TOPIC: To determine which

Antacid could neutralize

the most Stomach Acid.

NAME:

CLASS: SECTION: ROLL.NO:

SCHOOL:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge deep sense of

gratitude to my respected chemistry
teacher
for his valuable guidance and
encouragement.

I am grateful to
, respected principle for his
appreciation in this project.
 Candidate’s
Signature

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that

of class XII C has prepared his project (To Determine which
Antacid could Neutralize the most Stomach Acid) sincerely
and successfully under the guidance of chemistry teacher
 Teacher’s
Signature

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this
project has been done under
the proper guidance of our
chemistry teacher
and lab assistant without
any manipulation.
 Student’s Signature
Teacher’s signature

AIM: To Determine which Antacid could

Neutralize the most Stomach Acid.

INDEX
1. Objective
2. Introduction
3. Acids
4. Stomach Acid
5. Some foods containing acids
 6. Antacid
7. Action mechanism
8. Indication
9. Side Effects
10. Problems with reduced stomach acidity
11. Experiment Design
12. Material Required
13. Procedure
14. Observation And Calculation
15. Result
16. Precautions
17. Bibliography

1. OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this experiment was to
determine which antacid could neutralize the
most stomach acid. I became interested in
this idea when I saw some experiments on
medicines and wanted to find out some
scientific facts about medicines. The
information gained from this experiment will
help people know which antacid they should
look for in the stores. It will also let them
know which antacid will give them the most
comfort. This could also save consumers
money and provide better health.
 2. INTRODUCTION
Digestion in the stomach results from the
action of gastric fluid, which includes
secretions of digestive enzymes, mucous,
and hydrochloric acid. The acidic
environment of the stomach makes it
possible for inactive forms of digestive
enzymes to be converted into active forms
(i.e. pepsinogen into pepsin), and acid is also
needed to dissolve minerals and kill bacteria
that may enter the stomach along with food.
However, excessive acid production
(hyperacidity) results in the unpleasant
symptoms of heartburn and may contribute
to ulcer formation in the stomach lining.
Antacids are weak bases (most commonly
bicarbonates, hydroxides, and carbonates)
that neutralize excess stomach acid and thus
alleviate symptoms of heartburn. The general
neutralization reaction is:
Antacid (weak base) + HCl (stomach acid) —› salts + H2O + CO2

The hydrochloric acid solution used in this

experiment (0.1 M) approximates the acid
conditions of the human stomach, which is typically
0.4 to 0.5% HCl by mass (pH~ 1).Antacids help
people who have or get heartburn. The following
information will help people understand how
stomach acid works and what antacid will help
those most.

3. ACIDS
Acids are a group of chemicals, usually in
liquid form. They can be recognized by their
sour taste and their ability to react with
other substances. Acids are confirmed as an
acid by their pH. The pH of acids ranges from
0-6.9 (below 7). The two main acids are:
mineral acid and organic acid. The three well
known acids that are sulphuric acid (H2SO4),
nitric acid (HNO3), and hydrochloric acid
(HCl).

4. STOMACH ACID
Stomach acid is very dangerous. If a person was to
have an ulcer and the stomach acid was to escape
it would irritate their other organs. Stomach acid is
highly acidic and has a pH of 1.6. Stomach acid is
hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach. If there
is too much stomach acid it can cause heartburn.
Heartburn is when stomach acid is produced in
abnormal amounts or location. One of the
symptoms of heartburn is a burning feeling in the
chest or abdomen.

5. SOME FOODS CONTAINING

ACIDS
Almost all foods and drinks and even medicines
have ingredients that are different acids. Here are
some examples: Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid),
Orange Juice (ascorbic acid/Vitamin C), Sour Milk
(lactic acid), Soda Water (carbonic acid), Vinegar
(acetic acid), Apples (malic acid), and Spinach
(oxalic acid).

6. ANTACID
An antacid is any substance that can neutralize an
acid. All antacids are bases. A base is any
substance that can neutralize an acid. The pH of a
base is 7.1-14(above 7). All antacids have chemical
in them called a buffer. When an antacid is mixed
with an acid the buffer tries to even out the acidity
and that is how stomach acid gets neutralized. In
an antacid it is not the name brand that tells how
well it works it is something called an active
ingredient. Not all antacids have a different active
ingredient. Some have one of the same active
ingredients and some have all of the same active
ingredients. Almost all the antacids that have the
same active ingredient work the same amount as
the other. The active ingredient of most of the
antacids is bases of calcium, magnesium,
aluminum.

7. ACTION MECHANISM
Antacids perform neutralization reaction, i.e. they
buffer gastric acid, raising the pH to reduce acidity
in the stomach. When gastric hydrochloric acid
reaches the nerves in the gastrointestinal mucosa,
they signal pain to the central nervous system.
This happens when these nerves are exposed, as in
peptic ulcers. The gastric acid may also reach
ulcers in the esophagus or the duodenum. Other
mechanisms may contribute, such as the effect of
aluminum ions inhibiting smooth muscle cell
contraction and delaying gastric emptying.
Antacids are commonly used to help neutralize
stomach acid. Antacids are bases with a pH above
7.0 that chemically react with acids to neutralize
them. The action of antacids is based on the fact
that a base reacts with acid to form salt and water.

8. INDICATIONS
Antacids are taken by mouth to relieve heartburn,
the major symptom of gastro esophageal reflux
disease, or acid indigestion. Treatment with
antacids alone is symptotic and only justified for
minor symptoms. Peptic ulcers may require H2-
receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors. The
usefulness of many combinations of antacids is not
clear, although the combination of magnesium and
aluminum salts may prevent alteration of bowel
habits.

9.SIDE EFFECTS
Aluminium hydroxide: may lead to the formation of
insoluble aluminium phosphate complexes, with a
risk for hypophosphate and osteomalacia. Although
aluminium has a low gastrointestinal absorption,
accumulation may occur in the presence of renal
insufficiency. Aluminium containing drugs may
cause constipation. Magnesium hydroxide: has a
laxative property. Magnesium may accumulate in
patients with renal failure leading to hypo
magnesia, with cardiovascular and neurological
complications. Calcium: compounds containing
calcium may increase calcium output in the urine,
which might be associated to renal stones. Calcium
salts may cause constipation. Carbonate: regular
high doses may cause alkalosis, which in turn may
result in altered excretion of other drugs, and
kidney stones.

10.PROBLEMS WITH REDUCED

STOMACH ACIDITY
Reduced stomach acidity may result in an impaired
ability to digest and absorb certain nutrients, such
as iron and the B vitamins. Since the low pH of the
stomach normally kills ingested bacteria, antacids
increase the vulnerability to infection. It could also
result in the reduced bioavailability of some drugs.
For example, the bioavailability of ketocanazole
(antifungal), is reduced at high intragastric pH (low
acid content).

11.EXPERIMENT DESIGN

The constants in this study were:

- Type of acid
- Consistency of procedures

The variables in the study were:

-Different types of antacid used

The responding variable was:

- The amount of stomach acid each antacid
could neutralize measured in ml.
 12.MATERIAL REQUIRED
Burette, pipette, titration flask, measuring
flask, beaker, weighing machine,
concentrated sulphuric acid, methyl orange,
antacid samples.

13.PROCEDURE
i. Prepare half litre of N/10 HCl solution by
diluting 10 ml of the concentrated acid to
1 litre.

ii. Prepare N/10 sodium carbonate solution

by weighing exactly 1.325 g of anhydrous
sodium carbonate and then dissolving it
in water to prepare exactly 0.25 litre of
solution.

iii.Standardize the HCl solution by titrating

it against the standard sodium carbonate
solution using methyl orange as indicator.
iv. Take 20 ml of standardized HCl in the
conical flask, use methyl orange as
indicator and see the amount of base
used for
v. Neutralization.

vi. Powder the various sample of antacids

tablets and weigh 10 mg of each.
vii. Take 20 ml of standardized HCl solution in
the conical flask; add the weighed
samples to it.

viii. Add two drops of methyl orange and

warm the flask till most of the powder
dissolves. Filter off the insoluble material.

ix. Titrate the solution against the

standardized Na2CO3 solution till a
permanent red tinge appears.

x. Note the amount of base used for

titration and note the reduction in the
amount of base used.

xi. Repeat the experiment with different

antacids.
14.OBSERVATIONS AND
CALCULATIONS
1. Standardization of HCl solution Volume of
N/10 sodium carbonate solution taken=20.0 ml

S. No. Initial burette Final burette Volume of

readings readings acid used (in
ml)
1 0.0 ml 15 ml 15.0
2 0.0 ml 14 ml 14.0
3 0.0 ml 15 ml 15.0
Concordant reading=15.0 ml

Applying normality equation

N1V1 (acid) = N2V2 (base)

N1 (15) = (1/10) 20

Normality of HCl solution, N1 = 0.133 N

2. Neutralization of standardized HCl solution

used

Volume of HCl taken = 20.0ml

S. No. Initial burette Final burette Volume of HCl

reading reading used (in ml)
1 0.00ml 26.6ml 26.6
2 0.00ml 26.5ml 26.6
3 0.00ml 26.6ml 26.6

Concordant reading = 26.6 ml

3. Analysis of antacid tablets

Weight of the antacid tablet powder = 10g volume of HCl

solution added – 20.0 ml
SL. Antacid Initial reading of Final reading of Volume of
NO burette Burette Na2CO3
(ml) (ml) (ml)
1 GELUSIL 0.0 15 15
2 ACILOC 150 0.0 22 22
3 FANTAC 20 0.0 25 25
4 PANTOP 20 0.0 20 20
5 OCID 10 0.0 7 7

15. RESULT
The most effective antacid out of the taken samples is Ocid
10.

16. PRECAUTIONS
All apparatus should be clean and washed properly.

Burette and pipette must be rinsed with the respective

solution to be put in them.
Air bubbles must be removed from the burette and jet.

Last drop from the pipette should not be removed by

blowing.

The flask should not be rinsed with any of the solution,

which is being titrated.

17. Bibliography

1.Wikipedia -the free encyclopedia.

2.Ncert Text Book.

3. Digestive care book by Brenda Watson.

4.Comprehensive Practical Chemistry -12