016 0.034
(0.142) [0.085] (0.015) (0.032)
[0.155] [0.019] [0.042]
−0.540
−0.149
−0.034
1.054 1.054
(5.830) 0.084 0.084
[1.310] [0.096]
0.540 0.522
(0.533) (0.475)
[0.347] [0.392]
(a) Warping torsional stress (b) Distortional stress

Figure 8: Warping normal stress and shear stress of composite girder in [6] (unit: MPa).

1.5 0.0

1.2 −0.1
Stress coefficient

Stress coefficient
0.9 −0.2

0.6 −0.3

0.3 −0.4

0.0 −0.5
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
l (m) l (m)

1 4 5
2 6
3

Figure 9: Stress coefficients versus different span length.

torsion, warping torsion, pure distortion, and distortional bigger obviously. The coefficient 𝜂1 changed from 0.19 to 0.66
addition. and 𝜂2 changed from 0.72 to 1.48. The shear stress coefficients
The coefficients 𝜂1 , 𝜂2 imply the influence of warping 𝜂3 and 𝜂4 had small change by less than 0.05. It shows that the
torsion and distortion on normal stress, and 𝜂3 , 𝜂4 imply influence of section height is much more obvious to warping
the influence on shear stress. The coefficients 𝜂5 , 𝜂6 imply normal stress than shear stress.
the additional shear stress due to changing of normal stress
caused by warping torsion and distortion. 6.3. Effect of Top Flange Width. In following analysis, the
girder section is rectangular whose corrugated steel webs
6.1. Effect of Span Length. When the span length is separately are vertical. When the top flange width, measured width
30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110, 130, and 150 m, the variation of stress between webs, is separately 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 m, the variation
coefficients is given in Figure 9. The span length had obvious of stress coefficients is given in Figure 11. Only the coefficient
influence only on both warping normal stress but not shear 𝜂1 nearly remained constant as the chamber width grows,
stress. The effects of torsion and distortion were reduced if the but other coefficients changed. 𝜂2 grew from 0.95 to 1.39. The
girder span got longer; the coefficient 𝜂1 changed from 0.52 to coefficients 𝜂3 ∼ 𝜂6 changed separately from 0.28, 0.39, −0.44,
0.10, and 𝜂2 changed from 1.42 to 0.26. On most conditions −0.22 to 0.41, 0.46, −0.17, and −0.09. Thus, the influence of top
of girder span within 80 m, the torsional and distortional flange width is not ignorable.
warping stress are more than 30% of flexural normal stress. So
the warping normal stress needs to be considered in normal 6.4. Effect of Cantilever Flange Width. The cantilever flange
stress check in structural design. width (flange width between a web and a free edge) is usually
designed within one-half of the top flange width between
6.2. Effect of Section Height. The section height is generally webs. As the top flange width is 6.0 m, the cantilever flange
1/40 to 1/25 of the span length. Here, the height is set to be 2.5, width is accordingly proposed to be 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5,
3.8, 5.1, 6.4, 7.7, 9.0, 10.3, 11.6, and 12.9 m. The variation of stress and 3.0 m, respectively. The variation of stress coefficients is
coefficients for different height is given in Figure 10. As the given in Figure 12. As the cantilever flange width got bigger,
girder height got bigger, the coefficients of normal stress got the normal stress coefficients 𝜂1 and 𝜂2 changed in a limit
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 9

2.0 0.0

1.6 −0.1
Stress coefficient

Stress coefficient
1.2 −0.2

0.8 −0.3

0.4 −0.4

0.0 −0.5
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
h (m) h (m)

1 4 5
2 6
3

Figure 10: Stress coefficients versus different section height.

1.5 0.0

1.2 −0.1
Stress coefficient

Stress coefficient

0.9 −0.2

0.6 −0.3

0.3 −0.4

0.0 −0.5
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
c (m) c (m)

1 4 5
2 6
3

Figure 11: Stress coefficients versus different top flange width.

degree, while the shear stress coefficients changed obviously. 6.6. Effect of Flange Thickness. When the top and bottom
The coefficients 𝜂3 and 𝜂4 decreased separately from 0.67, 0.59 flange thickness is separately 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40,
to 0.27, and 0.39, while 𝜂5 and 𝜂6 changed separately from 0.45, 0.50 m, the variation of stress coefficients is given in
0.34, 0.17 to −0.45, −0.22. It should be noted that the direction Figures 14 and 15. As shown below, the coefficients 𝜂1 and
of shear stress due to warping torsion and distortion may 𝜂2 in Figure 15 and 𝜂5 and 𝜂6 in Figure 14 changed less
change as cantilever flange width varied. than 15%. Other coefficients nearly remained constant as
flange thickness varied. It is meant that the stress is almost
6.5. Effect of Bottom Flange Width. When the width of top independent of flange thickness, except that the stress of the
flange remain unchanged, only the bottom flange width is slab whose thickness is changed.
set to be 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, and 6 m. The variation of stress
coefficients is given in Figure 13. The coefficients 𝜂1 and 𝜂3 6.7. Effect of Web Thickness. Assuming that the general
nearly remained constant as the bottom flange width grew, construction of corrugated steel web is unchanged, the web
but other coefficients changed obviously. The normal stress thickness is set to be 0.006, 0.010, 0.014, 0.018, 0.022, 0.026,
coefficients 𝜂2 and 𝜂4 grew separately from 0.69, 0.10 to 1.26, 0.030, 0.034, and 0.038 m. The variation of stress coefficients
0.43. The coefficients 𝜂5 and 𝜂6 decreased separately from is given in Figure 16. The coefficients 𝜂1 and 𝜂2 decreased
−0.46, −0.70 to −0.28, −0.13. So, the influence of bottom separately from 0.59, 1.34 to 0.02, 1.01, while 𝜂3 and 𝜂4 increase
flange width is not ignorable. separately from 0.32, 0.41 to 0.49, 0.47. 𝜂5 and 𝜂6 changed
10 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

1.5 0.6

0.4
1.2

0.2
Stress coefficient

Stress coefficient
0.9
0.0
0.6
−0.2

0.3
−0.4

0.0 −0.6
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
e (m) e (m)

1 4 5
2 6
3

Figure 12: Stress coefficients versus different cantilever flange width.

1.5 0.0

1.2 −0.2
Stress coefficient

Stress coefficient

0.9 −0.4

0.6 −0.6

0.3 −0.8

0.0 −1.0
3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6
a (m) a (m)

1 4 5
2 6
3

Figure 13: Stress coefficients versus different bottom flange width.

1.5 0.0

1.2 −0.1
Stress coefficient

Stress coefficient

0.9 −0.2

0.6 −0.3

0.3 −0.4

0.0 −0.5
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
tb (m) tb (m)

1 4 5
2 6
3

Figure 14: Stress coefficients versus different top flange thickness.

Mathematical Problems in Engineering 11

1.5 0.0

1.2 −0.1
Stress coefficient

Stress coefficient
0.9 −0.2

0.6 −0.3

0.3 −0.4

0.0 −0.5
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
ta (m) ta (m)

1 4 5
2 6
3

Figure 15: Stress coefficients versus different bottom flange thickness.

1.5 0.0

1.2 −0.1
Stress coefficient
Stress coefficient

0.9 −0.2

0.6 −0.3

0.3 −0.4

0.0 −0.5
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
tw (m) tw (m)

1 4 5
2 6
3

Figure 16: Stress coefficients versus different web thickness.

separately from −0.37, −0.18 to −0.02, −0.05. Results show 7. Conclusions

that web thickness has obvious influence on warping normal
stress. Assuming that the longitudinal axial stiffness of corrugated
steel web can be neglected, the formulas for warping torsional
and distortional stress were deduced according to the second
6.8. Effect of Web Construction. As different constructions of theory of Umanskii. Based on the revised formulas, this paper
corrugated steel web may be adopted in the composite girder, has presented a theoretical study on stress of the simple sup-
the out-plane bending moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑐 , may be different. ported composite box girder under eccentric loads. And the
So the influence of 𝐼𝑐 was studied, while the web thickness influence of varied parameters were studied in detail, includ-
remained unchanged. The common used constructions of ing the span length and section height of girder, the width
corrugated steel web are listed in Table 1. The variation and thickness of top and bottom flange, and the dimensions of
of stress coefficients is given in Figure 17. It shows the corrugated steel web. The following conclusions are obtained.
coefficients nearly remained constant, which means the stress (1) The accordion of corrugated steel webs should be
due to warping torsion and distortion is independent of the considered properly in torsion and distortion analysis of
web construction. composite box girder. The formulas of warping normal stress
12 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Table 1: Common construction dimensions of corrugated steel web.

Type number 1 2 3 4 5
𝑎𝑤 /m 0.250 0.300 0.330 0.400 0.430
𝑏𝑤 /m 0.200 0.260 0.270 0.340 0.370
𝑑𝑤 /m 0.150 0.150 0.200 0.210 0.220
𝐼𝑐 /m4 4.018 × 10−5 4.167 × 10−5 7.333 × 10−5 7.946 × 10−5 8.672 × 10−5

1.5 0.0

1.2 −0.1

Stress coefficient
Stress coefficient

0.9 −0.2

0.6 −0.3

0.3 −0.4

0.0 −0.5
4 5 6 7 8 9 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ic (10−5 m4 ) Ic (10−5 m4 )

1 4 5
2 6
3

Figure 17: Stress coefficients versus different web construction.

and shear stress were revised for analyzing the warping tor- corrugated steel webs, as illustrated in Figure 6. So the
sion and distortion of the composite box girder of corrugated detailed mechanical mechanism of corrugated steel webs
steel webs. Comparing with the FEA results, the revised under different shearing conditions should be studied in
formulas are proved to be more effective. future.
(2) The results show that the influences of warping
torsion and distortion are more significant if the girder is Conflicts of Interest
shorter, which is easily acceptable. However, even though the
whole girder rigidity may increase by enlarging the section The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest
dimensions, the warping normal stress and shear stress may regarding the publication of this paper.
not decrease at all. According to studies in this paper, in order
to reduce the warping stress ratio, it is suggested to increase Acknowledgments
the girder span length and the thickness of corrugated steel
web height or reduce the girder height and the top, bottom, The work described herein is part of a research project
and cantilever slab width. To reduce the web shear stress funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
ratio, it is suggested to increase the cantilever flange width (no. 51308053 and no. 51608069) and Chinese Universities
flange width or reduce the bottom slab width. The thickness Scientific Fund of Chang’an University (no. 300102288110).
of concrete flange and the web construction have a limited
impact on both kinds of stress. References
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