LESSON NOTE FOR FIFTH AND SIXTH WEEK

DATE;
CLASS; SS ONE
DURATION; 120 MINUTES
TOPIC; MOTION
SUB-TOPIC; CONCEPT OF MOTION
DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH
VELOCITY TIME GRAPH
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE; Students are familiar with fundamental and derived quantities
and concept of measurements.
REFERENCE BOOK; new school physics for senior secondary school by M.W. Anyakoha.
Book 1, page 13 – 25
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES; at the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
i. Explain the concept of motion
ii. List and explain different type of motion
iii. Identify circular motion
iv. Distinguish between distance and displacement, speed and velocity and be able to
plot distance-time graph and velocity-time graph and to interpret their gradients or
slope.
CONTENT;
MOTION
Motion involves a change of a position of a body with time. It also involves how things move
and what makes them to move.
TYPES OF MOTION
1. RANDOM MOTION; this involves the motion of a body in random or irregular manner/
disorderly with no preferred direction. An example of such motion is brownian motion.
2. TRANSLATIONAL MOTION; this is the movement of a body from one point to another
in a straight line without rotation. An example of such motion is the movement of a bee
from one flower to another.
3. ROTATIONAL MOTION; movement of a body along a fixed axis of rotation. Examples
are the earth rotating along its axis, the wheels of a moving car, rotation of the blades of
an electric fan, e.t.c.
4. OSCILLATORY OR VIBRATORY MOTION; when a body moves to and fro, reversing
the direction of its motion and returning regularly to original position, it is said to have a
vibratory or oscillatory motion. Examples are the motion of a rocking chair, the motion of
a pendulum as it swings left and right and the vertical movement of a disturbed mass on a
spiral spring.
RELATIVE MOTION
Motion is the change in the position of a body. Relative motion is therefore the change in the
position of the body with respect to another. Since the earth is always in motion, we can
conclude that all motion are relative with respect to the earth. But most times we assume that
the earth is at rest with respect to the motion of the body.
When two body move, the best way to handle the problem is to consider motion of one
relative to the other assuming that the earth is at rest. For example;
1. Let us consider two vehicle P and Q travelling side by side at the same speed. To the
passenger in vehicle P, the vehicle Q will appear stationary. This means that the motion of
each vehicle relative to another is zero.
2. Let us consider the case where vehicles P and Q travel in the same direction with
velocities 40 kmhr-1 and 60 kmhr-1 respectively. The speed of Q relative to P is 60 – 40
= 20kmhr-1.
3. Consider the situation when the two vehicles P and Q are moving in opposite directions,
then the velocity of Q relative to P will be 60 + 40 = 100kmhr-1.
There are cases in which the motion of the two bodies are not in a straight line, we still
have relative velocity, but these are calculated using parallelogram law of forces.
There are many other consequences of relative motion in physics. Other typical
example is doppler effect in sound and even in light in which there is an apparent
frequency of sound or light source due to relative motion between the observer and
source of light.

PARAMETERS USED IN MOTION

1. Distance; distance measures the length between objects or points without regard for
direction. It is a scalar quantity.
2. Displacement; is defined as distance travelled in a specified direction. It is a vector
quantity.
3. Speed; the rate at which a body covers a distance is called speed of the body.
distance
speed=
time
The SI unit of distance is metre, that of time is second. Thus, the SI unit of speed is metre
per second (ms-1). Other multiples of that unit are centimetres per second and kilometres
per hour.
4. Uniform speed; when a body covers equal distances in equal time intervals, no matter
how small the time interval may be, the speed is said to be a uniform or constant speed.
displacemet
5. Velocity; velocity is the rate of change of displacement. velocity=
time
6. Uniform velocity; when a body moves with equal displacement at equal time intervals, no
matter how small the time interval may be, the velocity is said to be a uniform velocity or
constant velocity. Its unit is also metre per second (ms-1).
7. Acceleration; the rate of change of velocity. It is expressed as;
velocity
acceleration=
time
When the velocity increases with time, the rate of change of velocity with time is
termed acceleration but when the velocity decreases with time, it is called
retardation. Retardation is negative acceleration.
final velocity−initial velocity
Acceleration =
time
v−u
a=
t
Or v = u + at
 8. Uniform acceleration; when the velocity of a moving body increases by equal amounts in
equal intervals of time, no matter how small the time intervals may be, it is said to move
with uniform acceleration.
Exercise
1. A body starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at 5 ms-2 until it attains a velocity of 25
ms-1. Calculate the time taken to attain this velocity.
2. A body accelerates uniformly from rest at 2 ms-2. Calculate the magnitude of its velocity
after travelling a distance of 9 m.
3. A man runs a distance of 1 km in 5 minutes, what is his average speed?

DISTANCE – TIME GRAPH

If we measure the distance covered by a moving object at known time intervals and we plot the
values of distance on the Y- axis and time on the X-axis of a graph, on joining the points, we
obtain the distance/displacement time graph. Such graphs provide useful information about the
motion of the object. If the graph is a straight line, the speed (or velocity) is uniform since the
body covers equal distances in equal times.
Speed = gradient of distance – time graph
Velocity = gradient of displacement – time graph

VELOCITY – TIME GRAPH

Let us suppose that an object travelling along a straight path as the following velocities for the
first 12 seconds of its motion.
Velocity 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 7.5 0.0
(ms-1)
Time (s) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

If we plot a graph of velocity against time, we obtain a velocity-time graph which describes this
motion.
Along OA, the velocity increases with equal amounts in each second interval for the first six
seconds. The uniform acceleration along OA is given by;
velocity change AP
a= =
timetaken for change OP
acceleration = gradient of the line OA
15 −2
= =2.5 ms
6
We can therefore say that acceleration = gradient of velocity – time graph
Along AB between the time intervals 6 and 8 seconds, the velocity does not change. Acceleration
during this period is zero. along BCD, the velocity of the object is decreasing with time. We have
retardation or deceleration and it is a uniform retardation.
BQ 15 −2
retardation= = =3.75 ms
QD 4
EXAMPLE; a car starting from rest accelerates uniformly and attains a speed of 80 m/s in 30
seconds. It maintains a steady speed for another 30 seconds. It then slows down uniformly until it
comes to rest in the next 40 seconds. Sketch the velocity-time graph for the motion of the car.
Obtain from the graph the uniform acceleration during the first stage of the journey, and the
retardation during the last stage of the journey. For how long did the car travel altogether?

CAUSE OF MOTION; FORCE

We have been describing the motion of a body without regard to what causes the motion.
A block of wood resting on a table will remain at rest until it is pulled or pushed by an agent.
Similarly, a trolley moving uniformly along a plane smooth straight surface will continue this
state of uniform motion in a straight line unless an agent pushes or pulls on it. Such agent that
changes or tends to change the state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line of a body is
called force.
Types of forces
There are two types of forces;
a. Contact force; are forces which are in contact or in touch with the body to which they are
applied. Examples are forces of push, pull, tension, reaction and frictional forces.
b. Force fields; these are forces whose sources do not require contact with the body to
which they are applied. Examples are gravitational force, electrical force and magnetic
force.

PRESENTATIONS;
STEP 1; teacher revises the previous lesson with the students
STEP 2; teacher introduces the new topic to the students
STEP 3; teacher explains the topic to the students
STEP 4; teacher allow the students to explain their understanding on the lesson and make
corrections where necessary
STEP 5; teacher writes the note on the chalkboard and collects their notes for marking.
EVALUATION;
i. List the four types of motion and explain them
ii. What is force?
iii. What is the difference between speed and acceleration
ASSIGNMENT; a car moves with a velocity of 72 km/hr. it is brought to rest in 10 s. find (i) the
velocity (ii) the retardation
 LESSON NOTE FOR THIRD WEEK
DATE;
CLASS; SS TWO
DURATION; 120 MINUTES
TOPIC; MOTION
SUB-TOPIC; EQUATION OF UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION
MOTION UNDER GRAVITY (FREE FALL)
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE; Students are familiar with the concept of scalar and vectors,
addition of vectors and resolution of vectors.
REFERENCE BOOK; new school physics for senior secondary school by M.W. Anyakoha.
Book 2, page 127 – 130.
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES; at the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
i. Deduce the three equations of motion from a velocity-time graph with initial
velocity and constant acceleration.
ii. Explain the terms used in the equations of motion
iii. Know the differences between linear motion and motion of free fall
CONTENT;
Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion
First equation of motion:
Let the initial velocity of a body moving in a straight line be u, its acceleration be a and
the final velocity be v. Let the time of motion be t.
change∈ velocity v−u
Acceleration (a) is defined by: a= =
time interval t
So, at = v – u
v=u+at … … … … . ( i )

2nd Equation of Motion;

Let s be the distance covered in a time t, with the initial and final velocities given by u and v
u+v
respectively. Average velocity (v) =
2
u+u+at 1
From equation (i), v=u+at, hence, v = = u+ at
2 2
But we know that distance covered = average velocity x time
1 1 2
S = (u+ at )t = ut+ a t
2 2
1 2
S = ut+ a t …………..2
2
3rd Equation of Motion;
We can obtain the third equation of motion with the use of equation 1 and 2. From equation 1 we
1 2
have v = u + at, From equation 2 we have, S = ut+ a t .If we square both sides of equation 1 we
2
have;
1 2
v² = u² + 2uat + a2t² = u²+2a (ut+ a t ).
2
v² = u² + 2as…………….3
The three equations of motion with uniform acceleration are:
a. v=u+at
1 2
b. S = ut+ a t
2
c. v² = u² + 2as
Examples;
1. A bus travelling at 60 km/hr accelerates uniformly at 5 m/s. Calculate its velocity after 2
minutes.
Solution
We first change the parameters to the units of metres and seconds.
u = 60 km/hr = 16.67 m/s
t = 2 minutes = 120 seconds
Using the relation: v = u + at
We have, 120 + 5 X 120 = 616.7 ms-1

Example 2; When the brakes are applied to a moving car travelling at 60 km/hr, it decelerates at
a uniform rate of 5 ms-2. Calculate the time taken to reach a velocity of 36 km/hr.
MOTION UNDER GRAVITY – FREE FALL
It is a common experience that when an object (e.g. a stone) is thrown upwards, it rises to a
particular height and then falls back to the ground. When the object is thrown up it experiences a
retardation due to the gravitational attraction of the earth which tends to pull the object
downward. The stone will thus gradually lose speed as it moves upwards until it comes to rest
briefly at the highest point and begins to fall downwards. As it falls its speed gradually increases
because of the acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.8 ms-2). At this stage the stone is falling freely
under the action of gravity.
The acceleration of free fall due to gravity (g) is the force of attraction of the earth on a unit
mass. This force is a vector quantity. [F = mg; if m = 1, F = g]. The value of g varies on the
surface of the earth because the earth is not a perfect sphere but elliptical in shape. Also, the earth
rotates about its polar axis.
When the stone is moving upwards its acceleration is -g, because its motion is in opposite
direction to the gravitational attraction on the body. When the body moves downwards, the
acceleration is taken as +8 because motion is in the same direction as the direction of the
gravitational attraction of the earth on the body.
The equations of motion for a body moving under gravity are obtained by replacing s and a of
equation 2.1 to 2.3 by h and g where h is the height of the object above the ground and g is the
acceleration due to gravity. When the body moves upwards a = -g, when it moves downwards, a
= g. Thus, the equations of motion under gravity are given by:
v=u ±>¿
1 2
h=ut ± g t
2
2 2
v =u ± 2 g h
We use negative sign when motion is upwards and the positive sign when motion is downwards.
Example; A ball is released from a height above the ground. Find its velocity after 5 seconds.
Take g = 10 ms-2.
Solution
V = u + at
= 0 +10 × 5 = 50 ms-1
PRESENTATIONS;
STEP 1; teacher revises the previous lesson with the students
STEP 2; teacher introduces the new topic to the students
STEP 3; teacher explains the topic to the students
STEP 4; teacher allow the students to explain their understanding on the lesson and make
corrections where necessary
STEP 5; teacher writes the note on the chalkboard and collects their notes for marking.
EVALUATION; what is free fall?
State the three equations of motion.
ASSIGNMENT;
1. A ball is thrown vertically upwards from ground level hits the ground after 4 s. calculate
the maximum height it reached during the journey.
2. State two reasons why acceleration due to gravity varies on the surface of the earth.
 LESSON NOTE FOR THIRD WEEK
DATE;
CLASS; JSS 2
DURATION; 80 MINUTES
TOPIC; MATERIALS AND PROCESSING
SUB-TOPIC; USES OF WOOD, METALS AND METAL ALLOYS
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE; Students are familiar with rescue operation, steps and the
different aspects of rescue operations.
REFERENCE BOOK; Active basic science and technology for junior secondary school by
okechukwu okolo et al., book 2, page 43 – 45
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES; at the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
v. State some common uses of wood
vi. Explain specific uses of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys.
CONTENT;
Wood and its Uses
Wood is a material obtained 9from the stem of woody plants especially trees. It has been used for
thousands of years as fuel (firewood) and as a construction material. Wood is hard, strong, cheap
and has a long history of use. Despite the availability of other materials, wood remains the
preferred choice when it comes to variety and applications.
Wood can be used for the following purposes;
(a) Furniture in Offices and Homes; Wooden furniture are unique and are the favourite articles to
give the office and home a unique look. Wooden furniture consists of chairs, dining tables,
cupboard, beds, doors, window frames and other pieces of furniture in offices and homes.
(b) Building Construction; Wood is one of the most important construction materials from the
time human started constructing buildings. Wood can be used for construction of doors, door
frames, windows, ceiling and roofing of houses.
(c) Musical Instruments; Wood can be used to make piano, violin, drums, guitar, double bass and
a number of other musical instruments)
(d) Tools; Some (or part of) tools are made from wood due to the strength, exceptional shock and
vibrational absorption abilities of wood. For example, some tools have handles made from wood.
(e) Firewood; Wood has been used as firewood from time immemorial and it still remains the
most common source of heat worldwide.

Metal and its Uses

A metal is a useful solid material. Its compounds or alloys are typically hard and shiny with
features of good electrical and thermal conductivity. It is a material which can be seen in our
homes, schools, offices and industries. Metals can be classified into different groups namely:
ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals and alloys.
Ferrous Metals
These are metals that contain mainly iron. Some specific uses of ferrous metals are:
(i) High carbon steel (cast steel): These steels are used for the manufacture of drills, springs,
axes, chisels, taps, crane hooks, haulage gear and chains.
(ii) Low carbon steel (mild steel); These steels are soft and ductile. They can be rolled, sheared
and worked on when hot or cold. They are used to manufacture bolts and nuts, steel sheets and
wires.
(iii) Cast iron: It is used for manufacturing pistons, water pipes, machine tool casting,
transmission housing engine blocks and stove castings.
(iv) Wrought iron: It is almost pure iron. It is used to make items such as farm implement,
modern household furniture, crane hooks and architectural railings.
Non-Ferrous Metals;
These are metals that have no iron content. They can be recycled to control pollution. They are
used because of their desirable properties such as lo weight, higher conductivity and non-
magnetic properties. They include: aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, titanium and zinc.

(i) Aluminium: It is used manufacturing aircraft structures, electrical transmission lines,

window frames and kitchen utensils.
(ii) Copper: It is a substance that can conduct heat and electricity which means it can be used for
making wire, wiring, bearings, roofing, communications cable and power distribution cable.
(ii)
(iii) (iii) Lead: It is used in the manufacture of storage batteries and electrical equipment such
as telephone cables and lead.
(iv) Nickel: It is used to produce money coin.
Alloy
This is formed by the union or mixture of metals and another element. In some cases, it may
consist of one or more metals and a non-metal. Examples of alloys are iron and carbon forming
steel; copper alloys such as brass, solder, bronze and pewter.
a. Steel: This is an alloy of iron with carbon (and usually other elements). Steel is used in
making electronic and agricultural materials; and bolts and nuts. It is widely used in the
construction of roads, railways, appliances and buildings.
b. Brass: It is an alloy made from copper and zinc. It has a dull gold colour. It is used for
decorating furnished materials, for ammunition shells, armour, trumpet and for plumbing
fittings.
c. Bronze: It is made from the combination of copper and tin. It is used in boat and ship
fittings. It is also used in ship propellers and submerged bearings.
PRESENTATIONS;
STEP 1; teacher revises the previous lesson with the students
STEP 2; teacher introduces the new topic to the students
STEP 3; teacher explains the topic to the students
STEP 4; teacher allow the students to explain their understanding on the lesson and make
corrections where necessary
STEP 5; teacher writes the note on the chalkboard and collects their notes for marking.
EVALUATION; state five uses of wood
What is an alloy?
ASSIGNMENT; List ten items made of metals in your home and school. Classify them as
ferrous, non-ferrous and alloys
 LESSON NOTE FOR FIFTH WEEK
DATE;
CLASS; SS TWO
DURATION; 120 MINUTES
TOPIC; PROJECTILE MOTION
SUB-TOPIC; CONCEPT OF PROJECTILE
TIME OF FLIGHT, RANGE AND MAXIMUM HEIGHT
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE; Students are familiar with the concept of motion, uniformly
accelerated motion and motion under gravity.
REFERENCE BOOK; new school physics for senior secondary school by M.W. Anyakoha.
Book 2, page 134 – 139.
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES; at the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
i. Identify a projectile motion
ii. Derive the range, maximum height and time of flight
iii. Solve simple problems on projectile
CONTENT;
The Concept of Projectiles
If we throw a tennis ball against a wall, the path of the ball towards the wall is a parabola. On
hitting the wall, the ball returns to the ground also along a parabolic path. The same type of curve
is seen when a ball is projected horizontally from the top of a building. The stone or ball thus
projected is known as a projectile.
A projectile is an object thrown into the air or launched into space and allowed to move freely
under the influence of gravity and air resistance.
Examples of projectile motion are; a thrown rubber ball rebouncing from a wall, an athlete doing
the high jump, a stone released from a catapult, a bullet fired from a gun.
MOTION OF A PROJECTILE
Any projectile in motion is doing two things at once;
i. It is flying horizontally with a constant speed
ii. It is moving up or down with an acceleration g.
We have two cases of projectile;
1. Projectile of a body projected horizontally from a height

Horizontal distance = S = R = ut
1 2
Height, h = gt
2

Time, t=
√ 2h
g
EXAMPLE
An object is projected horizontally from the top of a building. If it takes a velocity of 3 ms -1 to
reach the floor. The range of the projection of the projectile is 9 m. determine the height of the
building?
Solution
U = 3 m/s s=9m h=?
Since S=ut , t = s/u t = 9/3 = 3 seconds
1 2
h= g t = ½ x 10 x 32 = 45 metres
2
2. Let us consider a more general case of a body projected at an angle to the horizontal from
the ground. The body moves along a parabolic path, reaches a maximum height and
returns to the ground as shown below;

TIME OF FLIGHT, RANGE AND MAXIMUM HEIGHT

1. TIME OF FLIGHT (T) is the time required for a projectile to return to the same level
from which it was projected.
2Usinθ
T=
g
2. THE MAXIMUM HEIGHT (H) is the highest vertical distance attained as measured
from the horizontal projection plane.
2 2
U sin θ
H=
2g
3. RANGE (R) is defined as the horizontal distance from the point of projection to the point
where the projectile hits the projection plane again.
2
U sin 2θ
R=
g
The range is maximum when sin 2 θis maximum. But the sine of an angle is maximum
when the angle is 900. Thus, the maximum value of sin 2 θ equal 900 or when θ = 450
Maximum range is given by;
2
U
Rmax =
g
Example; a projectile is fired with initial velocity of 100 m/s at an angle of 30 0 with the
horizontal. Calculate;
a. The time of flight
 b. The maximum height attained
c. The range
PRESENTATIONS;
STEP 1; teacher revises the previous lesson with the students
STEP 2; teacher introduces the new topic to the students
STEP 3; teacher explains the topic to the students
STEP 4; teacher allow the students to explain their understanding on the lesson and make
corrections where necessary
STEP 5; teacher writes the note on the chalkboard and collects their notes for marking.
EVALUATION;
i. What is a projectile?
ii. At what angle can the maximum range of a projectile be obtained?
iii. Explain maximum height, time of flight and range of projectile.
ASSIGNMENT; a cannon ball is fired horizontally with a velocity of 50 ms-1 from the top of a
cliff 90 m high. (i) after how many seconds will it strike the plane at the foot of the cliff ?
(ii) at what distance from the foot of the cliff will it strike?
 MID TERM TEST
SSS ONE
1. Which of the following physical quantities are derived? I. area II. Thrust III. Pressure
IV. Mass
A. I, II, III, and IV B. I, II and III only C. I, II and IV only D. I and III only
2. What type of motion does the skin of a talking drum perform when it is struck with a
drum stick? A. random B. translational C. rotational D. vibratory
3. A moving object is said to have uniform acceleration if its A. displacement decreases at a
constant rate B. speed is directly proportional to time C. velocity increases by equal
amount in equal time intervals D. velocity varies inversely with time
4. Which of the following statements about the mass and the weight of a body is not
correct? Its A. mass is a scalar quantity B. weight is a function of the gravitational pull on
it C. weight on earth and on the moon is the same D. weight is a vector quantity
5. Which of the following units is not fundamental? A. metre B. kilogram C. joule D.
candela
6. The international agreed system of unit (S.I) for physical measurements are A. lb, ft, sec
B. g, m, sec C. kg, m, sec D. cm, g, sec
7. Which of the following statements about spring balance or a chemical balance is not
correct? A. the chemical balance operates on the principle of moments B. the spring
balance operates on hooke’s law C. both can be used to measure the weight of a
substance D. the reading of a spring balance changes over the surface of the earth, while
that of the chemical balance remains constant.
8. A body starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at 5 ms-2 until it attains a velocity of 25
ms-1. Calculate the time taken to attain this velocity. A. 2.5 s B. 5.0 s C. 10.0 s D. 125.0 s
9. The dimension of force is---------- A. MLT-2 B. MT-2 C. ML2T-1 D. ML-3
10. Uniform speed occurs when there is equal change of A. distance in equal times B.
displacement in equal times C. velocity in equal times D. acceleration in equal times
11. A car accelerates uniformly from rest at 5 ms-2 . Determine its speed after 10 s. A. 50.0
ms-1 B. 25.0 ms-1 C. 2.0 ms-1 D. 0.5 ms-1
12. Which of the following quantities is a vector? A. speed B. distance C. energy D.
momentum
13. The following are types of motion except A. random motion B. translational motion C.
nuclear motion D. oscillatory motion
14. Which of the following quantities is paired with its corresponding S.I. unit? A. density
(kgm3) B. power (Js-1) C. pressure (Nm-1) D. Force (Nm)
15. A car moves with a speed of 30 ms-1. Calculate the distance travelled in 30 s. A. 30 m B.
60 m C. 450 m D. 900 m
THEORY; ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
1a. State the dimension of; (i) power (ii) momentum (iii) density
1b. The dimension of pressure is given as MXLYTZ, deduce the values of x, y and z. (hint;
pressure = force/ area, the unit is Nm-2)
1c. list two differences between mass and weight
2a. define the following terms as related to motion (i) displacement (ii) speed (iii) uniform
acceleration
2b. A car moves with a speed of 60 ms-1 in 20 seconds. Calculate its (i) acceleration (ii) the
distance travelled during the entire period.
3. A motorcycle starting from rest, is uniformly accelerated such that its velocity in 10 s is
72 km/hr. What is its acceleration?

SS TWO
1. The pair of quantities that consists of scalar and vector respectively is A. acceleration and
mass B. distance and force C. momentum and energy D. velocity and displacement
2. Which of the following set of substances are correctly arranged in decreasing order of
their viscosity? A. alcohol, kerosene, diesel B. engine oil, water and glycerol C. grease,
diesel and petrol D. petrol, engine oil and grease
3. On which of the following factors does the viscosity of a liquid depends? I. nature of the
liquid II. Temperature of the liquid III. Area of the liquid surface A. I and II only B. II
and III only C. I and III only D. I, II and III only
4. The force between the molecules of a liquid in contact with that of a solid is A. adhesive
B. cohesive C. magnetic D. repulsive
5. A body starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at a 5 ms-2 until it attains a velocity of
25 ms-1. Calculate the time taken to attain this velocity A. 2.5 s B. 5.0 s C. 10.0 s D. 125.0
s
6. The rising of a liquid in an open-ended glass tube of a narrow bore is A. osmosis B.
adhesion C. capillarity D. surface tension
7. Solid friction, like viscosity is A. independent of the surface areas in contact B.
independent of the relative motion between layers C. dependent of normal reaction D. in
opposition to motion
8. In a school compound, a girl walks 40 m due east from the laboratory to the staff room to
submit her report. Then she turns and walks 30 m due north to her classroom. Determine
the magnitude of her displacement from the laboratory. A. 10 m B. 35 m C. 50 m D. 70 m
9. A bullet fired vertically upwards reaches a height of 500 m. neglecting air resistance,
calculate the of the initial velocity of the bullet. A. 500 ms-1 B. 100 ms-1 C. 70 ms-1 D. 50
ms-1
10. The friction which exists between two layers of liquid in relative motion is A. capillarity
B. surface tension C. viscosity D. cohesion
THEORY; ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
1a. What is surface tension?
1b. State two methods by which the surface tension of a liquid may be reduced.
1c. which of the following are scalars and which are vectors? Speed, velocity, mass, density,
force, displacement, weight, acceleration and momentum.
2 sin 2 θ

2a. The horizontal range, R, of a projectile is given by the equation R= U

¿
¿ (i) what does θ
g
in the equation represent? (ii) for what value of θ would R be maximum.
2b. a body is projected upwards at an angle of 300 with the horizontal with an initial velocity of
200 ms-1. In how many seconds will it reach the ground? How far from the point of projection
will it strike?
3a. Define free fall?
3b. A body is thrown vertically upwards from the top of a tower 40.0 m high with a velocity of
10.0 ms-1. Calculate the time taken for the body to reach the ground?
3c. four forces act as shown below. Calculate their resultant.

SS 3
SECTION A: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
1. A ray of light travels obliquely from a less dense to a denser medium. Which of the
following statements is true about the light? A. the wavelength of the light increases in
the second medium B. the speed of light increased in the second medium C. the light
refracts towards the normal D. there is change in the frequency of the light
2. Images formed by a convex mirror are always A. magnified B. behind the mirror C. real
D. inverted
3. At what position should an object be placed in front of a concave mirror in order to
obtain an image which is the same size as the object? A. at the centre of curvature B. at
the principal focus C. between the pole and the principal focus D. between the centre of
curvature and the principal focus
4. The functional difference between a mirror and a lens is that a lens A. reflects a beam of
light while a mirror refracts it B. refracts a beam of light while a mirror reflects it C.
absorbs incident rays while a transmit them D. transmits incident rays while a mirror
absorbs them.
 5. A fish inside a pond appears to be at a depth of 1.5 m when viewed vertically from above.
The refractive index of the water in the pond is 1.3. calculate the apparent displacement
of the fish. A. 2.5 m B. 1.95 m C. 1.50 m D. 0.45 m
6. At object is placed in front of two plane mirrors inclined at 600 to each other. Determine
number of images formed A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 7
7. A concave mirror forms a magnified and erect image only when the object is placed A. at
the centre of curvature B. at the focus C. between the focus and the pole of the mirror D.
beyond the centre of curvature
8. The power of a lens is +2.5 D. what is its radius of curvature? A. 2.5 cm B. 25.0 cm C.
40.0 cm D. 80.0 cm
9. Which of the following observations cannot explained using the rectilinear propagation
of light? A. production of images by a pinhole camera B. production of real images of
objects by lenses C. formation of an annular eclipse D. diffraction patterns of light
10. An object is placed 10 cm in front of a plane mirror. If it is moved 8cm farther away from
the mirror, determine the distance of the final image from the mirror. A. 2 cm B. 9 cm C.
16 cm D. 18 cm
THEORY: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
1a. Define critical angle as used in optics
1b. State two conditions necessary for total internal reflection to occur.
1c. A ray of light travelling from glass to air is refracted along the surface of the glass. Calculate
the critical angle of the glass (refractive index of glass = 1.5)
2a. what is magnification?
2b. define the terms: (i) principal focus of a lens (ii) focal length of a lens
2c. distinguish between a real and a virtual image and draw ray diagrams to illustrate how a
converging lens can be used to produce each type of image.
3a. A thin lens is placed 50 cm from an illuminated object. The image produced has a linear
magnification of ¼. Calculate the power of the lens in dioptres.