Jordan University of Science & Technology

Aeronautical Engineering Department

Engineering Materials Laboratory
AE (413)

Student Number: 143720 - 146423

Student Name: Ahmad Mustafa Abu-Jado – Raed Eyad Dayeh

Lecturer’s Name: DR. Adnan Al-Qasem - Eng. Majd Al-Shawabkeh

Experiment Title: The Impact Test

Due Date: 29-3-2024 CE

Date of Submission: 29-3-2024 CE

pg. 1
Abstract:

This experiment talks about one of the materials properties that describe its behaviours under the compressive load
that occur when the load is perpendicular towards the center of the material, which is the compression property. The
compression test was considered the opposite of the tensile test but with the different that it has a variety of failures
due to the material geometry and shape like Buckling due to a high compression load on a slender specimen or
Barrelling due to the friction between the specimen and the top of the machine plane. The test also shows the
difference in applying a compression load on the specimen in the elastic region and in applying the load up to fracture.
Then the experiment shows how to calculate the materials toughness by using Charpy Test.

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Table of Contents:

Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2

Objectives……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4

Theory…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4

Data and Sample Calculations…………………………………………………………………………………………………….5-6

Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7

Figures of the Experiment……………………………………………………………………………………………………………8

List of Tables:

Table 1: Data Table for Charpy Impact Test……………………………………………………………………………..5

Table 2: Temperatures and Average Impact Energy values for Steel……………………………………..5

Table 3: Temperatures and Average Impact Energy values for Aluminum…………………….……….6

Table 4: Comparing between Charpy Test and Izod Test………………………………………………………….7

List of Figures:

Figure 1: Charpy Test Machine………………………………………………………………………………………………….8

Figure 2: Izod Test Machine……………………………………………………………………………………………………….8

Figure 3: Stabilizing the metal piece on base of Charpy Machine………………………………………….8

Figure 4: Fracture shape for Aluminum…………………………………………………………………………………….8

Figure 5: Fracture shape for Annelid Mild Steel…………………………………………………………………………8

Figure 6: Fracture shape for Cast Iron…………………………………………………………………………………………8

pg. 3
Objectives:

 To be able to calculate the materials toughness from Charpy Test.

 To know the fracture angle of brittle and ductile materials.

 To know the fracture shape of brittle and ductile materials.

 To comparing between Charpy test and Izod test.

 To show the relation between Impact energy and temperature by plot for the brittle and ductile materials.

Theory:

𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = ∆𝑃. 𝐸 = 𝑃. 𝐸1 − 𝑃. 𝐸2 = 𝑚𝑔(ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) (𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒)

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √2𝑔ℎ1 (𝑚⁄𝑠)

pg. 4
Data and Sample Calculations:

Part 1:
Table 1: Data Table for Charpy Impact Test
Cast Iron Aluminum Annealed Mild Steel

Charpy Sample L (mm)= 55 X (mm)= 10 Y (mm)= 10

Izod Sample L (mm)= 75 X (mm)= 10 Y (mm)= 10

Pendulum Friction = 1.0 Joule

Charpy Test Charpy Test Charpy Test

Toughness 2 joules Toughness 31 joules Toughness 54 joules

Clean Non-clean Non-clean

Fracture shape and Fracture shape and Fracture shape and
granules fibrous fibrous

Part 2:

 Steel:

The relationship between the average impact energy and temperature:

Table 2: Temperatures and Average Impact Energy values for Steel

Temperature

-77 -44 0 25 100

Average
Impact 12.1667 33.083 69.583 97.5 120.083
Energy

Steel
140

120

100
Avarage Impact

80

60

40

20

0
-100 -50 0 50 100 150
Temperature

pg. 5
  Aluminum:

The relationship between the average impact and temperature :

Table 3: Temperatures and Average Impact Energy values for Aluminum

Temperature

-77 -44 0 25 100

Average
Impact 11.1667 10.833 11 11.41667 11.333
Energy

Aluminum
11.5

11.4

11.3
Avarage Impact

11.2

11.1

11

10.9

10.8
-100 -50 0 50 100 150
Temperature

 The Ductile to Brittle Transition temperature based on 50% of maximum energy absorbed for 1018

Steel is 20° .

 Aluminum does exhibit a ductile to brittle transition at low temperatures. This transition occurs due to a change in the
mechanism of deformation from ductile (plastic deformation) to brittle (fracture) behavior. At low temperatures, the
movement of dislocations in the crystal lattice of aluminum is restricted, leading to a decrease in ductility and an increase
in brittleness. This transition is influenced by factors such as temperature, strain rate, and impurities in the material.

pg. 6
Discussion:
The impact energy is the energy needed to fracture a material under standard conditions, and we can calculate it by many types
of tests, two types of them is charpy test and izod test, there are many factors affected on charpy test like material
type,composition,microstructure,temperature,notch geometry and specimen size. Ductile to brittle transition is known as at low
temperatures some metals that would be ductile at room temperature become brittle, the ductile to brittle transition temperature is
strongly dependent on the composition of the metal, and the steel is the most commonly used. The Charpy Test was applied on 3
types of metals and there are Cast Iron,Aluminum and Annealed Mild Steel and every metal gives different impact energy
(Toughness) and that because of the natural of metal how much it is ductile or brittle.

 Comparing between Charpy Test and Izod Test:

Table 4: Comparing between Charpy Test and Izod Test

Charpy test Izod test
Direction of impact Horizontally Vertically
Dimension 64 𝑥 12.7 𝑥 3.2 (𝑚𝑚) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐
of the 55 𝑥 10 𝑥 10 (𝑚𝑚)
test specimen 127 𝑥 11.43 (𝑚𝑚) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠
Installation mechanism Notch facing away from Notch facing toward the
the pendulum,set at pendulum,at two-thirds L
half L
Applied material Metals Plastic and Metals
Striking point Middle of specimen Upper tip of specimen

Conclusion:

 Aluminium and annealed mild steel are ductile while cast iron is brittle.

 There are differences between the striker hammers used in the Izod and Charpy Impact Tests,bin hammers are used as

strikers in the Charpy test and farming hammers in the Izod test.

 Depending on the test, Ductile Materials fracture in a non-clean, fibrous, or incomplete, tearing Shape, whereas Brittle

Materials fracture in a clean, granular shape.

 The notch was inserted to make sure the specimen could fracture due to the machine's energy.

 The difference in toughness between the Charpy Test and Impact Test was caused by variations

in volume for the same material.

pg. 7
Figures of the Experiment:

Figure 1: Charpy Test Machine Figure 2: Izod Test Machine

Figure 3: Stabilizing the metal piece on base of Charpy Machine Figure 4: Fracture shape for Aluminum

Figure 5: Fracture shape for Annelid Mild Steel Figure 6: Fracture shape for Cast Iron

pg. 8