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Betc First Semester Lecture 2

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Betc First Semester Lecture 2

Uploaded by

harrypotter180607
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Electronics

Electronics means….“The branch of physics and technology


concerned with the design of circuits using transistors and
microchips , and with the behaviour and movement of electrons
in a semiconductor , conductor, vacuum or gas .”
Atomic structure
• An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the
characteristics of that element.
• Each element has unique atomic structure
• Atoms have planetary structure consists of

Central nucleus
– Surrounded by orbiting electrons (negatively charged),
– Consists of protons (positively charged) and
– Neutrons (uncharged)

• Orbit Electrons orbit the nucleus at certain discrete distances


from the nucleus.
• Electrons near the nucleus have the less energy than those of
the more distant orbits.
• Energy level: Each distance orbit from nucleus corresponds to a
certain energy level
• Shells : orbits are grouped in to energy bands shells are designated
1,2,3 and so on. . .Or K,L, M…
• Force of attraction between positively charged nucleus and
negatively charged electrons decreases with increasing distance
from nucleus.
• Higher energy level electrons are loosely bounded whereas
electrons close to nucleus are tightly bounded.
• The no of electrons(Ne) in each shell of an atom can be expressed by
the formula : Ne = 2 n2
• Electrons jump to higher orbit by gaining energy and fall back to
lower orbit by emitting light or heat.
Energy band theory of crystal
• A solid is formed by bringing together isolated single atoms.
• Consider the combination of two atoms. If the atoms are far apart there is no interaction
between them and the energy levels are the same for each atom. The numbers of levels
at a particular energy is simply doubled.

n=3 n=3

n=2 n=2

n=1 n=1

Atom 1 Atom 2

• If the atoms are close together the electron wave functions will overlap and the energy
levels are shifted with respect to each other.

n=3 n=3 n=3

n=2 n=2 n=2

n=1 n=1 n=1

Atom 1 Atom 2 Atom 1 + 2


Energy band theory of crystal
• In single isolated atom, there are single energy levels, in solids, the atoms are
arranged in a systematic space lattice and hence atoms are generally influenced by
neighbouring atoms.
• The closeness of atoms results in intermixing of electrons of neighbouring atoms, i.e.
for the valence electrons in the outermost shell which are not strongly bound by the
nucleus.
• According to Pauli exclusion principle, no two electrons can have same energy. So
electrons in orbit have slightly different energies.
• Due to inter mixing, the number of permissible energy levels increases. Hence in case
of solids, instead of single energy levels there will be bands of energy levels.
• A solid will have millions of atoms close together in a lattice so these energy levels
will creates bands each separated by a gap.
• The range of energies possesed by an electron in a crystal is called as energy band.
Energy level & Energy band
 Energy possesed by electrons in an orbit for an isolated atom is fixed and
represented by energy level.

 The range of energies possesed by electrons in an orbit in solids is


known as energy band.
Energy Band

 The range of energies possesed by valance electrons are known as Valance


energy band (V.B).

 The range of energy possesed by free/conduction electrons are known as


conduction energy band (C.B).

 The separation between conduction energy band and valance energy band is
known as forbiden energy band gap (Eg).
Valance band

The highest occupied energy band is called the valence


band. Most electrons remain bound to the atoms in this band.
Conduction band

The conduction band is the band of orbitals that are high in


energy and are generally empty.It is the band that accepts the
electrons from the valence band.
Energy Gap

The “leap” required for electrons from the Valence Band to


enter the Conduction Band is called as forbidden energy gap.
Classification of Solids
Conductor
 Conductor: In this case the easily detached valance electrons
are given up by the atoms and create more free electrons
which easily allow the flow of current through them under the
influence of applied voltage. Example: copper, gold etc
 A large number of free electrons are available in conduction
band.
 Conduction band and valance band are overlapped.
 A slight potential difference across material cause the flow of
carrier to constitute current in it.
 Conductor shows positive temperature coefficient of resistance
Insulator
 The valance shell electrons are so strongly attached to
the atoms that no charge carrier are available for
current flow.
 Example: Diamond, Glass, wood, paper etc
 In this type of materials V.B are full and C.B is empty.
 Energy gap is very large
Semiconductor
 Those substances which have conductivity lies between
conductor and insulator.
 Example: Graphite, Silicon, Germanium, GaAs, GaP
 The energy gap between C.B and V.B are very less.
 Very small energy is required to move electrons from V.B to C.B.
 Semiconductor shows negative temperature coefficient of
resistance
Conductors,Insulators,Semiconductors
Introduction to Semiconductor Theory
Energy level diagrams

Eg is the energy required to shift the electros from valance band to conduction band
eV(electronVolt)= It is unit of energy, equal to the energy acquired by an electron accelerating through a potential difference
of one volt.
Comparison of metal, semiconductor and Insulator
Unit of Energy: An electron moving
through 1Volt potential difference will
gain some kinetic energy which is
expressed in eV.
1eV=1.6×10-19 ×1V=1.6×10-19 Joule

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