MDCAT BIOLOGY

Reproduction
By Dr Akbar Shamsi
Reproduction

REPRODUCTION

• Formation of offspring by fission or fusion of single or

both parents for the continuity of generation without or
with variation

2 Types
➢ Asexual – Forms Identical offspring
➢ Sexual - Forms Non - Identical offspring
Sexual Reproduction in Animals
➢Significance

• Avoids genetic monotony

• Brings Diversity
• Better adaptation to environmental extremes
• Foundation for evolutionary changes
Necessities of Sexual reproduction

1.Gametogenesis
2.Mating / Copulation
3.Fertilization / Syngamy
 SPERMATOGENESIS OOGENESIS
Production of spermatids Production of ootids

Testis Ovary (except AII TII Phases)

rd
Starts after Puberty Starts at 3 fetal month

Continuous process 2 stStopovers

(1nd at Prophase 1 Diplotene – Puberty
2 at Metaphase II - Magic touch)

10 weeks 1 month

Followed by Maturation Followed by Maturation

Spermatids à Sperm Ootid à Ovum
(Spermiogenesis)

Growth Phase is too short in Spermatogonia Growth Phase is too long in Oogonia
 Female Reproductive System

• Paired Ovaries --------- Oogenesis

• Fallopian Tube --------- Capacitation of Sperm, Fertilization
• Uterus -------------------- Growth and development of embryo / fetus
• Cervix -------------------- Storage and direction of sperms
• Vagina ---------------------- Reception of Sperms
Reproduction

Female Reproductive Cycles

❑ 2 Types
➢ Oestrous Cycle - cyclic appearance of behavioral sexual activity (estrus) that
occurs in all mammals except for higher primates

➢ Menstrual - The Monthly cycle of changes in the ovaries and the lining of the uterus
endometrium from beginning of one menstrual period through the beginning of the
next in Primate mammals
Average of 28 days
✓ 21 to 45 days in young women
✓ 21 to 35 days in adults
Sexual Reproduction in Animals
Menstrual Cycle

Ovarian Cycle Uterine Cycle

➢ Four Phases
• Menstruation Phase – (Day 1- 5)
• Follicular / Proliferative Phase – (Day 6 – 12)
• Ovulation Phase (Day 13 – 15)
• Luteal / Secretory Phase (Day 16 – 28)
 Important Terms

➢ Fertilization - Syngamy
➢ Conception - Fertilization
➢ Implantation – Embedding of blastocyst ( Onset of Pregnancy)
➢ Gestation – Duration of Pre-natal life ( from conception – birth )
(270 days) – 9 months
 Extra Embryonic Coats/Membranes

➢ Chorion – Placenta
➢ Amnion – Amniotic sac
➢ Allantois – Umbilical Cord
➢ Yolk sac – Degenerate
 Male Reproductive System

• Paired Testes ----------- Spermatogenesis

• Epididymis ------------- Spermiogenesis
• Vas Deferens ---------- Carries mature sperms to urethra
• Accessory glands ----- Seminal Vesicle, Prostate, Cowper’s Gland
• Penis ---------------------- Copulation through urethra
 Sexual Transmitted Diseases

Important Risk Factors:

➢Multiple Sexual contact

➢Lack of Screening
➢MSM
➢Oral / Anal Sexual contact

Some common STD’s are:

➢Gonorrhea – Neisseria Gonorrhea

➢Syphilis – Treponema Pallidium
➢Genital Herpes – Herpes Simplex Virus - II
➢AIDS – Human Immuno Deficiency Virus
 Gonorrhea

(Gono = Gonad, rrhea = Discharge)

➢Caused by Diplococcus Neisseria Gonorrhea

➢Pus discharge in both male and female
➢Painful burning sensation during urination
➢Complication in Female : Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
➢Complication in Male : Epididymitis
➢Vertical Transmission common
➢Opthalmia Neonatorum in infant
 Syphilis

➢Caused by Spirochaete Treponema Pallidium

➢One of the lethal STDs if left untreated

➢Three stages
✓ Primary Syphilis – Chancre
✓ Secondary Syphilis – Rash, mucous patches, Snail tract Ulcer
✓ Tertiary Syphilis – Gumma, Arteritis, Nervous Damage

➢Vertical Transmission common

 Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

➢Caused by Human Immuno Deficiency Virus

➢Considered as smartest micro-organism
➢Targets T4 Lymphocytes
➢Shuts down Immune system
➢Opportunistic Infections occur
➢Oral Thrush – Candidiasis
➢Pneumonia
➢Kaposi’s Sarcoma (Skin Cancer A/c to Sindh board) – HHV – VIIII
 Important MCQs
➢ In the female reproductive system, sperm follow the ➢ During the menstrual cycle
following route
A. The hormone LH stimulates estrogen production by follicles
A. Vagina, cervical canal, Fallopian tube, uterus
B. The endometrium thickens in preparation for implantation
B. Vagina, Fallopian tube, cervical canal, uterus
C. FSH stimulates growth of the ovarian follicles
C. Vagina, cervical canal, uterus, Fallopian tube
D. The hormone LH stimulates the formation of a corpus luteum
D. None of the above I only
from the collapsed follicle.
A. All of the above
➢ Which of the following is correct?
A. In humans, sperm are directly deposited in the uterus
➢ During the production of ova
B. The cervix is part of the uterus
A. The oogonia divide mitotically
C. The lining of the uterus is called the myometrium
B. Oogonia divide to produce four eggs
D. The inner folds of the external genitalia are known as the labia
majora C. The female germ cell undergoes two divisions producing a
ovum and two polar bodies
➢ The periodic shedding of the endometrium is known as D. The final meiotic division occurs just prior to fertilization
A. Ovulation B. Oogenesis
C. Secretory phase D. Menstruation
➢ Which of the following is true regarding ovulation ➢ The hormone labeled X in the diagram is often used in
A. It is the name given to the process of gamete formation in women
over-the-counter diagnostic tests to determine when
B. It occurs at the beginning of each menstrual cycle
C. It begins at puberty and usually ends after a woman’s first birth ovulation has occurred. This hormone is:
D. Is the name given to the release of ova or eggs from the ovaries A. Fertilization of egg outside the body in lab
B. Fertilization within the female
C. Fertilization in water exclusively
➢ Which of the following is not true?
D. Giving nutrition to fertilized egg
A. Sperm are produced in the germinal epithelium of the
seminiferous tubules
B. The formation of sperm is known as spermiogenesis ➢ Based on the peak levels of hormone X, on what day of
C. Sperm are derived from spermatogonia is the germinal the cycle is ovulation most likely to occur?
epithelium A. Day 21 B. Day 14 C. Day 12
D. The second meiotic produces four spermatids B. Day 25 E. Day 28.

➢ The hormone labeled Y in the diagram is

A. progesterone, secreted by the corpus luteum after
ovulation has occurred
B. progesterone, secreted by the ovary after ovulation has
occurred
C. estrogen, secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation has
occurred
D. estrogen, secreted by the ovary after ovulation has
occurred
E. estrogen, secreted by the follicle before ovulation occurs
 Important MCQs
➢ Which of the following is an example(s) of cloning? ➢ Which of the following is/are function(s) of semen?
• I. Identical twins in humans • I. It provides the sperms with food
• II. Asexual reproduction in plants • II. It provides the sperms with a medium to swim in
• III. Tumor • III. It neutralizes the acidity of urethra caused by the
A. I only passage of Urine
B. II and III only A. I only
C. l and III only B. III only
D. I and II only C. I and II only
E. I, II and III D. II and III only
E. I, II and III
➢ Which of the following incorrectly pairs the term with
it’s definition? ➢ Fertilization in mammals takes place in ______.
A. Scrotum-location of the testes A. Uterus
B. Epididymis-site of sperm maturation B. Ovary
C. Vas deferens-tube connecting the epididymis to the prostate C. Vagina
D. Semen-composed of seminal fluid and sperm D. Fallopian tube
E. Urethra-tube for urinary & reproductive discharge
 Important MCQs
➢ Male and female sea urchins release their sperm ➢ Conception in human female takes place at:
eggs into the water where fertilization takes place. A. Uterus B. Vagina C. Ovary D. Fallopian tube
How can their reproduction be described?
A. Asexual reproduction which results in genetically dissimilar offspring ➢ In vitro fertilization is:
B. Asexual reproduction which results in genetically identical offspring
A. Fertilization of egg outside the body in lab
C. Sexual reproduction which results in genetically dissimilar offspring
B. Fertilization within the female
D. Sexual reproduction which results in genetically identical offspring
C. Fertilization in water exclusively
D. Giving nutrition to fertilized egg

➢ About urethra each statement is correct except ➢ Primary spermatocytes have __ chromosomes:
A. It is the last part of urinary system
A. Diploid B. Triploid C. Haploid D. None of above
B. It is the extension of urinary bladder
C. It is a known as urogenital duct in females
D. Contains prostatic gland at its origin
• Fertilized ovum in human is implanted in ____.
A. Oviduct B. Uterus C. Placenta D. Vagina