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Lecture 3

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12 views25 pages

Lecture 3

Uploaded by

7k54j8x6tw
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Course Name: Statistical chemical measurements

Course Code: 4021103


The objectives
➢ This lecture aims at increasing students’ knowledge
about the statistics that are applied for any chemical
measurements.
Lecture 3 contents:
statistical method
Mean
Range
Precision
Accuracy
Standard deviation
Variance
Errors
Statistic of repeated measurements

It is usually necessary to make repeated


measurements in many analytical experiments
in order to reveal the presence of random
errors.
The need of statistics for a chemist

➢ “Statistics is the science of learning from data, and of


measuring, controlling and communicating uncertainty;
and it thereby provides the navigation essential for
controlling the course of scientific and social advances”.
➢ Statistics provides the link between our sample and the
[unknowable] population.
Statistic of repeated measurements
➢ It is usually necessary to make repeated measurements in many analytical
experiments in order to reveal the presence of random errors.

Data 1
n= {10,11, 9, 5, 12, 13} Even Number
Data 2
n= {10, 11, 9, 5, 12} Odd number

1. Mean (Average): The mean is the average of all numbers and is sometimes
called the arithmetic mean.
N
10+11+9+5+12+13
= = 10

i =1
xi 6
x =
N
10+11+9+5+12
= = 9.4
5
Data 1
n= {10,11, 9, 5, 12, 13}
Data 2
n= {10, 11, 9, 5, 12}

2. Median:
• The statistical median is the middle number in a sequence of numbers.
• To find the median, organize each number in order by size; the number in the
middle is the median.

Rearrange data 1 n = { 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13} median=


10 +11
Median for data 1 is 10.5 = 10.5
2
Rearrange data 2 n = { 5, 9, 10, 11, 12}
Median for data 2 is 10
Statistic of repeated measurements
Data 1
n= {10,11, 9, 5, 12, 13, 9, 12, 6, 8, 9, 10, 7, 9}

3. Mode:
• The mode is the number that occurs most often within a set of numbers

The mode for data 1 is 9


Accuracy and Precision:

Is There a Difference?
Standard
Deviation

Relative Variance
standard
deviation
Ways of
Expressing
precision

Range
Statistic of repeated measurements
Data 1
n= {10,11, 9, 5, 12, 13, 9, 12, 6, 8, 9, 10, 7, 9}

4. Range (spread):
• The range is the difference between the highest and lowest values within a set of
numbers
Range for data 1 = 13 – 5 = 8

Note that:
If the range of the results is small, this mean precise.
But if the range of the results is large, this mean imprecise.
Statistic of repeated measurements
Data 1
n= {10.08, 10.11, 10.12, 10.09, 10.10}
5. Standard deviation (s):
• is a measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set
of data values.
• A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be close to
the mean (also called the expected value) of the set, while a high standard
deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a wider range of
values.
• The standard deviation is defined as the square root of the variance:

i =n 2
− n : number of measurements
 (Xi − X ) : single measurement
S= i =1 : mean of data
n −1
Statistic of repeated measurements
Data 1
n= {10.08, 10.11, 10.12, 10.09, 10.10} assume that the unit of the data is mL

i =n 2
−
 (Xi − X )
S= i =1

n −1

0.001
5-1

= 0.0158 mL
Statistic of repeated measurements
Data 1
n= {10.08, 10.11, 10.12, 10.09, 10.10}
6. Variance (v):
• is the square of standard deviation s
• It is a very important statistical quantity.
2
v= s
7. Relative standard deviation (RSD):
• Is an example of a relative error.
• Relative errors are often used to compare the precision of results which have
different unites or magnitudes, and are again important in calculation of error
propagation.

s
RSD = x 100
01 1 Absolute error

Ways of
Expressing
accuracy
03

Relative
2
error
8. Absolute Error (E):
• The absolute error of a measurement is the difference
between the measured value and the true value.
E = xi - xt
where, xt is the true or accepted value of the quantity.

• The negative sign indicates that the experimental result


is smaller than the accepted value.
• The positive sign indicates that the result is larger than
the accepted value.
9. Relative Error (Er):

• Relative error gives an indication of how good a


measurement is relative to the size of the item
being measured.
• Relative error of a measurement is the absolute
error divided by the true value.
• The percent relative error is given by the
expression, xi − xt
Er =  100%
xt
• The unit of Relative error is percent (%), and also
expressed in parts per thousand (ppt).
Example

Three student weigh a sample of known weight (4.5g),


four time each
Donovan : 4.56 g ,4.55 g, 4.76 g, 4.58 g
Mike :4.55 g ,4.56 g, 4.66 g, 4.53 g
Kevin : 4.77 g ,4.78 g, 4.76 g, 4.79 g
Who is the most accurate?
Who is the least precise?
Solution
Donovan: 4.56 g, 4.55 g, 4.76 g, 4.58 g
» Average = 4.6125 g
» Range 0.21, Standard Deviation = 0.099
Mike: 4.55 g, 4.56 g, 4.66 g, 4.53 g
» Average = 4.575 g
» Range 0.13, Standard Deviation = 0.058
Kevin: 4.77 g, 4.78 g, 4.76 g, 4.79 g
» Average = 4.775 g
» Range 0.03, Standard Deviation = 0.013
• Who is the most accurate?
– Mike is 0.08 g off, Donovan is 0.11 off, and Kevin is off by 0.28 g
– Mike is the most accurate because he is the closest to the true
value
• Who is the least precise?
– Donovan has the highest standard deviation and the largest range,
therefore he is the least precise.
Example:
The normality of a solution is determined by four separate
titration, the results being 0.2014, 0.2049, 0.2039, and
0.2043. (The true value is 0.2042)
Calculate the mean, median, range, Absolute Error, Relative
Error, relative standard deviation and standard deviation of
the data?
Homework 1
Q: Reproducibility of a method for determining the % of selenium in foods. 9 measurements
were made on a single batch of brown rice. Calculate the mean, range and standard
deviation?

Sample Selenium content (xI)


(mg/g)

1 0.07
2 0.07
3 0.08
4 0.07
5 0.07
6 0.08
7 0.08
8 0.09
9 0.08
Homework 2

The normality of a solution is determined by four separate


titration, the results being 0.2014, 0.2049, 0.2039, and 0.2043.
Calculate the mean, median, range, relative standard deviation
and standard deviation of the data?
Homework 3

Four students have analyzed the glucose concentration in a blood sample and the results
in the table below: Note that the true value is 125 mg/dL. Comment on the results.

Student Results of glucose concentration ( mg/dL)


A 126 125.3 125.9 125.4 125.2
B 120 130 126 119 133
C 115 124 120 118 122
D 124.9 125 125.2 125.6 124.7

24
Homework 4

Student Results (mL)


1 2 3 4 5
A 10.08 10.11 10.09 10.10 10.12
B 9.88 10.14 10.02 9.80 10.21
C 10.19 9.79 9.69 10.05 9.78
D 10.04 9.98 10.02 9.97 10.04

Calculate the mean, median, range, Absolute Error, Relative Error, relative
standard deviation and standard deviation of the data? Which student has the
best results and which one has the worst results? (true value is 10)

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