10/8/24

Fundamentals of Electrical
and Electronic Circuits
BE 205
Lecture II: Basic Circuit Analysis
H.Cumhur Tekin
Associate Professor of Bioengineering Department
10.10.2024

I. Element Constraints
• Two terminal device:
• i-v characteristics describe a two-
terminal device

• Linear Resistor:
Resistance (Ohm, Ω)
(Ohm’s Law)
Conductance (Siemens, S)

Power (watt, W)
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I. Element Constraints
• Resistance:
color coding

I. Element Constraints
• Open-short circuits:

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I. Element Constraints
• Ideal Switch

I. Element Constraints
• Ideal Source:
• Voltage source

Time varying or constant Constant

voltage voltage 6

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I. Element Constraints
• Ideal Source:
• Current source

When the voltage or

current varies with
time, it is customary to
write v(t) or i(t)

Time varying or constant

current 7

I. Element Constraints
• Practical Sources

RS : source resistance

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II. Connection Constraints

Circuit: interconnection of electrical devices
Node: electrical junction of two or more devices
Loop: closed path

Node 1 Node 2

Loop 3

Loop 1 Loop 2

Node 4 Node 3
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II. Connection Constraints

• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):
• Algebraic sum of the currents entering a node is zero.
• If a circuit containing a total of N node, there are only N-1 independent KCL
connection equations

i1
When the current is coming from
i2 the node, you should present the
i1+i2+i3+i4=0 signature of current “–”.
i4

i3

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II. Connection Constraints

• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
• Algebraic sum of all the voltages around a loop is zero.
• If a circuit containing a total of E number of two-terminal elements and N
nodes, there are only E-N+1 independent KVL connection equations

As a loop is traversed, a positive sign is assigned to a

voltage when we go from a “ + ” to “ − ” reference mark.
When we go from “ − ” to “ +, ” we use a minus sign.
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II. Connection Constraints

Ex: Find the voltages vx, vy and vz

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II. Connection Constraints

Loop 1: 5+20+vy+10-40=0; vy=5 V

Loop 2: 5+vx+10-40=0; vx=25 V
Loop 1
Loop 3: -5+vz-vy=0; vz=10 V
Loop 3
Loop 2

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II. Connection Constraints

• Parallel Connection

KVL: v1=v2=v3
• Series Connection

KCL: i1=i2=i3

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III. Combined Constraints

• The combination of the element and connection constraints supply the
equations needed to describe a circuit

2 nodes: 1 KCL equation

2 2-terminal elements: 1 KVL equation

Element Constraints:
ix=is
vo=ioR

Connection Constraints:
Ground
Loop: vo-vx=0 (KVL)
Node A: -ix-io=0 (KCL)
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III. Combined Constraints

Ex: Find ix, vx, io and vo when is=2 mA and R= 2 kΩ

Node A: -ix-io=0 (KCL)

ix=is= 2 mA
io= -ix= -is= - 2 mA

vo=ioR=-4V
Loop: vo-vx=0 (KVL)
vo=vx= -4 V

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III. Combined Constraints

• Assigning reference mark:
• Current (arrows) and voltages (+/-) must be assigned by the person solving
the circuit problem
• Assigned current direction, + voltage signed can be selected to the terminal
that current enters
i

Loop 3
+

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IV. Equivalent Circuits

• Replacing part of the circuit with one that is equivalent but simpler circuit
• They should have identical i-v characteristics
• Equivalent Resistance
Series Parallel

# # ! !
𝑖 = 𝑖! + 𝑖" = + =𝑣 +
$! $" $! $"
v=v1+v2=R1i+R2i=i(R1+R2)

'!
1 1
REQ=R1+R2 𝑅%& = +
𝑅! 𝑅"
GEQ=G1+G2
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IV. Equivalent Circuits

• Ex: (a) Find the equivalent resistance REQ1 connected between
terminals A and B. (b) Find the equivalent resistance REQ2 connected
between terminals C and D.

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IV. Equivalent Circuits

• Ex: (a) Find the equivalent resistance REQ1 connected between
terminals A and B.

i
𝑅" 𝑅#
REQ1=R1+(R2||R3) = 𝑅! +
v +
- 𝑅" + 𝑅#

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IV. Equivalent Circuits

• Ex: (b) Find the equivalent resistance REQ2 connected between
terminals C and D.

i
𝑅" 𝑅#
REQ2=(R2||R3) =
+
- v 𝑅" + 𝑅#

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IV. Equivalent Circuits

• Equivalent Sources

𝑣( =𝑖* 𝑅"
𝑣(
𝑖* =
𝑅!
KVL KCL
𝑣( = 𝑣$ + 𝑣 𝑖( = 𝑖$ + 𝑖
𝑅! = 𝑅"
Ohm’s Law Ohm’s Law
#
𝑣$ = 𝑖 𝑅! 𝑖$ =
$"
'#
𝑖=
'#
+
## 𝑖= + 𝑖(
$"
$! $!
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IV. Equivalent Circuits

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IV. Equivalent Circuits

• Ex: Convert the practical voltage source into the left of nodes A and
B to an equivalent current source.

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IV. Equivalent Circuits

• Ex: Convert the practical voltage source into the left of nodes A and
B to an equivalent current source.

𝑅( = 10 Ω

𝑣( 50 𝑉
𝑖( = = =5𝐴
𝑅( 10 Ω

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V. Voltage and Current Division

• Voltage Division: series circuit

KVL
𝑅!
𝑣( = 𝑣! + 𝑣" + 𝑣+ 𝑣! = 𝑅!𝑖 = 𝑣
𝑅! + 𝑅" + 𝑅+ (
Ohm’s Law
𝑅"
𝑣( = 𝑅!𝑖 + 𝑅"𝑖+ 𝑅+𝑖 𝑣" = 𝑅"𝑖 = 𝑣
𝑅! + 𝑅" + 𝑅+ (
## 𝑅+
𝑖= 𝑣+ = 𝑅+𝑖 = 𝑣
$! ,$" ,$$ 𝑅! + 𝑅" + 𝑅+ (

𝑅-
𝑣- = 𝑅- 𝑖 = 𝑣
𝑅%& (

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V. Voltage and Current Division

• Current Division: parallel circuit

KCL
𝐺!
𝑖( = 𝑖! + 𝑖" + 𝑖+ 𝑖! = 𝐺!𝑣 = 𝑖
𝐺! + 𝐺" + 𝐺+ (
Ohm’s Law
𝐺"
# # # 𝑖" = 𝐺"𝑣 = 𝑖
𝑖( = $ + $ + $ 𝐺! + 𝐺" + 𝐺+ (
! " $

𝑖( = 𝐺!𝑣 + 𝐺"𝑣+ 𝐺+𝑣 𝐺+

𝑖+ = 𝐺+𝑣 = 𝑖
𝐺! + 𝐺" + 𝐺+ (
.#
𝑣=
/! ,/" ,/$
𝐺-
𝑖- = 𝐺- 𝑖 = 𝑖
𝐺%& (

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V. Voltage and Current Division

• Ex: Figure shows a programmable
voltage divider in which the digital
signals D1 and D0 control the
divider resistance R1 and R2 by
opening and closing the analog
switches shown. Determine the
output voltage vo when (D1, D2) =
(0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1). Assume
that the analog switches are ideal.
Initial conditions of the switches
are shown in the figure. Digitial
signal 0 corresponds to initial
condition and 1 is the inverse
condition of the switch.

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V. Voltage and Current Division

For (D1, D0) = (0,0)
Initial conditions: D1 is close and D0 is open
15 V
R1=21 kΩ || 3.5 kΩ = 3 kΩ
R2=2 kΩ + 1 kΩ = 3 kΩ
vo= 7.5 V R1

For (D1, D0) = (0,1)

D1 is close and D0 is close +

R1=21 kΩ || 3.5 kΩ = 3 kΩ R2 vo
R2=1 kΩ
-
vo= 3.75 V
𝑅"
𝑣0 = 15𝑉
𝑅! + 𝑅"

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V. Voltage and Current Division

For (D1, D0) = (1,0)
D1 is open and D0 is open
15 V
R1=21 kΩ
R2=2 kΩ + 1 kΩ = 3 kΩ
vo= 1.875 V R1

For (D1, D0) = (1,1)

D1 is open and D0 is close +

R1=21 kΩ R2 vo
R2=1 kΩ
-
vo= 0.682 V
𝑅"
𝑣0 = 15𝑉
𝑅! + 𝑅"

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V. Voltage and Current Division

• Ex: The circuit shows a
delicate device that is
modeled by a 90-Ω equivalent
resistance. The device
requires a current of 1 mA to
operate properly. A 1.5-mA
fuse is inserted in series with
the device to protect it from
overheating. The resistance of
the fuse is 10 Ω. Without the
shunt resistance Rx, the
source would deliver 5 mA to
the device, causing the fuse
to blow. Inserting a shunt
resistor Rx diverts a portion of
the available source current
around the fuse and device.
Select a value of Rx so only 1
mA is delivered to the device.

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V. Voltage and Current Division

𝑅+= 90+10 = 100 Ω
𝑅!= 90+10 = 100 Ω
𝑖!= 𝑖+ = 1 mA
KCL:
𝑖( = 𝑖! + 𝑖" + 𝑖+
𝑖" = 10 - 1 - 1 = 8 mA
𝐺"
𝑖" = 𝐺"𝑣 = 𝑖
𝐺! + 𝐺" + 𝐺+ (
." /"
=
.# /! ,/" ,/$

1 /"
=
!2 2.2!,/" ,2.2!

0.8𝐺" + 0.016 = 𝐺"

𝐺"= 0.08 S 𝑅"= 12.5 Ω

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VI. Circuit Reduction

• With circuit reduction, the desired unknowns are found by
simplifying the circuit and, in the process, eliminating certain nodes
and elements.
Voltage Divider
𝑅%&!
𝑣0 = 𝑣
𝑅%&! + 𝑅 (

2
𝑣0 = 𝑣
5 (

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VI. Circuit Reduction

• With circuit reduction, the desired unknowns are found by
simplifying the circuit and, in the process, eliminating certain nodes
and elements.
OR Current Source Conversion:
𝑣(
𝑖( = 𝑅( = 𝑅 Equivalent Resistance:
𝑅

𝑣0 𝑅%&" 𝑣0
𝑅 2𝑅 𝑅

1 1 1 '! 2𝑅
𝑅%&" = + + =
𝑅 2𝑅 𝑅 5
2
𝑣0 = 𝑖( 𝑅%&" = 𝑣(
5 34

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VI. Circuit Reduction

• Ex: Using circuit reduction, find vo

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VI. Circuit Reduction

Voltage Divider:
2𝑅 𝑣( 𝑣(
𝑣0 = =
𝑅 + 𝑅 + 2𝑅 2 4

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VII. Circuit Simulation Programs

• SPICE: Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis
• OrCAD by Cadence
• Multisim by National Instruments
• Circuitlab by CircuitLab, Inc.
• DoCircuits by Sparsha Learning Technologies Pvt Ltd
• ….

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Multisim

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Multisim: Analysis

How can you measure REQ?

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