INS KNOW YOUR PC

Know Your PC
www.insjaipur.com

First Edition 2023

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CHAPTER 1:- Basic Knowledge of Computer …………………………………………………………. 3-8

 Computer hardware
1. Motherboard
2. Processor
3. memory
 Software
1. System software
2. Application software

CHAPTER 2:- Windows basic operations ………………………………………… 9-16

1. Windows 10 environment
2. Working with applications
3. Multiple desktop
4. Microsoft edge

CHAPTER 3:- Operating system installation………………………………………………………...17-40

1. Install windows 10 operating system
2. Operating system-basic functions commands
CHAPTER 4:- Troubleshooting methodology………………………………………………………41-49
1. The compTIA Troubleshooting methodology
2. Troubleshooting examples

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HISTORY OF COMPUTER
The history of computers can be traced back to ancient times when tools like the abacus were used for basic calculations.
However, significant advancements began in the 20th century.
The development of electronic computers emerged in the 1940s, with machines like the ENIAC utilizing vacuum tubes.
The introduction of transistors and integrated circuits in the 1950s and 1960s led to smaller, more efficient computers.
The invention of microprocessors in the 1970s paved the way for personal computers, popularized by products like the Apple
Macintosh and IBM PC.
Graphical user interfaces enhanced usability in the 1980s.
The 1990s saw the rapid expansion of the internet and the World Wide Web.
Mobile computing gained momentum in the 2000s with the rise of smartphones and tablets.
Today, ongoing advancements in areas like cloud computing and artificial intelligence continue to shape the ever-evolving
landscape of computing technology.

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is a machine that can store and process information. Most computers rely on a binary
system, which uses two variables, 0 and 1, to complete tasks such as storing data, calculating
algorithms, and displaying information. Computers come in many different shapes and sizes, from
handheld smartphones to supercomputers weighing more than 300 tons.

COMPUTER HARDWARE
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system or electronic device. These components are tangible and
can be touched, seen, and manipulated. Hardware is responsible for the execution of software programs and the overall
functioning of the device.
Example: CPU (Central processing unit), memory, motherboard, keyboard etc.
Hardware is classified in two categories as mentioned below:
1. Input device
2. Output device

INPUT DEVICE
An input device is a hardware component or device that allows users to provide data, commands, or information to a computer
or electronic system. Input devices enable users to interact with computers and convey their intentions, which are then
processed and acted upon by the computer's hardware and software.
Here are some common examples of input devices: keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, scanner, microphone, etc.

OUTPUT DEVICE
An output device is a hardware component or device that displays or presents information or data processed by a computer or
electronic system to the user. Output devices convey the results of computations, actions, or interactions in a human-readable
or perceivable format.
Here are some common examples of output devices: monitor, speaker, printer, projector, headphones, earphones, etc.

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SOFTWARE
Software refers to the collection of programs, data, and instructions that tell a computer or electronic device how to perfor m
specific tasks. Unlike hardware, which consists of physical components, software is intangible and consists of code written in
programming languages. It's what allows hardware to be useful and perform various functions.
Example: Operating System, Applications like MS Office, Google Chrome, Antivirus, Adobe Acrobat, Cisco Packet Tracer,
etc.
Software can be broadly categorized into two main types:
1. System software
2. Application software

SYSTEM SOFTWARE
This type of software is responsible for managing and controlling the hardware components of a computer system. It includes
the operating system (like Windows, macOS, Linux) that provides an interface for users to interact with the computer, manage
files, and run applications. System software also includes device drivers that enable communication between hardware devices
and the operating system.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Application software includes all the programs and tools that users interact with to perform specific tasks. These can range
from productivity software (word processors, spreadsheets, presentation software) to multimedia software (photo and video
editing, media players) and specialized software for various industries (CAD software for engineers, medical software for
healthcare professionals, etc.).
Software is written by software developers using programming languages. It can be distributed and installed on various
devices, allowing users to utilize the functionalities provided by the software. The quality, functionality, and user experience
of software greatly influence its usability and popularity. Updates and improvements to software are often released to enhance
features, fix bugs, and address security vulnerabilities.

HARDWARE COMPONENTS
Computer is made up of several hardware components and these are categorized in 2 categories:
1. Essential components
2. Optional components

ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS
a. Cabinet
b. Motherboard
c. Processor
d. RAM
e. Storage (HDD, SSD)
f. Keyboard
g. Mouse
h. Monitor

OPTIONAL COMPONENTS
i. Printer
j. Speaker
k. Headphone
l. Scanner

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etc.
List of all these components with basic details is called as computer configuration.

MOTHERBOARD
The spine of the computer is the motherboard, otherwise known as the system board or mainboard. A motherboard is the main
circuit board of a computer or electronic device that houses and connects various essential components. It serves as the central
hub through which all the hardware components communicate and interact. The motherboard provides electrical connections
and pathways that allow data, power, and signals to flow between the different parts of the computer system.
Motherboards come in various sizes and configurations to accommodate different types of computers, from desktops to laptops
and servers. They play a crucial role in determining the compatibility and performance of a computer system, as well as
providing the foundation for hardware expansion and connectivity.
Motherboard are classified by their form factor (design), such as ATX, micro ATX, and ITX.

Key features and components found on a motherboard include:

1. Physical Platform: The motherboard is a flat board with numerous sockets, slots, and connectors where different
hardware components can be attached. These components include the central processing unit (CPU), memory
modules, storage devices, graphics cards, network cards, and more.
2. CPU Socket: The CPU socket is a specialized slot where the central processing unit (CPU) is mounted. The CPU is
the brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations.
3. Memory Slots: The motherboard features slots where memory modules, typically referred to as RAM (Random
Access Memory), are inserted. RAM provides fast-access storage for data and instructions that the CPU needs while
running programs.
4. Expansion Slots: These slots allow users to add expansion cards, such as graphics cards, sound cards, and network
cards, to enhance the computer's capabilities.
5. Chipset: The chipset is a collection of integrated circuits that manage data flow between the CPU, memory, storage
devices, and other connected components. It also controls the communication between internal and external
peripherals.
There are two main chips in a chipset on motherboard:

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a. North bridge
b. South bridge

6. BIOS/UEFI: The Basic Input /Output System (BIOS) or Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is firmware
stored on a chip on the motherboard. It initializes the computer's hardware during startup and provides a basic level
of control and configuration.
7. Connectors and Ports: The motherboard has various connectors and ports, such as USB ports, audio jacks, SATA
connectors for storage drives, and more. These allow for connections to peripherals and external devices.
8. Power Distribution: The motherboard contains power connectors that distribute electrical power from the power
supply unit (PSU) to the different components on the board.
9. Clock Generation: The motherboard includes a clock generator that produces timing signals, ensuring that
components operate synchronously at the correct speed.
10. Network Interfaces: Ethernet ports or wireless networking modules enable the computer to connect to networks and
the internet.
11. Audio Components: The motherboard often includes integrated sound processing circuits and audio jacks for
connecting speakers and microphones.
The motherboard's main role is to provide a standardized and organized way for hardware components to interact efficiently.
It routes data, power, and signals between different parts of the computer, allowing them to work in harmony. The specific
layout and features of a motherboard can vary based on its intended use, whether it's a desktop, laptop, server, or specialized
system.

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CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)

The CPU (Central Processing Unit), often referred to as the "brain" of a computer, is a crucial component responsible for
executing instructions and performing calculations that drive the operation of the entire system. It's the primary component
that enables a computer to process data, run software applications, and perform various tasks. Here's how the CPU works:

HOW DOES IT WORK

Below are some important functions performed by a CPU
1. Instruction Fetch: The CPU fetches instructions from the computer's memory, specifically from RAM. These
instructions are a sequence of binary code that represents various operations, such as arithmetic calculations, data
manipulation, and control flow.
2. Decoding: The fetched instructions are decoded by the CPU's control unit. The control unit interprets the binary
instructions and determines which operation needs to be performed.
3. Execution: Once the instruction is decoded, the appropriate units within the CPU perform the required calculations
or operations. These units include the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), which handles mathematical and logical
operations, and the Floating-Point Unit (FPU), which performs complex floating-point calculations.
4. Memory Access: During execution, the CPU may need to access data stored in memory or temporary storage locations
within the CPU itself. Data can be retrieved from RAM, cache memory, or registers.
5. Write Back: After the calculations are completed, the CPU may write the results back to memory or update internal
registers, depending on the nature of the operation.
6. Control Flow: The CPU also manages the control flow of instructions. This includes branching (making decisions
based on conditions), looping (repeating instructions), and jumping to different parts of the program based on
instructions.
7. Clock and Synchronization: The CPU's operations are synchronized by a clock signal, which dictates the pace at
which instructions are fetched, decoded, and executed. The clock signal ensures that different parts of the CPU work
in harmony.
8. Multicore Processors: Many modern CPUs are designed with multiple cores, which are essentially separate
processing units within a single chip. Each core can execute its own set of instructions simultaneously, allowing for
better multitasking and overall performance.

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9. Caches: CPUs often have multiple levels of cache memory. Cache memory stores frequently used data and
instructions, reducing the time it takes to fetch them from slower main memory (RAM).
The performance of a CPU is measured by factors like clock speed (how many cycles it can execute per second), the number
of cores, cache sizes, and architectural features. Different CPUs are optimized for different tasks, with some being more
suitable for general-purpose computing, while others excel in tasks that require heavy computational power, such as gaming,
video editing, and scientific simulations.

MEMORY
Memory refers to the hardware component that stores data and program instructions for the computer to access quickly. It
allows a computer to temporarily hold and manage information that is actively being used or processed. There are different
types of memory in a computer system, each serving a specific purpose:
There are mainly two types of memory:
1. Primary
2. Secondary

PRIMARY MEMORY
Primary memory, also known as main memory or primary storage, refers to the immediate and directly accessible memory in
a computer system that is used to store data and instructions that the CPU (Central Processing Unit) is actively working with.
It is a critical component for the operation of a computer and is responsible for providing fast access to data that the CPU
needs to perform tasks. Primary memory is typically much faster than secondary storage devices like hard drives and SSDs,
but it is also more limited in capacity and is volatile, meaning its contents are lost when the computer is turned off.
Example: RAM, Cache memory
RAM (Random Access Memory) is the main memory of a computer. It provides fast and temporary storage for data and
program instructions that the CPU needs to access quickly while running applications. RAM allows for rapid data retrieval
and manipulation, but its contents are volatile, meaning they are lost when the computer is powered off or restarted.
Cache Memory is a smaller and faster type of memory located closer to the CPU. It stores frequently used instructions and
data to reduce the time the CPU spends waiting for data from main memory. Cache memory helps bridge the speed gap
between the fast CPU and the relatively slower main memory.

SECONDARY MEMORY
Secondary memory, also known as auxiliary memory or external memory, refers to storage devices in a computer system that
provide long-term storage for data, files, and programs. Unlike primary memory (RAM and cache), which is fast but volatile

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(loses data when the computer is powered off), secondary memory retains data even when the computer is turned off. It serves
as a means to store information for extended periods and allows for the preservation and retrieval of data between sessions.
Secondary memory devices are slower to access compared to primary memory but offer much larger storage capacities. These
devices are used for storing the operating system, software applications, user files, and various other types of data. Here are
some common examples of secondary memory devices:
Hard Disk Drives (HDD) use spinning disks coated with magnetic material to store data. They are a traditional and cost-
effective option for high-capacity storage. However, they are relatively slower than modern solid-state drives (SSDs).
Solid-State Drives (SSD) use flash memory to store data, offering significantly faster data access compared to HDDs. They
are becoming increasingly popular due to their speed and reliability, even though they tend to be more expensive per gigabyte.
USB Drives (Flash Drives) use flash memory to store data and are highly portable. They are commonly used to transfer files
between computers and as backup storage.
Memory Cards are used in various devices, such as digital cameras, smartphones, and tablets, for additional storage. They
also rely on flash memory technology.
Optical Discs like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs, store data using laser technology to create tiny pits on the disc's surface.
They are used for data backup, software distribution, and media playback.
Network Attached Storage (NAS) devices are specialized secondary storage solutions that connect to a network and provide
centralized storage for multiple devices.
Cloud Storage involves storing data on remote servers accessed via the internet. Services like Google Drive, Dropbox, and
Microsoft One Drive offer convenient storage and synchronization across devices.

NAVIGATING THE WINDOWS 10 ENVIRONMENT

LOGGING IN
You will log in to Windows 10 the same way you logged into Windows 7, by using your campus ‘w’
username and password. Below is an example of what the new login screen will look like; you can change
the background in your Display Settings.
After your computer powers on, hit Enter to bring up the login screen.

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NAVIGATING THE DESKTOP

1. Start Button: Opens the Start Menu
2. Start Menu: Displays all applications and software available
3. Search Bar: Allows you to quickly search for a certain application or software
4. Taskbar: Contains the Edge icon for internet access. Pin your most commonly used applications to the taskbar
for quick access.
5. Task View: Navigate between different windows and desktops
6. People: Pin contacts to your taskbar so you can talk to them whenever you need to
7. Network and Internet Settings: Check your internet and network connectivity
8. Volume: Click to adjust the volume of your machine
9. Date/Time/Calendar: View the current date and time at a glance, or left click to bring up a calendar
10. Notifications: View notifications such as system and security updates, and new messages or events

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WORKING WITH APPLICATIONS

ACTIONS CENTRE AND SETTINGS
To access Actions Center and Settings, click on the Notifications icon in the bottom right corner (#9 on the
previous page).
In Action Center, you can see any notifications that are either new or haven’t been closed yet. You can also
access your Settings Menu

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CONTROL PANEL
Use the Control Panel to adjust your computer’s settings. To access the Control Panel, search for it using the
Search box on your taskbar.

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CUSTOMIZING THE START MENU AND TASKBAR

You can pin applications and software to both your Start Menu and your Taskbar.
When pinning applications to your Start Menu, those applications will appear on the right hand side when you
click the Start button.
PIN AN APPLICATION TO THE START MENU

1. Search for the application using the Search box

2. Right click on the name of the application
3. Select Pin to Start

When pinning applications to your Taskbar, those application’s icons will appear along the bottom of your
screen. This allows you to access your most commonly used programs without opening the Start Menu.
PIN AN APPLICATION TO THE TASKBAR

1. Search for the application using the Search box

2. Right click on the name of the application
3. Select Pin to Taskbar

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MULTIPLE DESKTOPS
Windows 10 allows you to create multiple virtual desktops. Multiple desktops are useful for keeping unrelated,
ongoing projects organized.
SETTING UP MULTIPLE DESKTOPS

1. On the Taskbar, select the Task View icon

2. Click on New desktop
3. To switch between desktops, select Task View again and select the desktop you want to work in

USING FILE EXPLORER

File Explorer is the same as using Folders in Windows 7. Here you can access documents saved locally to your
Desktop or Documents folder, as well as access your Shared (K :) drive, along with any other drives you have
permissions to.
Tip: Pin File Explorer to your Taskbar to quickly access your folders when working in Windows 10.
ACCESSING FILE EXPLORER

1. Search for File Explorer in the Search box

2. Right click on File Explorer and select Pin to Taskbar
3. Click on the Folder icon on your Taskbar to open File Explorer

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USING MICROSOFT EDGE

Microsoft Edge is the new browser that comes along with Windows 10 installs; it acts as a replacement for
Internet Explorer and allows you to browse the web with a faster and more streamlined experience.
Note: Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox are both still available on Windows 10.

BROWSING THE WEB

Edge works very similarly to Internet Explorer. To use Edge, simply click on the icon on your Taskbar and
type in the website URL or key words to browse.

FAVOURITES
To quickly access your most commonly visited websites, add them to your Favorites in Edge!
ADDING WEBSITES TO FAVOURITES

1. Navigate to the website you would like to add to your Favourites

2. Click the Star icon in your browser’s Search bar
3. Pick a name for your Favourite and click Add

ACCESSING FAVOURITES

1. Click on the Star icon in the top right corner of your browser

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CONFIGURING DISPLAY SETTINGS
There are many display options available to you in Windows 10, many similar to those in
Windows 7.
1. Open Action Centre using the icon in the lower right hand corner
2. Click on All Settings
3. Select System from the Windows Settings menu, the Display settings menu will open by
default
4. Configure your display settings to match your preferences
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INSTALL WINDOWS 10 OPERATING SYSTEMS – A STEP BY STEP

GUIDE
Operating System is system software that is required to run applications programmes and utilities.

STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO INSTALLING AN OPERATING SYSTEM

1. Create a window installation media

If you order any window whether it is window 10 or the latest one that’s window 11. You will receive
a window installation disc along with your brand-new PC. If you don’t receive a DVD disc of window
installation, then still you can install an Operating system on your PC. Let’s look at deep, how to
create window installation media.

Requirement:

 Minimum 8 GB of Pen Drive.

 A computer with an internet connection.

You need to download windows of your choice whether it’s 10 or 11. You can download it from the
official website of Microsoft. After you have successfully downloaded the .exe file, please follow the
steps below:

Steps to create installation media:

 Plugin a flash drive

 Download a tool MediaCreationTool.exe
 Run it, and click on accept
 Select installation media (DVD/ISO, USB Drive) from another PC and click next

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 Select your language, windows edition and PC architecture and click NEXT
 Now, you need to select the USB Pen drive and click NEXT

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Backup your files (optional)

It’s an optional step to do, like in case you are updating your current operating system to the latest.
You are required to take back up. You can back up your files to Google Drive, Drop Box, One Drive,
USB Flash Drive and other external hard drives. Otherwise, you can leave it as it is.

For a new installation, you don’t need to do anything with this option.

2. Insert Window installation media to Computer

Now, it’s time to insert a media installation (USB or DVD) into your computer. Make sure all the
windows files have been copied to your flash drive.

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3. Boot the computer

As you are ready click on the windows icon and choose the option “Shut down or sign out” and then
“Restart“. As your pc reboot, you need to press F10, F11, F12, or ESC in order to enter the boot
menu. Note: These keys might be different in your computer because every computer is
manufactured differently.

I guess this might help you.

If you own an old computer, you can press F1, F2, F3, or ESC to enter the BIOS (Basic Input Output
System).

4. Select the USB Drive

Select BIOS Features option

In Boot Options Priorities, Select the Boot Option #1. Click it and select the flash drive option.

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5. Install Now

After you select the right USB option for window installation. You will see a screen appearing “Install
now”. Click on “Install now” and continue to the next step.

6. Enter your windows product key and click next

You must have the windows product key. But it’s okay if you don’t have one right now, you can skip
this step while choosing the option “I don’t have a product key“. But, at the end of the installation,

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it will ask you for the product key. You can find your product key in your email if you have bought it
from Microsoft officially. Or if you have bought it in DVD format, you can find the key in its envelope.
Well, if you don’t have bought it till now you need to buy it for a seamless experience.

7. Select the edition of window you want to install

Windows operating system comes in two-bit options 32-bit and 64-bit. X86 denotes 32-bit and x64
denotes 64-bit.

Difference between 32-bit and 64-bit

 “The 32 bit OS can store and handle lesser data than the 64 bit OS. It addresses a maximum
of 4,294,967,296 bytes (4 GB) of RAM. The 64 bit OS, on the other hand, can handle more
data than the 32 bit OS.”
 X86 or 32-bit operating system supports only 32-bit software programme.
 X64 or 64-bit operating system supports both 32-bit and 64-bit software programme.

So, as per your need. You can choose which version is most suitable for you. If you still don’t know
which version of the operating system to install, then you can go for “Windows 10 Home” mostly
used OS for personal computers. So, after you have decided, which version of OS to install, now click
“NEXT”.

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8. Accept License Term “I accept the license terms”

Before proceeding further, you are required to accept the license terms and then click next to
continue the installation.

9. Choose: Custom install window only or Upgrade:

Upgrade: This option is useful if you are installing the latest OS to your existing supporting versions
of the operating system.

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Custom Installation: This option is useful if you are installing OS to your brand new or existing
computer, which doesn’t have an OS.

10. Select a drive or partition

Choose the correct partition where you are going to install your operating system and then click on
“Delete”.

11. Select a drive with unallocated space and click “Next”

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Choose the drive with unallocated space and click “Next” to continue the installation of windows.
This might take little time to copy data to your hard drive, as it’s done you can move on to the next
step.

12. Remove the USB flash drive and restart your computer.

As you can see, you have successfully installed the operating system to your PC. Now, you can
remove the USB flash drive and restart your computer.

Let’s now talk about how to set up windows.

13. Setting Up Windows

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For setting up windows, you required only a few steps as mentioned below:

 Verify your region and keyboard input

 Connect to your Wireless network.
 Select for Personal Use or Organizational use and click next
14. Sign in to Windows
 Click “Accept” to Set up Crotona
 Click “Yes” and follow instructions to set up the Windows timeline
 Choose your privacy settings and click “Accept“
This will take a few more times to set up your windows. Now, you can sit relax and wait for the
setting up. As it’s done, you can use your computer as you like.
See, how easy was the installation process.

How To Clean Install Windows 10 From

ISO File (Without USB/DVD)
Windows operating system’s performance deteriorates with time. The best possible fix to
make Windows fast again is to reinstall or perform a clean install of Windows 10 by deleting
files, settings, and installed programs.

INSTALL WINDOWS 10 DIRECTLY FROM ISO FILE

Well, it’s possible to clean install or reinstall Windows 10 from an ISO file. Clean installing
Windows 10 from ISO is not vastly different from clean installing Windows 10 from USB or
DVD. The only difference is that we are not going to create bootable media while installing
Windows 10 directly from the ISO file.

What about the product key?

Note that you won’t need a product key if you have legally upgraded your current PC from
Windows 7/8.1 to Windows 10 and successfully activated it, before clean installing Windows
10 on the same PC. Likewise, if you got Windows 10 preloaded on your PC and activate your
copy of Windows 10, you have nothing to worry about.

When you are prompted to enter a product key during the product installation, click the Skip
button. Your PC will be automatically activated after installing Windows 10 as long as you
have installed the same edition of Windows 10 was activated on your current PC by using the
free upgrade offer.

However, when you clean install Windows 10 on a different PC or newly built PC, you will
have to enter a valid product key.

If at all, Windows 10 is not activated after the clean install or reinstall, use the built-
in activation troubleshooter to fix the issue.

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PERFORM A CLEAN INSTALL OF WINDOWS 10 FROM ISO IMAGE

Here is how to clean install Windows 10 from the ISO image file without having to create a
bootable USB or DVD.

Step 1: If you haven’t downloaded your Windows 10 ISO yet, please follow the instructions
in our download Windows 10 ISO from Microsoft guide to download the ISO image file.

Step 2: On your Windows 10 PC, where you want to perform a clean install of Windows 10,
back up all data as we are going to clean install Windows 10 by removing installed programs
and personal files. So it’s a good idea to backup everything using the right backup solution.

Step 3: Right-click on the Windows 10 ISO image file, and then click Mount option to
mount the ISO image.

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Step 4: Open up This PC, and then open up the newly mounted drive (containing Windows
10 installation files) by right-clicking on the drive and then clicking Open in new
window option.

Step 5: Perform a double-click on the Setup.exe file to launch the Windows 10 Setup.

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Step 6: When you see the following screen, select the first option labeled Download and
install updates (recommended), or you can also choose the option titled Not right now, as
we can always download and install updates after clean installing Windows 10.

If you have selected Download and install updates option, the setup will check for available
updates and download them if available.

Step 7: Next is the user agreement screen where you need to click the Accept button to
accept the license terms to install and use Windows 10.

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Step 8: Once again, the setup might start looking for updates and download them.

Step 9: Once everything is ready, you will see Ready to install screen.

Step 10: Here, select Keep nothing if you want to perform a clean install of Windows 10 by
removing all installed programs and data. We have chosen Keep personal files and apps as
we don’t want to lose installed apps and important data.

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And if you want to keep your data, please select Keep personal files option by clicking
Change what to keep link.

Step 11: Finally, click the Install button to begin installing Windows 10.

Note that although the installation screen shows an “Upgrading” message, it’s actually clean
installing. From here on, follow the straight-forward on-screen directions to complete
installing or reinstalling Windows 10.

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INSTALLATION OF MICROSOFT OFFICE

Installation of application is generally straight forward, without any complex options. You just need
to follow instructions mentioned in installation wizard.

Installation steps for MS Office is given below.

1. Depending on your browser, select Run (in Microsoft Edge or Internet Explorer), Setup (in
Chrome), or Save File (in Firefox).
If you see the User Account Control prompt that says, Do you want to allow this app to make
changes to your device? Select Yes.

The install begins.

2. Your install is finished when you see the phrase, "You're all set! Office is installed now" and an
animation plays to show you where to find Microsoft 365 applications on your computer.

Select Close.

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INSTALLATION OF THE DEVICE DRIVERS

The downloaded driver file will be an executable file (File name ends in “.exe”.) or a zip file (File
name ends in “.zip”.).

For executable file, to install the driver, you just need to double-click on the file and follow the on-
screen instructions.

For zip file, you need to unzip it and find the executable file in the archive. If you cannot find an
executable file, you need to install the driver step by step using the “.inf” file.

Following steps are for your reference how to install the driver in this way.

1. Go to Device Manager.
2. Find the device that need to install a driver. (Here let’s take video card for example.)
3. Right-click on the device and select Update Driver Software…

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4. Select browse my computer for driver software.

5. Select Let me pick from a list of device drivers on my computer.

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6. Click Have Disk… button.

7. Click Browse… button. Navigate to the folder where you saved the downloaded driver file and
browse the .inf driver file.

8. Click OK button then Next button to finish the installation. You might be asked for an admin
password or to confirm your choice.

If you have difficulty in downloading and installing drivers manually, or if you want to save more
time in updating drivers, you can use Driver Easy.

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Driver Easy will scan your computer to detect all problem drivers in several seconds, then give you
new drivers. It has Free version and Paid version. You can use the Free version to update drivers one
at a time. With Paid version, to update drivers, all you need to do is click your mouse 2 times.

1. Click Scan Now button. Then Driver Easy will scan your computer quickly and provide you with
new drivers instantly.

2. Click Update all button. Then all drivers will be downloaded and installed automatically.

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OPERATING SYSTEM – BASIC FUNCTIONS

COMMANDS
The command prompt is still a powerful Windows tool. If you're not familiar with the Command
Prompt in Windows, here are the most useful CMD commands every Windows user needs to know.

COMMAND Description
cd Displays the name of or changes the current directory.
md Creates a directory.
rd Removes a directory.
dir Deletes one or more files.
del Deletes one or more files.
copy Copies one or more files to another location.
move Moves one or more files from one directory to another directory
more Displays output one screen at a time.
cd.. Displays the name of or changes the current directory
cd\ Directly come out of directory to base drive.
cls Clears the screen.
chkdsk Checks a disk and displays a status report
formet Formats a disk for use with Windows.
shutdown Allows proper local or remote shutdown of machine
help Provides Help information for Windows commands.
hostnam To check the computer name
wmic bios
get
serialnumber To check the serial number of windows pc
perfmon To check the performance of computer

TROUBLESHOOTING
THE COMPTIA TROUBLESHOOTING METHODOLOGY:
 Identify the problem
 Establish a theory of probable cause
 Test the theory to determine the cause
 Establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and implement the solution
 Verify full system functionality, and, if applicable, implement preventive measures
 Document findings, actions and outcomes

Let’s take a more in-depth look at each of these steps to determine what they really mean.

1. IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM

Identification is often the easiest step. It may be accomplished via an inbound phone call from a
user, a help desk ticket, an email message, a log file entry or any number of other sources. It is not at
all uncommon for users to alert you to the problem.

It’s important to recognize that the root cause of specific issues is not always apparent. For example,
a failed login attempt might seem to indicate a username or password problem, when instead the
real issue may be a lack of network connectivity that prevents the authentication information from
being checked against a remote server.

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As troubleshooters, we want to be very careful to ensure we have identified the root cause of the
error, misconfiguration or service interruption before making any changes.

Specific steps here may include:

 Gathering information from log files and error messages

 Questioning users
 Identifying symptoms
 Determining recent changes
 Duplicating the problem
 Approaching multiple problems one at a time
 Narrowing the scope of the problem

2. ESTABLISH A THEORY OF PROBABLE CAUSE

I’d like to start by pointing out the impreciseness of the words in this step. Words such
as theory and probable indicate a guess on your part, even if it is a guess backed by data. The way
this step is written acknowledges that the root cause (step one) may not have been accurately
identified. However, the cause is specific enough to begin troubleshooting.

This stage may require significant research on your part. Vendor documentation, your organization’s
own documentation and a good old-fashioned Google search may all be required to provide the
basis for your theory.

Specific steps here may include:

 Questioning the obvious

 Considering multiple approaches, including top-to-bottom or bottom-to-top for layered
technologies (such as networks)

One of the main issues that I’ve observed with newer troubleshooters is failing to question the
obvious. In my classes, I rephrase this as “start simple and work toward the complex.” Yes, I am
aware that operating systems, networks and cloud deployments are all very complex. However, that
does not mean that your issue is complex.

I have found over the years that careful note-taking is important at this point. Your notes can include
data copied from websites, web URLs, suggestions from your team members, etc.

3. TEST THE THEORY TO DETERMINE THE CAUSE

What’s most interesting about the first two steps is that they don’t require you to make
configuration changes. Changes should not be made until you are reasonably sure you have a
solution that you’re ready to implement.

This step is also part of the “information-gathering” phase.

Please note, it is not uncommon for experienced administrators to move very quickly and informally
through steps one, two and three. Problems and symptoms are often familiar, making it simple to
predict the likely cause of an error message or failed device.

At this stage, you may find yourself circling all the way back to step one: Identify the problem. If you
test your theory to discover the likely cause and find that you were incorrect, you may need to start
your research all over again. You can check in with users, dig more deeply into log files, exercise your
Google-Fu, etc.

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Once you’re confident you’ve found the fundamental issue, the next step is to prepare to solve the
problem.

4. Establish a Plan of Action and Implement the Solution

If you believe you know the root cause of the troubleshooting issue, you can now plan how to
address it. Here are some reasons to plan ahead before blindly jumping into a course of action:

 Some fixes require reboots or other more significant forms of downtime

 You may need to download software, patches, drivers or entire operating system files before
proceeding
 Your change management procedures may require you to test modifications to a system’s
configuration in a staging environment before implementing the fix in production
 You may need to document a series of complex steps, commands and scripts
 You may need to back up data that might be put at risk during the recovery
 You may need approval from other IT staff members before making changes

Once you’ve completed this stage, you’re now ready to do whatever it is you believe you need to do
to solve the problem. These steps may include:

 Run your scripts

 Update your systems or software
 Edit configuration files
 Change firewall settings

Make sure that you have a rollback plan in place in case the fix you’re attempting does not address
the issue. You must be able to reverse your settings to at least get back to where you began.

In some cases, implementing the proposed fix may be quicker than the research phases that
preceded it. Those research phases are essential, however, to make sure you’re addressing the real
issue and to minimize downtime.

5. VERIFY FULL SYSTEM FUNCTIONALITY AND IMPLEMENT PREVENTIVE MEASURES

I once observed a failure at this very stage of troubleshooting. The support person in question was
called to investigate a printer that wasn’t working. When he arrived, he noticed the printer was
unplugged. He plugged it back in, grumbled about user’s not understanding computers, and walked
away. What he failed to realize, however, was that the printer was jammed and that the users had
unplugged it while attempting to fix the jam. The tech walked away without verifying functionality.

When possible, have the users that rely on the system test functionality for you. They are the ones
that really know how the system is supposed to act and they can ensure that it responds to their
specific requirements.
Depending on the problem, you may need to apply the fix to multiple servers or other devices. For
example, if you’ve discovered a problem with a device driver on a server, you may need to update
the drivers on several servers that rely on the same device.

6. DOCUMENT FINDINGS
Documentation is a pet peeve of mine. It comes from working as a network administrator for an
organization that had zero documentation. I was the sixth administrator the company had hired in
five years, and no one before me wrote down anything. It was a nightmare.

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Documenting your troubleshooting steps, changes, updates, theories and research could all be
useful in the future when a similar problem arises (or when the same problem turns out not to have
been fixed after all).

Another reason to keep good documentation as you go through the entire methodology is to
communicate to others what you have tried so far. I was on the phone once with Microsoft tech
support for a failed Exchange server. The first thing the tech said was, “What have you tried so far?”
I had a three-page list of things we didn’t need to try again.

Such documentation is also useful in case your changes had unintended consequences. You are
more easily able to reverse your changes or change configurations if you have good documentation
on exactly what you did.

For more information on troubleshooting approach visit the URL mentioned below:
https://www.comptia.org/blog/troubleshooting-methodology

TROUBLESHOOTING EXAMPLES
Below are some examples of troubleshooting some common issues:

PC NOT TURNING ON
The PC won’t turn on.

COMPUTER ISN’T PLUGGED IN

If the computer isn't plugged in, then no electricity is going through the system and it therefore
cannot power on. Make sure the power cable is plugged into the power supply on the back of the
computer case.

POWER SWITCH IS NOT “ON”

If the power switch isn't on, then electricity cannot flow through the system. Make sure the power
switch is set to the "on" position (left is on, right is off).

Outlet, power strip, or other power source may be non-functional

If a power source isn't functional, or if a power strip or an outlet is dead, then the computer cannot
receive electricity from the wall. You can test the power appliance with a known working electrical
appliance (such as a charger, fan, lamp, etc.) in order to determine if the power appliance is faulty. If
an outlet isn't functioning properly, contact an electrician. Otherwise, replace the power appliance.

FAULTY POWER SUPPLY

If the above three failed troubleshooting procedures failed, the cause may be a dead or faulty power
supply. A power supply powers the components in the computer, and a faulty or dead one will fail to
provide proper power. Common causes of dead or faulty power supplies include:

 Age of Power Supply

 Manufacturing Defects
 Power Surges

If there was a power surge, other components will have to be checked since the power surge may
have taken out more than one component.

If the power supply is dead, purchase a new one and follow replacement guide.

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COMPUTER OVERHEATING
The computer overheats. Symptoms may include random restarts and random shutdowns.

BLOCKED VENTS
Blocked vents will not allow the computer to ventilate; cool air won't be taken in and hot air won't
be expelled. Make sure the fan vents aren't blocked by anything. Leave at least 6” of space around
the vents for ventilation.

DUSTY FANS OR CASE

Dusty fans or a dusty case will also block ventilation. Open up the case and check for dust. Fans are
commonly located in the front and back of the case. More common locations include: in the power
supply unit, on the CPU heat sink, and on any dedicated, high performance components, such as a
dedicated video card.

Remove the dust with either compressed air or by manually removing them and cleaning them. If
you are using compressed air, hold the blades still in order to prevent damage to the fan bearings.

BROKEN FAN
A broken fan can cause a computer to overheat. If a fan is not spinning while the computer is turned
on, replace it.

DUSTY HEAT SINKS

Dusty heat sinks will not allow cool air to flow through them. The components with heat sinks
installed produce the most heat, so this may cause the most problems with regards to an
overheating computer.

To fix this, open up the case and locate the heat sinks (example: heat sink). Remove and clean the
heat sinks (do not use water) and replace the thermal paste.

COMPUTER RESTARTS BEFORE WINDOWS LOADING SCREEN

The computer restarts before this screen.

IMPROPERLY CONNECTED OR IMPROPERLY SEATED COMPONENTS

Improperly seated or connected components may be getting loose during operation, which would
therefore cause the computer to freeze. To fix this, turn off the computer and open up the case.
Make sure all wires are plugged in securely. Make sure all peripherals on the motherboard, such as
the video card and the RAM, are seated properly and aren't touching anything that are floating
around in the case, such as wires.
FAULTY RAM
If it still fails to boot into the loading screen, the RAM module may be faulty. This would cause
random reboots since RAM stores the temporary data your computer uses to run.

Test the RAM module using memtest. If memtest fails, replace the RAM module(s).

COMPUTER RESTARTS DURING WINDOWS LOADING SCREEN

The computer restarts (or freezes) during this screen.
FAILING HARD DRIVE
A failing hard drive may be the cause of corrupted data. This will often corrupt the boot sector and
therefore your ability to log onto Windows.

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To test the hard drive, run a S.M.A.R.T. test. If the S.M.A.R.T. fails, the hard drive may be failing. Buy
a new hard drive and replace it.

If the S.M.A.R.T. status is positive, then the issue likely isn't the hard drive. Therefore, attempt to
boot into "Safe Mode."

CORRUPTED DRIVERS OR PROGRAMS

Corrupted drivers and programs may be conflicting with your computer hardware or other software,
which may cause a restart when the driver loads.

If booting into "Safe Mode" succeeds, attempt to manually uninstall the most recently installed
programs and drivers. One method to uninstall is to use the Device Manager.

CORRUPTED BOOT SECTOR

A corrupted boot sector will cause a restart since the computer wouldn't know how to boot
properly. Attempt to use the Windows 7 Startup Repair

If the Windows 7 Startup Repair fails, attempt to System Restore to an earlier known working date.
FAULTY RAM
Follow these instructions (above).

COMPUTER IS SLOW OR RESTARTS OR STUTTERS RANDOMLY

The computer is slower than usual or the computer restarts or stutters randomly.

OVERHEATING COMPUTER
An overheating computer will cause sluggish performance because the components will throttle
themselves in order to prevent damage from excessive heat.

To check temperatures, use the Speed Fan application. Common maximum unsafe temperatures and
throttle temperatures (for performance oriented components and for PCs built or bought within the
last 4-5 years) include:

 Intel i5/i7 CPU: 90°C, throttling begins at 95°C.

 AMD CPU: 62°C, throttling begins at 70°C.
 GPU: 85°C, throttling begins at 90°C.
 Hard Drive: 60°C is considered unsafe. Hard drives are much more susceptible to heat
problems due to the nature of storing data.
 If you believe your computer is overheating, follow these troubleshooting procedures in
order to bring down the temperatures.

To solve computer overheating problem, you can

 Adjust your computer's power settings and screensaver to reduce energy consumption
and heat generation.
 Avoid blocking the vents and improve airflow by placing your computer in a cool and
well-ventilated environment.
 Check the fans and clean them regularly with compressed air to remove dust and dirt.
 Reapply thermal paste to the CPU to improve heat transfer.
 Use an external cooling system or a cooling pad for laptops to lower the temperature.

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COMPUTER INFECTION
Adware, spyware, malware, trojans, worms, and viruses slow down computers by hogging computer
resources in order to perform their own malicious activities. Perform a system scan with a well-
reputed malware scanner, such as Malwarebytes Anti-Malware.

CORRUPTED DRIVER INSTALL OR INCOMPATIBLE DRIVERS

Corrupted or incompatible drivers will cause software and hardware conflicts. This would cause the
computer to slow down, restart, or stutter. Uninstall the most recently installed drivers if the issues
began recently. One method is to use the Device Manager.

QUIET, UNEVEN, OR NO AUDIO OUTPUT

There is no audio coming out of the speakers or the headphones.

BAD CONNECTION IN OUTPUT

If there is a bad connection, the electrical signals won't be able to properly pass through the wires.
Make sure the male jack is securely plugged into the female jack. If that doesn't work, use a
paperclip or a needle to clean out the headphone jack. Do not use excessive force since excessive
force may scratch the jack.

BROKEN HEADPHONES OR SPEAKERS

If there are sharp kinks or stripped insulation in the wire, the metal wires that carry the audio signal
may have been partially or fully severed. Try connecting the headphones or the speakers to any
known working source and attempt to play music through that source. If the differences are the
same throughout the sources you use, the issue may be in the headphones or the speakers
themselves.

FAULTY OR NO DRIVERS
Drivers allow your computer to communicate with the audio device. Upgrade (or downgrade) your
current audio driver. Information about your integrated DAC (digital-to-analog converter) / AMP chip
can be found on your respective manufacturer's website.

PRODUCT MAY BE BUILT THAT WAY

If there were no determinable defects (such as channel imbalance, static, or simply no sound) when
using multiple sources, the headphones or the speakers may be built that way. Middle to high-end
headphones and speakers are generally less sensitive (i.e. they require more power to be as loud as
other speakers). You may need to buy an after-market amplifier in order to supply more power to
the headphones or the speakers.

NO OR DISTORTED VIDEO OUTPUT

The image being displayed on the monitor is either non-existent or distorted.

NOT PLUGGED IN OR LOOSELY PLUGGED IN

If the video card isn't plugged in or if it is loosely plugged in, it likely isn't sending the output through
the display cable and to your monitor. Make sure the video card cable is plugged into the back of the
video card and the back of the monitor.

There are different types of display ports or connectors that can be used to connect a
graphics card with a monitor1. The most common types of digital cables are HDMI, DVI,
and FireWire (ilink or IEEE 1394)2. The different types of display ports or connectors are:

 VGA

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 DVI
 HDMI
 DisplayPort (DP)1

VIDEO CARD MAY NOT BE PROPERLY INSTALLED INSIDE THE CASE

A video card that isn't properly installed will cause it to systematically lose connection or have no
connection at all. If you know your computer contains a dedicated video card, open the case and
make sure the video card is sitting properly in its respective PCI-Express slot.

If the card requires extra power, make sure the respective power connectors are plugged in.

 Image of power connectors on video card.

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 Image of the power connectors' respective cables.

FAULTY OR NO DRIVERS
Drivers allow your computer to communicate with the video card. If they aren't installed, the
performance may be bad or the display may be non-existent.

Make sure the video card drivers are installed. To determine the video card, press WINDOWS + R
(the key). Type in "dxdiag" without the quotes, and hit enter. Click on the tab "Display 1" and find
the name. Once you determine the make and model of your Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) or
video card, head to their respective site and download and install the drivers.

 Intel Drivers
 NVIDIA Drivers
 AMD Drivers

For more information on common issues and troubleshooting approach visit the URL mentioned
below:
https://www.ifixit.com/Wiki/Desktop_PC_Troubleshooting

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LAPTOP NOT TURNING ON

FIRST STEPS
First things first, hold the power button for 10 seconds to attempt to force restart the laptop. Then,
ask yourself the following questions:

 Are there any signs of power? Does your laptop make any noises or do any lights turn on
when you attempt to turn it on or plug it into a charger? Do you hear fans spinning or does
the display light up?
 If there are no signs of power jump to Discharged Battery, then follow up with Video Drivers,
Full Capacitors, Faulty Battery, and Faulty Motherboard.
 If you're seeing some signs of power but your computer just won't turn on, you'll want to
pay close attention to how it's showing power.
 If everything seems to start as it should, but the screen remains dark, try restarting the
Video Drivers, followed by reseating the RAM. If that doesn't work, you'll likely need to
replace the Screen.
 If your laptop is emitting beeps when you try to turn it on, jump straight to Beep Codes—you
should be able to figure out your problem by diagnosing the beep patterns.
 If your laptop gets to a boot screen, but won't fully boot the OS or gets hung up on a loading
screen, jump straight to the If Your Laptop Gets to a Startup Screen.

CAUSES
 Discharged Battery
 Full Capacitors
 Video Drivers
 Beep Codes
 Memory Cards Unseated
 Faulty Battery
 Faulty Screen
 Faulty Motherboard
 If Your Laptop Gets to a Startup Screen
 BIOS Values
 Faulty Hardware
 Software Boot Failure
 Corrupted Operating System
 Corrupted Storage Drive

Related Problems

DISCHARGED BATTERY
Ensure that the laptop isn't just suffering from an empty battery by charging it.

 Make sure the laptop charger is plugged into a functional power source with a functional
charger and let the laptop charge for 15 minutes or more.
 Hold the power button for 10 seconds to initiate a force restart.

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FULL CAPACITORS
If a regular force reset does not work, a hard reset is necessary to drain the capacitors fully. To do
this:

 Remove all peripherals, the charger, and the battery. Once everything is removed, hold the
power button down for 60 seconds. This makes the computer attempt to power on and
drain the capacitors and as a result, the built-up static charge.
 If your laptop doesn't have an external battery, you can navigate from the laptop’s vendor
page to find a battery replacement guide specific to your model.
 Sometimes, you will need to unplug the BIOS battery (CMOS battery) in addition to draining
all power to the laptop.

VIDEO DRIVERS
The computer could still work well, but an error with the video drivers could be preventing your
screen from displaying images properly.

 Plug your computer into a separate monitor to test if your computer is outputting anything.
 Try a software fix by restarting the video driver. This works in Windows 7 and up.
 Use this keyboard shortcut to restart the video drivers: Windows Key + Ctrl (Control) + Shift
+ B.

BEEP CODES
Beep codes and lights are used to diagnose issues computers have when booting. Document these
beeps and light flashes and search this Laptop’s beep code support page for your exact laptop model
to find the beep codes associated.

 With the laptop powered off, press the power button and listen for any beeping sounds or
flashing lights on the side of the laptop.
 Use the information on laptop vendor’s support page to help diagnose.

MEMORY CARDS UNSEATED

Reseating helps to reconnect any loose connections to your laptop’s memory. As laptops are moved
around in backpacks or slammed down on desks, the RAM may slightly jostle. Reseating the memory
ensures a solid connection.

 Power off the laptop, remove screws, pull RAM out, blow air into the slot, reinsert RAM, and
power on the laptop.

FAULTY BATTERY
It's possible that a faulty battery is preventing your laptop from receiving the power necessary to
power on. If you've already addressed all possible software issues and your device is still showing
zero signs of life, a battery replacement should get your laptop back on its feet.

 Navigate to the page for your model of Laptop to find a battery guide that works for you. If
you can't find your particular model, removing the screws on the back, disconnecting the
battery connector, and unscrewing the battery screws should do the trick.

FAULTY SCREEN
If your laptop seems to be functioning totally normally but the screen just isn't displaying anything
(keyboard backlights turn on, you can hear fans running, any power lights or battery status lights
turn on and function as they should), you'll likely want to replace the screen.

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 Navigate to the page for your model of Laptop to find a screen guide that works for you. If
you can't find your particular model, following a guide for a similar model may still be able to
help you with the process.
 Pay close attention to the display cable(s) and any associated connectors as you're
disassembling the laptop. If you notice anything amiss on the cables or connectors
(fraying/cut cables, unseated connections, etc.), replacing damaged cables or reseating
connections may solve the problem without needing to completely replace the display.

FAULTY MOTHERBOARD
After rooting out the battery and charger as issues, the motherboard is the next culprit.

 Check out our replacement motherboards and an associated guide for your model of laptop.

IF YOUR LAPTOP GETS TO A STARTUP SCREEN

If you're seeing a startup screen, you're already halfway there—the components of your computer
are working enough to get an image on the screen.

BIOS VALUES
Your laptop may be fighting the BIOS settings when powering on. Resetting these settings to their
defaults rids any unwanted boot settings.

 To return the BIOS to its default values, press the power button on the laptop and tap the F2
key repeatedly until you see Setup on the screen.
 On some models, you will need to use a different key (ESC, delete, etc.) to get into the BIOS
settings.

FAULTY HARDWARE
ePSA, or Enhanced Pre-Boot System Assessment, is where you can run diagnostic tests. This will give
you a detailed report of hardware issues to narrow your issue down.

 Power on the laptop and press the F12 key repeatedly.

 If this doesn’t work, hold the fn (function) key while pressing the power button.
 From the options select Diagnostics using the arrow keys.

SOFTWARE BOOT FAILURE

Computers may try to boot from a USB flash drive or DVD depending on the BIOS order. Removing
all peripherals forces the computer to focus on the boot files on the main hard drive.

 Remove any USBs or DVDs that may be preventing the normal boot process.
 If your laptop is having trouble booting to Windows, run Diagnostics by pressing the F12 key
repeatedly as you press the power button.

If you are using Windows, boot into Safe Mode to troubleshoot the issue.

 Hold the power button for 10 seconds to power off the laptop to boot into Safe Mode. Press
the power button to start the laptop. Do this 2 more times to get Windows to boot into a
recovery environment.
 You will see Choose an option at the top of the page. Navigate using the arrow keys to
Troubleshoot > Advanced options > Startup Settings > Restart.
 Windows will restart and show a menu of options. Choose Safe Mode with Networking. We
need to boot into Safe Mode because it uses a basic driver and will let us view the screen if it
is a software issue.

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 From here, you should be able to uninstall the corrupt graphics drivers and reboot the
computer back to regular Windows.
 The boot partition might have been corrupted. If Safe Mode does not work, Windows will
need to be installed again.

CORRUPTED OPERATING SYSTEM

This often happens when running or setting up a dual boot system, when malware is installed on the
computer, or when vital files are tampered with. Since the process varies depending on the type of
OS and the version you're running, you might need to find additional resources specific to your OS.
There's often an option to restore the software from the BIOS menu, but if not the process will
probably consist of reloading the OS to your storage drive.

CORRUPTED STORAGE DRIVE

If you continue to experience problems and aren't able to load a fresh install of your operating
system, or if you are getting a "No Bootable Device" or "Operating System Not Found" error on the
BIOS screen, the problem likely resonates from your storage device.

You can try reformatting the drive to start, but you'll need to remove it from the computer, mount it
to a functioning computer, and use Disk Management to reformat the drive. Then you'll want to
install a new Windows partition on the drive before reinstalling it in your laptop.

If reformatting doesn't work, you can replace the drive with a new one. Navigate to the page for
your model of Laptop to find a hard drive or solid state drive replacement guide that works for you.
If you can't find your particular model, following a guide for a similar model may still be able to help
you with the process.

For more information on common issues and troubleshooting approach visit the URL mentioned
below:
https://www.ifixit.com/Troubleshooting/PC_Laptop/Laptop+Will+Not+Turn+On/505262
https://www.ifixit.com/

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