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Introduction of DBMS (Database
Management System)
Last Updated : 02 Sep, 2024


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A database is a collection of interrelated data that helps in the
efficient retrieval, insertion, and deletion of data from the database
and organizes the data in the form of tables, views, schemas,
reports, etc. For Example, a university database organizes the data
about students, faculty, admin staff, etc. which helps in the efficient
retrieval, insertion, and deletion of data from it.
What is DBMS?
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software system that
is designed to manage and organize data in a structured manner. It
allows users to create, modify, and query a database, as well as
manage the security and access controls for that database. DBMS
provides an environment to store and retrieve data in convenient
and efficient manner.
Key Features of DBMS
 Data modeling: A DBMS provides tools for creating and
modifying data models, which define the structure and
relationships of the data in a database.
 Data storage and retrieval: A DBMS is responsible for
storing and retrieving data from the database, and can provide
various methods for searching and querying the data.
 Concurrency control: A DBMS provides mechanisms for
controlling concurrent access to the database, to ensure that
multiple users can access the data without conflicting with
each other.
 Data integrity and security: A DBMS provides tools for
enforcing data integrity and security constraints, such as
constraints on the values of data and access controls that
restrict who can access the data.
 Backup and recovery: A DBMS provides mechanisms for
backing up and recovering the data in the event of a system
failure.
  DBMS can be classified into two types: Relational
Database Management System (RDBMS) and Non-Relational
Database Management System (NoSQL or Non-SQL)
 RDBMS: Data is organized in the form of tables and each
table has a set of rows and columns. The data are related to
each other through primary and foreign keys.
 NoSQL: Data is organized in the form of key-value pairs,
documents, graphs, or column-based. These are designed to
handle large-scale, high-performance scenarios.
Types of DBMS
1. Relational Database Management System
(RDBMS): Data is organized into tables (relations) with rows
and columns, and the relationships between the data are
managed through primary and foreign keys. SQL (Structured
Query Language) is used to query and manipulate the data.
2. NoSQL DBMS: Designed for high-performance scenarios
and large-scale data, NoSQL databases store data in various
non-relational formats such as key-value pairs, documents,
graphs, or columns.
3. Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS): Stores data as
objects, similar to those used in object-oriented
programming, allowing for complex data representations
and relationships
Database Languages
 Data Definition Language
 Data Manipulation Language
 Data Control Language
 Transactional Control Language
Data Definition Language (DDL)
DDL is the short name for Data Definition Language, which deals
with database schemas and descriptions, of how the data should
reside in the database.
 CREATE: to create a database and its objects like (table,
index, views, store procedure, function, and triggers)
 ALTER: alters the structure of the existing database
 DROP: delete objects from the database
 TRUNCATE: remove all records from a table, including all
spaces allocated for the records are removed
 COMMENT: add comments to the data dictionary
 RENAME: rename an object
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
DML is the short name for Data Manipulation Language which deals
with data manipulation and includes most common SQL statements
such SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, etc., and it is used to store,
modify, retrieve, delete and update data in a database. Data query
language(DQL) is the subset of “Data Manipulation Language”.
The most common command of DQL is SELECT statement. SELECT
statement help on retrieving the data from the table without
changing anything in the table.
 SELECT: retrieve data from a database
 INSERT: insert data into a table
 UPDATE: updates existing data within a table
 DELETE: Delete all records from a database table
 MERGE: UPSERT operation (insert or update)
 CALL: call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
 EXPLAIN PLAN: interpretation of the data access path
 LOCK TABLE: concurrency Control
Data Control Language (DCL)
DCL is short for Data Control Language which acts as an access
specifier to the database.(basically to grant and revoke permissions
to users in the database
 GRANT: grant permissions to the user for running
DML(SELECT, INSERT, DELETE,…) commands on the table
 REVOKE: revoke permissions to the user for running
DML(SELECT, INSERT, DELETE,…) command on the specified
table
Transactional Control Language (TCL)
TCL is short for Transactional Control Language which acts as an
manager for all types of transactional data and all transactions.
Some of the command of TCL are
 Roll Back: Used to cancel or Undo changes made in the
database
 Commit: It is used to apply or save changes in the database
 Save Point: It is used to save the data on the temporary basis
in the database
Data Query Language (DQL)
Data query language(DQL) is the subset of “Data Manipulation
Language”. The most common command of DQL is 1the SELECT
statement. SELECT statement helps us in retrieving the data from
the table without changing anything or modifying the table. DQL is
very important for retrieval of essential data from a database.
Paradigm Shift from File System to DBMS
File System manages data using files on a hard disk. Users are
allowed to create, delete, and update the files according to their
requirements. Let us consider the example of file-based University
Management System. Data of students is available to their
respective Departments, Academics Section, Result Section,
Accounts Section, Hostel Office, etc. Some of the data is common for
all sections like Roll No, Name, Father Name, Address, and Phone
number of students but some data is available to a particular
section only like Hostel allotment number which is a part of the
hostel office. Let us discuss the issues with this system:
 Redundancy of data: Data is said to be redundant if the
same data is copied at many places. If a student wants to
change their Phone number, he or she has to get it updated in
various sections. Similarly, old records must be deleted from
all sections representing that student.
 Inconsistency of Data: Data is said to be inconsistent if
multiple copies of the same data do not match each other. If
the Phone number is different in Accounts Section and
Academics Section, it will be inconsistent. Inconsistency may
be because of typing errors or not updating all copies of the
same data.
 Difficult Data Access: A user should know the exact location
of the file to access data, so the process is very cumbersome
and tedious. If the user wants to search the student hostel
allotment number of a student from 10000 unsorted students’
records, how difficult it can be.
 Unauthorized Access: File Systems may lead to
unauthorized access to data. If a student gets access to a file
having his marks, he can change it in an unauthorized way.
 No Concurrent Access: The access of the same data by
multiple users at the same time is known as concurrency. The
file system does not allow concurrency as data can be
accessed by only one user at a time.
 No Backup and Recovery: The file system does not
incorporate any backup and recovery of data if a file is lost or
corrupted.
These are the main reasons which made a shift from file system to
DBMS. Also See, Advantages of DBMS over File System
Advantages of DBMS
 Data organization: A DBMS allows for the organization and
storage of data in a structured manner, making it easy to
retrieve and query the data as needed.
 Data integrity: A DBMS provides mechanisms for enforcing
data integrity constraints, such as constraints on the values of
data and access controls that restrict who can access the data.
 Concurrent access: A DBMS provides mechanisms for
controlling concurrent access to the database, to ensure that
multiple users can access the data without conflicting with
each other.
 Data security: A DBMS provides tools for managing the
security of the data, such as controlling access to the data and
encrypting sensitive data.
 Backup and recovery: A DBMS provides mechanisms for
backing up and recovering the data in the event of a system
failure.
 Data sharing: A DBMS allows multiple users to access and
share the same data, which can be useful in a collaborative
work environment.
Disadvantages of DBMS
 Complexity: DBMS can be complex to set up and maintain,
requiring specialized knowledge and skills.
 Performance overhead: The use of a DBMS can add
overhead to the performance of an application, especially in
cases where high levels of concurrency are required.
 Scalability: The use of a DBMS can limit the scalability of an
application, since it requires the use of locking and other
synchronization mechanisms to ensure data consistency.
 Cost: The cost of purchasing, maintaining and upgrading a
DBMS can be high, especially for large or complex systems.
 Limited Use Cases: Not all use cases are suitable for a
DBMS, some solutions don’t need high reliability, consistency
or security and may be better served by other types of data
storage.
Applications of DBMS
 Enterprise Information: Sales, accounting, human
resources, Manufacturing, online retailers.
 Banking and Finance Sector: Banks maintaining the
customer details, accounts, loans, banking transactions, credit
 card transactions. Finance: Storing the information about sales
and holdings, purchasing of financial stocks and bonds.
 University: Maintaining the information about student course
enrolled information, student grades, staff roles.
 Airlines: Reservations and schedules.
 Telecommunications: Prepaid, postpaid bills maintance.
Conclusion
A Database Management System (DBMS) is an essential tool for
efficiently managing, organizing, and retrieving large volumes of
data across various industries. Its ability to handle data securely,
ensure integrity, support concurrent access, and provide backup
and recovery options makes it indispensable for modern data-driven
applications. While DBMSs come with complexities and costs, their
benefits in terms of data management and security far outweigh the
challenges, making them a crucial component in any data-centric
environment
 Database Management System – Introduction | Set 2
 All DBMS Articles
 DBMS Quizzes

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Article Tags :
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