Chapter- Semiconductor

1) Write the two processes involved in the formation of P-n Junction?

2) Difference between extrinsic semiconductor and intrinsic semiconductor? Difference
between N and P type semiconductor?
3) Write the band gap of conductor, insulator, Semiconductor?
4) Does the width region of a p-n junction vary if doping concentration is increased?
5) With the help of a circuit diagram, explain briefly how a p-n junction diode works as
half-wave rectifier and full wave rectifier?
6) Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode.
Differentiate between the threshold voltage and the breakdown voltage for a diode?
Write the property of a junction diode which makes it suitable for rectification of ac
voltage?
7) Explain the formation of potential barrier and depletion region in a P-n junction diode.
What is effect of applying forward bias and reverse bias on the width of the depletion
region?
8) Assuming that the two diodes D, and D, used in the electric circuit shown in the figure
are ideal, find out the value of the current flowing through 2.5Ω resistor.

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Chapter-Atoms and Nuclei
atoms

1) State the postulates of Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom and derive the expression for
Bohr’s radius?
2) Find the ratio of the longest and the shortest wavelengths amongst the spectral lines
of Balmer series in the spectrum of hydrogen atom?
3) Using Bohr’s postulates derive the expression for the total energy of the electron in
the stationary states of the hydrogen atoms?
4) Use Bohr’s postulate to prove that the radius of nth orbit in a hydrogen atom is
directly proportional to n2?
5) Drawbacks of Rutherford model?
6) Define Impact parameter and closest approach of distance?
7) Which Series of atomic spectrum of hydrogen lies in the infrared region?
 8) Define Ionisation energy? What will be the ionisation potential if the first excitation
potential of a given atom is 10.2V?
9) The wavelength of second line of Balmer series in a hydrogen spectrum is
4861A0.Calculate the wavelength of the first line of the same series?

Nuclei
1) Show that density of nucleus is independent of its mass number?
2) What is the nuclear radius of 125Fe, if that of 27Al is 3.6 fermi?
3) Explain the processes of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion by using a plot of Binding
energy per nucleon versus mass number?
4) Define Binding Energy and mass defect?
5) A heavy nucleus X of mass number 240 and binding energy per nucleon 7.6MeV is
split into two fragments Y and Z of mass number 110 and 130 the binding energy of
nucleons in Y is 8.5MeV per nucleon. Calculate the energy Q released per fission in
Mev?
6) Explain the carbon – nitrogen cycle, proton – proton cycle occurring in fusion? How
energy is produced inside the sun?

Chapter – wave Optics

1) Define Wavefront? What is the type of wavefront generated from line source and
point source?
2) Write the Huygen’s Postulates? Using Huygen’s principle, derive the laws of
reflection and laws of refraction?
3) State two conditions for two light sources to be coherent? Give two points of
differences between interference and diffraction?
4) Draw the intensity pattern for single slit interference and double slit interference?
5) A narrow slit is illuminated by a parallel beam of monochromatic light of wavelength
λ equals to 6000 Å and the angular width of the central maxima in the resulting
diffraction pattern is measured. When the slit is next illuminated by light of
wavelength λ’, the angular width decreases by 30%. Calculate the value of the
wavelength λ’.
6) The ratio of intensities of two waves is 1:25, what is the ratio of their amplitudes?
7) Write all the conditions of constructive and destructive interference?
8) How will the interference pattern in Young's double-slit experiment be affected if:
i) The screen is moved away from the plane of the slits
ii) ii) The source slit is moved away from the plane of the slits
 iii) The phase difference between the light waves emanating from the two slits S1
and S2 changes from 0 to π and remains constant?

9) In a Young’s double slit experiment using light of wavelength 600nm, the slit
separation is 0.8mm and the screen is kept 1.6m from the plane of the slits.
Calculate i) fringe width ii) the distance of iii) third maximum and iv) fifth maximum,
from the central maximum?
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Chapter-Electromagnetic Induction

Q1) Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described below:

Q2) State Lenz’s Law. Explain by giving examples that Lenz’s Law is a consequence of
conservation of energy?
Q3) A metallic rod of length l is moved perpendicular to its length with velocity v in a magnetic
field B acting perpendicular to the plane in which rod moves. Derive the expression for the
induced emf?
Q4) Define Mutual Inductance. A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the
current in one coil changes from 0 to 20A in 0.5 sec, what is the change of flux linkage with
the other coil?
Q5) The magnetic flux linked with the coil is given by an equation ∅=5t2+2t+3. The induced
emf in the coil at the third second will be?
Q6) Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids of same
length wound one over the other?
Q7) Draw the labelled diagram of an a.c. generator. Briefly explain its working and obtain the
expression for the emf produced in the coil?

Alternating Current

Q1) What is the dimension of the impedance?

Q2) An alternating voltage V=140sin314t is connected across a 50Ω resistor. Find
i) The frequency of the source.
ii) The r.m.s. current through the resistor?
Q3) An a.c. source generating a voltage E=E0sin𝜔𝑡 is connected to a capacitor of capacitance
C. Find the expression for the current I flowing through it. Plot a graph of E and I versus 𝜔t to
show that the current is ahead of the voltage by 90 0?

Q4) An a.c. source generating a voltage E=E0sin𝜔𝑡 is connected to a pure inductor of

inductance L. Find the expression for the current I flowing through it. Plot a graph of E and I
versus 𝜔t to show that the current is legs behind the applied voltage by 900 ?
Q5) A capacitor (C) and resistor (R) are connected in series with an ac source of voltage of
frequency 50 Hz. The potential difference across C and R are respectively 120 V, 90 V, and the
current in the circuit is 3 A. Calculate
(i) the impedance of the circuit
(ii) the value of the inductance, which when connected in series with C and R will make the
power factor of the circuit unity.
Q6) Figure shows a series LCR circuit connected to a variable frequency 230 V source. L = 5.0
H, C = 80μF, R = 40 Ω

(a) Determine the source frequency which drives the circuit in resonance.
(b) Obtain the impedance of the circuit and the amplitude of current at the resonating
frequency.
(c) Determine the rms potential drops across the three elements of the circuit. Show that
the potential drop across the LC combination is zero at the resonating frequency
Q7) Show that an ideal inductor does not dissipate power in an a.c. circuit?
Q8) State the principle of working of a transformer. Describe the working principle of step-up
transformer with the help of suitable diagram.
a) Define efficiency of a transformer.
b) State any two factors that reduce the efficiency of a transformer?
c) Calculate the current drawn by the primary of a 90% efficient transformer which steps
down 220V to 22V, if the output resistance is 440Ω

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Ray Optics

Q1) An object is placed in front of a concave mirror of focal length of 12 cm. There are two
possible positions of the object for which the image formed is three times the size of the
object. (a) Draw the ray diagram for each case, and (b) Find the distance between the two
positions of the object.

Q2) Derive the mathematical relation between refractive indices n1 and n2 of two radii and
radius of curvature R for refraction at a convex spherical surface.

Consider the object to be a point since lying on the principal axis in rarer medium of
refractive index n1 and a virtual image formed in the rarer medium of refractive index n1.
Hence, derive lens maker's formula.

Q3) under what conditions is the phenomenon of total internal reflection of light observed?

Obtain the relation between the critical angle of incidence and the refractive index of the
medium?

Draw a ray diagram showing how a ray of light deviates by 900 after passing through a right-
angled isosceles prism.

Q4 Two thin lenses are placed coaxially in contact. Obtain the expression for the focal length
of this combination in terms of the focal lengths of the two lenses.

Q5) A converging lens of refractive index 1.5 has a power of 10 D. When it is completely
immersed in a liquid, it behaves as a diverging lens of focal length 50 cm. Find the refractive
index of the liquid.
Q6) A Plano convex lens is made of glass of refractive index 1.5. The radius of curvature of
the convex surface is 25cm.

i) Calculate the focal length of the lens,

ii) If the object is placed 50cm in front of the lens, find the nature and position of the
image formed?

Q7) Define the power of the lens? Define SI unit of power of a lens.

Q8) A converging lens has a focal length of 10cm in air. It is made of a material of refractive
index 1.6. If it is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.3, find its new focal length.

Q9) Derive the expression for refractive index of the material of the prism in terms of angle
of prism and angle of minimum deviation.

For a glass prism (µ=√𝟑) the angle of minimum deviation is equal to the angle of the prism.
Find the angle of the prism?

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Optical Instruments

Q1) Draw a labelled diagram to show image formation by the compound microscope?

Q2) Draw a ray diagram of reflecting type telescope. State its magnifying power?

State the advantage of reflecting type telescope over the refracting type?

Q3) Draw a labelled diagram to show image formation by the astronomical telescope in
normal adjustment position? Define its magnifying power?
ELECTROSTATICS

1) Draw the equipotential surfaces for an electric dipole?

Q2) Derive the expression for the torque acting on an electric dipole, when it is held in a
uniform electric field. Identify the orientation of the dipole in the electric field, in which it
attains a stable equilibrium?

Q3) Derive the expression for the electric field at a point on equatorial line of an electric
dipole?

Derive the expression for the electric field at a point on axial of an electric dipole?

Q4) Two identical point charges q each, are kept 2m apart in the air. A third point charge Q
of unknown magnitude and sign is placed on the line joining the charges such that the system
remains in equilibrium. Find the position and nature of Q?

Q5) Define an ideal electric dipole. Give an example.

An electric dipole of length 2cm is placed with its axis making an angle of 600 with respect to
uniform electric field of 105 N/C. If it experiences a torque of 8√3 Nm, Calculate-

i) The magnitude of charge on the dipole?

ii) Its Potential Energy?

Q6) How does the electric flux due to a point charge enclosed by a spherical Gaussian surface
get affected when its radius is increased?

Q7) Given a uniform electric field E = 5 x 103 𝑖̂N/C, find the flux of this field through a
square of 10 cm on a side whose plane is parallel to the Y-Z plane. What would be the flux
through the same square if the plane makes a 30° angle with the X-axis?
Q8) Given the electric field in the region E = 2x𝑖̂, find the net electric flux through the cube
and the charge enclosed by it.

Q9) An infinitely long thin straight wire has uniform linear charge density. obtain the
expression for the electric field at a point lying at a distance r from the wire, using Gauss
Law? Show graphically the variation of this electric field E as a function of distance x from
the wire?

Q10) Using Gauss's law deduce the expression for the electric field due to a uniformly
charged spherical conducting shell of radius R at a point (i) outside, and (ii) inside the
shell. Plot a graph showing variation of electric field as function of r > R and r < R (r being
the distance from the centre of the shell).

Q11) Use Gauss Theorm to find the electric field due to uniformly charged infinitely large
plane thin sheet with surface charge density 𝜎?

Q12) Two small identical electrical dipoles AB and CD, each of dipole moment ‘p’ are kept
at an angle of 120° as shown in the figure. What is the resultant dipole moment of this
combination? If this system is subjected to electric field (vector E) directed along + X
direction, what will be the magnitude and direction of the torque acting on this?
Electric Potential and Capacitance

Q1) which Physical quantity has SI unit NmC -1 ?

Q2) Establish the relation between electric field and electric potential at a point? Draw the
equipotential surface for an electric field pointing in Z direction with the magnitude
increasing at constant rate along -z direction?

Q3) Calculate the amount of work done to dissociate a system of three charges 1µ𝐶, 1 µ𝐶,

And -4 µ𝐶 placed on an equatorial triangle of side 10cm?

Q4) A charge q is moved from a point A above the dipole of dipole moment p to a point
B below the dipole in equatorial line without acceleration. Find the work done in the
process?

Q5) Expression for electric potential due to point charge?

Capacitance

Q6) What amount of charge can be stored in a 1 Farad capacitor?

Q7) What is the effective capacitance between point X and Y?

Q8) A capacitor of unknown capacitance is connected across a battery of V volts. The charge
stored in it is 360μC. When potential across the capacitor is reduced by 120V, the charge
stored in it becomes 120μC. Calculate: (i) The potential V and the unknown capacitance
C. (ii) What will be the charge stored in the capacitor, if the voltage applied had increased by
120V?

Q9) Define the capacitance of a capacitor? Obtain the expression for the capacitance of a
parallel plate capacitor in vacuum in terms of plate area A and separation d between the
plates?

Q10) A 12 pF capacitor is connected to a 50V battery. How much electrostatic energy is

stored in the capacitor? If another capacitor of 6µF is connected in series with it with the
same battery connected across the combination, find the charge stored and potential
difference across each capacitor?

Q11)Derive the expression for energy stored in a capacitor?

Current electricity

1) Two electric bulbs P and Q have their resistances in the ratio of 1:2. They are connected in
series across a battery. Find the ratio of the power dissipation in these bulbs?

2) Explain the term drift velocity of electrons in a conductor. Hence obtain the expression for
the current through a conductor in terms of drift velocity?

3) Using the concept of free electrons in a conductor, derive the expression for the
conductivity of a wire in terms of current density and relaxation time.

Hence obtain the relation between current density and applied electric field E?
4) Define the term conductivity of a metallic write. Write its SI unit?

5) Show on graph the variation of resistivity with temperature for conductor, semiconductor
and alloy?

6) State the two Kirchhoff’s rules used in the analysis of electric circuit and explain them?

7) Derive the equation of the balanced state in a Wheatstone bridge using Kirchhoff’s law?

8) Calculate the potential difference across the 4Ω resistor in the given electrical circuit,
using Kirchhoff’s rules.

9) Using Kirchhoff’s rules calculate the current through the 40 Ω and 20 Ω resistors in the
following circuit:
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Dual Nature of Radiation

1) Define the term work function, threshold frequency and stopping potential?

2) Light of wavelength 3500 A0 is incident on two metals A and B. Which metal will yield
more photoelectrons if their work functions are 5ev and 2ev respectively?

3) Find the frequency of light which ejects electrons from a metal surface fully stopped by a
retarding potential of 3 V. The photo electric effect begins in this metal at frequency of 6 x
1014 Hz. Find the work function for this metal.

4) The work function of caesium metal is 2.14 eV. When light of frequency 6 ×10 14 Hz is
incident on the metal surface, photoemission of electrons occurs. What is the
(a) maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons,

(b) Stopping potential, and

(c) maximum speed of the emitted photoelectrons?

5) Write three characteristic features in photoelectric effect which cannot be explained on the
basis of wave theory of light, but can be explained only using Einstein's equation. Og]

6) Explain Einstein’s photoelectric effect?

7) Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of the electrons orbiting in the n=2 state of hydrogen
atom?

8) An electron and proton have the same de-Broglie wavelengths. Explain which of the two
has more kinetic energy?

Magnetic effect of current

1) An electron with charge -e and mass m travels at a speed v in a plane perpendicular to a

magnetic field of magnitude B. The electron follows a circular path of radius R. In a time, t,
the electron travels halfway around the circle. What is the amount of work done by the
magnetic field?

2) State Boi-savart law and express this law in the vector form?

3) Use Biot-Savart law to derive the expression for magnetic field on the axis of a current
carrying circular loop of radius R?

4) Use Biot-Savart law to derive the expression for magnetic field on the centre of a current
carrying circular loop of radius R?

5) Derive the expression for the torque acting on a current carrying loop placed in a magnetic
field?

6) Describe the working principle of moving coil galvanometer.

What is it necessary to use i) a radial magnetic field, ii) a cynderical soft iron core in a
galvanometer?
Define the term current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer?

7) a) Write an expression for the force F acting on a particle of mass m and charge q moving
with velocity v in a magnetic field B.

b) Under what conditions will it move in i) circular path and ii) helical path.

c) Show that kinetic energy of the particle moving in a magnetic field remains constant.

8) Find the ratio of the magnitudes of the magnetic field of this coil at the centre and at an
axial point for which x=R√3

9) Two identical circular coils, P and Q each of radius R, carrying currents 1 A and √3 A
respectively, are placed concentrically and perpendicular to each other lying in the XY and
YZ planes. Find the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field at the centre of the
coils.

10) An α − particle and a proton - particle and a proton of the same kinetic energy are in turn
allowed to pass through a magnetic field B, acting normal to the direction of motion of the
particles. Calculate the ratio of radii of the circular paths described by them.

11)Derive an expression force between two parallel infinite current carrying wires. And
hence1 Amp? Two parallel conductors carrying current of 4 amp and 10cm are placed 2.5cm
apart in vacuum. Find the force per unit length between them?

12) How can you Convert a galvanometer into ammeter and voltmeter?

13) State Ampere’s Circuital law?

14) Write three points of differences between para, dia and ferromagnetic materials. Giving
one example for each?

15) Write the expression for Lorentz Force?

16) What is velocity selector? A velocity selector is used to select α- particles of energy 200
keV from a beam containing particles of several energies. The electric field strength is 900 kv/m.
What must be the value of magnetic field strength?
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

1) Write the following radiations in ascending order in respect of their frequencies;

X-rays, Microwaves, UV rays and radio waves.

2) Name the part of electromagnetic spectrum which is suitable for

a) radar systems used in aircraft navigation

b) treatment of cancer tumours

3) Which part of electromagnetic spectrum has largest penetrating power?

4) Which of the following has the shortest wavelength:

Microwaves, Ultraviolet rays, X-rays.

5) Write the relation for the speed for electromagnetic waves in terms of the amplitudes of
electric and magnetic fields.

6) How does a charge q oscillating at certain frequency produce electromagnetic waves?

Sketch a schematic diagram depicting electric and magnetic fields for an electromagnetic
wave propagating along the Z-direction.

7) How are infrared waves produced? Why are these referred to as ‘heat waves’? Write their
one important us?

8) What is displacement current? Write the maxwell’s Four equation?

9) The oscillating magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by

By = (8 × 10-6) sin [2 × 10-11 t + 300 π x] T
(i) Calculate the wavelength of the electo-magnetic wave.
(ii) Write down the expression for the oscillating electric field (iii) Write the direction of
propagation of electromagnetic wave?

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Best of Luck