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Effect of Simplified Kundalini Yoga practices on Haematological and

Hormonal variables among medical Students

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 Biological Forum – An International Journal 15(5): 1097-1102(2023)

ISSN No. (Print): 0975-1130

ISSN No. (Online): 2249-3239
Effect of Simplified Kundalini Yoga practices on Haematological and Hormonal
variables among medical Students
Vajiravelu Suganthi1, Panneerselvam Periasamy2*, Arumugam Chandrabose3 and Sasikala Gunasekaran4
1
Department of Physiology, Vinayaka Mission's Kirupananda Variyar Medical College & Hospital, Vinayaka
Mission’s Research Foundation(DU), Salem (Tamil Nadu), India.
2
Research Scholar in Medical Physiology,
Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem (Tamilnadu), India.
3
Department of Physiology, Government Erode Medical College, Perundurai, Erode (Tamilnadu), India.
4
Department of Nursing, Government Erode Medical College Hospital, Perundurai, Erode (Tamilnadu), India.
(Corresponding Author: Panneerselvam Periasamy*)
(Received: 06 March 2023; Revised: 12 April 2023; Accepted: 19 April 2023; Published: 20 May 2023)
(Published by Research Trend)
ABSTRACT: Stress can have a bad impact on one's physical and mental health, causing unpleasant
symptoms including headaches, anxiety, and despair. A curriculum that supports a student's total wellness,
encompassing their mental, physical, social, and moral qualities, is thought to be essential. Such a strategy is
anticipated to have positive outcomes over the course of their career. The purpose of the study was to find
out the effect of simplified kundalini yoga practices on haematological and hormonal variables among
medical students of a tertiary care setting. After taking necessary ethical committee permissions from an
institution of a tertiary care setting, 120 students were chosen through purposive sampling method and were
divided into two 60-membered groups. All the students who accepted to be a part of this study aged greater
than 18 years were included in the study. Those who denied consent to be a part of this study were excluded
from the study. Simplified Kundalini Yoga (SKY) included Simplified Physical Exercises, Kayakalpa Yoga
Exercises, Simplified Kundalini Meditation and Introspection. The subjects were free to withdraw their
consent in case of feeling any discomfort during the period of their participation but there was no dropout
during the study. 53.33% (n=32) of the study participants in the yoga group constituted females, whereas
55% of the control group (n=33) were females. 73.33% (n=44) of the yoga group participants were in the age
group of 20-21 years, whereas 68.33% of the control group participants were in the age group of 20-21 years.
The study results indicate that SKY program could be a feasible and acceptable strategy among the students
of both medical and non-medical background in maintaining the overall health.
Keywords: Kundalini Yoga, Haematological variables, Hormonal variables.

INTRODUCTION to be essential. Such a strategy is anticipated to have

positive outcomes over the course of their career
Globally, the prevalence of psychological stress among
(Muradyan et al., 2022). Yogiraj Vethathiri Maharishi
both medical and non-medical students have been
developed Simplified Kundalini Yoga (SKY), a
increasing. Stress can have a bad impact on one's
physical, mental, and spiritual discipline, to help people
physical and mental health, causing unpleasant
build strength, awareness, character, and consciousness
symptoms including headaches, anxiety, and despair
(Vethathiri Maharishi, 2012). Simplified Kundalini
(Eva et al., 2015). However, stress is a complex
Yoga consists of Introspection, Kayakalpa Yoga
phenomenon that requires a multifaceted response. The
Exercises, Simplified Kundalini Meditation, and
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and the
Simplified Physical Exercises. The benefit of
autonomic nerve system (ANS) are the two main
performing easy workouts on a daily basis is that every
branches that make up the physiological response to
body part, from head to toe, becomes healthy (Garcia-
stress (Smith et al., 2006). Adrenergic hormones are
Sesnich et al., 2017). The endocrine glands' functioning
released right away by the sympathetic nervous system
is in harmony, which improves both physical and
portion of the ANS. The HPA axis facilitates a delayed
mental wellness. The progressive eradication of
response that is sustained over time by secreting
diseases is accomplished by raising immunity by
glucocorticoids as cortisol (Herman et al., 2016). It has
immune enhancing exercises like these.
been established that cortisol and adrenergic hormones
Stress is a natural human response to physical and
are accurate indicators of the functioning of the stress-
mental adversities or difficulties. Most people
related physiological systems. A curriculum that
experience various degrees of stress during their
supports a student's total wellness, encompassing their
lifetime. However, the response to stress decides a
mental, physical, social, and moral qualities, is thought
person's overall well-being and state of happiness.
Suganthi et al., Biological Forum – An International Journal 15(5): 1097-1102(2023) 1097
Excessive stress causes physical and mental illness. The potential mechanism behind the cause of
Stress in a person may present as altered emotional haematological disorders during stress can be depicted
status, anxiety, irritability, difficulty to concentrating, in Fig. 1.
sadness, and depression, among others. Although stress
appears to be a common phenomenon in the modern
day, it appears to be increasingly affecting students
pursuing professional degrees like the Bachelor of
Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). In a recent
study among medical students who were assessed based
on the perceived stress scale, it was observed that more
than 96% of them suffered from moderate to severe
stress. Interestingly, this study and a recent one from
Syria noticed that the stress trigger was mostly
academic nature than other factors like environment,
and pandemic (Al-Rouq et al., 2022; Al Houri et al.,
2023). Severe stress levels were noticed in 25% of Fig. 1. The mechanism involved in the development of
medical students as reported by a Saudi Arabian study. haematological disorders.
Additionally, female gender and physical health were The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of
found associated with stress among medical students simplified kundalini yoga practices on haematological
(Abdulghani et al., 2011). and hormonal variables among medical and non-
Management of stress appears to be an integral part of medical students of a tertiary care setting.
education and practice of medicine as observed by a
recent suggestion to integrate undergraduate medical MATERIALS AND METHODS
education with yoga. This was inevitable since This study has been undertaken as quasi-experimental
prolonged stress could predispose medical professionals research, wherein 120 medical and non-medical
to burnout and dissatisfaction (Pitta et al., 2022). students were divided randomly into two groups, one
Meditation, yoga, and pranayama were found to be experimental and one control group and studied
increasingly effective in alleviating stress among prospectively. After taking necessary ethical committee
medical students. Additionally, meditation was permissions from an institution of a tertiary care setting,
comparatively more effective than yoga and pranayama 120 students were chosen through purposive sampling
in controlling stress among medical students (Sunita, et method and were divided into two 60-membered
al., 2022). A recent study that assessed the role of stress groups. All the students who accepted to be a part of
and its relationship with the performance of medical this study aged greater than 18 years were included in
students in the United States medical schools the study. Those who denied consent to be a part of this
recommended the integration of yoga with the course of study were excluded from the study. Simplified
study (Horiuchi, et al., 2022). Reduction in the levels of Kundalini Yoga included Simplified Physical
stress was noticed among the students pursuing Exercises, Kayakalpa Yoga Exercises, Simplified
professional courses like the Doctor of Pharmacy Kundalini Meditation and Introspection. The sixty
program after a non-pharmacological six-week yoga members to whom the SKY intervention was given,
and meditation activity (Lemay, et al., 2019). were termed as test group and in the other sixty
Students who suffer from stress could be predisposed to members where there is no intervention given were
an increase in the concentration of white blood cells termed as control group. Pre-test was conducted by
and a decrease in red blood cell counts. The mechanism collected the parameters including physiological
behind such haematological abnormalities is the release components like body mass index (BMI), heart rate and
of reactive oxygen species causing oxidative stress. blood pressure, haematological components like
Oxidative stress could harm the whole body including haemoglobin, complete blood cell count, erythrocyte
the brain and gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, it was sedimentation rate, lipid profile, blood sugar, and
noted that stress could impact the brain-gut axis and HbA1C, selected hormonal component including serum
gut-brain axis (Al-Hatamleh, et al., 2017). Not only cortisol hormone level. The experimental group had
mental stress, but even physical stress was also undergone the training program under the supervision
responsible for the development of hematological of the investigator. The subjects have been carefully
abnormalities. In previous research among bakers who monitored and questioned about their health status
were exposed constantly to heat, it was observed that throughout the training period. The control group were
stress markers like malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric not given any treatment apart from their regular routine.
oxide (NO), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were Further, all the participants have been instructed neither
influencing the hematological parameters like mean cell to change their life style nor to change their dietary
volume (MCV), white blood cell (WBC) count, mean intake for the entire duration of the training.
cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red blood cell Regularity has been monitored by the research
(RBC) count, WBC count, lymphocyte counts, personnel both by checking attendance (yoga
hemoglobin concentration, and platelet counts (Gharibi monitoring sheet) and follow-up calls. The SKY
et al., 2020; Al-Otaibi et al., 2022). training was given for seven days to the test group.
After training, SKY was practiced as two sessions a
Suganthi et al., Biological Forum – An International Journal 15(5): 1097-1102(2023) 1098
day, for 60 minutes in the morning and 35 minutes in SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. Armonk,
the evening. The SKY practice was done for six days NY: IBM Corp.
per week, totally for a period of 4 weeks. After the four
RESULTS
weeks of yoga practice, post-test has been conducted by
recording physiological components like BMI, heart 120 students of both medical and non-medical
rate and blood pressure, haematological components backgrounds were included in the study, where 60
like haemoglobin, complete blood cell count, students constituted the yoga group and 60 students
erythrocyte sedimentation rate, lipid profile, blood constituted the control group. 53.33% (n=32) of the
sugar, and HbA1C, and selected hormonal component, study participants in the yoga group constituted
serum cortisol hormone level. All these tested females, whereas 55% of the control group (n=33) were
parameters were recorded and entered into Microsoft females. 73.33% (n=44) of the yoga group participants
Excel for further analysis. were in the age group of 20-21 years, whereas 68.33%
Statistical Analysis. The categorical data like the of the control group participants were in the age group
demographic variables were presented in frequencies of 20-21 years (Table 1). The cholesterol levels
with their percentages. The haematological, hormonal decreased from 151.08+1.03 to 127.08+17.75. In yoga
and sociological variables were given in mean and group, a statistically significant difference between pre-
standard deviation. Similarity of the demographic test and post-test score was observed among the blood
distribution among the test and control was assessed by parameters like High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Total
Chi square test. Quantitative variables difference Cholesterol, amylase and blood urea, which was
between test and control group was assessed using calculated using student paired t- test (Table 2). There
Mann whitney U-test (non-parametric) and Student was no statistically significant difference among the
independent t-test (parametric). Qualitative variables blood parameters between pre-test and post-test score in
difference between experiment and control was the control group (Table 3). The cortisol levels have
assessed using Chi square test. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was decreased from 17.06+0.86 to 12.82+0.79 in the yoga
considered statistically significant, and two-tailed tests group after the yoga practise. There is a statistically
will be used for testing the significance. Statistical significant difference (p value: 0.001) of cortisol levels
analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package between pre-test and post-test in the yoga group but it
for Social Sciences IBM Corp. Released 2016. IBM was not observed in the control group (Table 4).

Table 1: Sociodemographic variables of study participants.

Group
Demographic variables Yoga group (n=60) Control group (n=60)
N % N %
Male 28 41.67% 27 45%
Gender
Female 32 53.33% 33 55%
19 years 9 15% 10 16.67%
20 years 20 33.33% 19 31.67%
Age
21 years 24 40% 22 36.66%
22 years 7 11.66% 9 15%
Medical 30 50% 30 50%
Course of Study
Non-Medical 30 50% 30 50%
First year 18 30% 19 31.67%
Year of study Second year 25 41.67% 27 45%
Third year 17 28.33% 14 23.33%
Urban 35 58.33% 37 61.67%
Place of living
Rural 25 41.67% 23 28.33%

Table 2: Comparison of Pre-test and Post-test haematological parameters in the Yoga group.
Group
Student independent t-
Pre-test Post-test
test
Mean SD Mean SD
Blood urea mg/dl 21.33 3.87 14.25 1.71 t=7.95 p=0.001*** (HS)
Amylase U/L 34.92 5.79 26.08 3.26 t=7.11 p=0.001*** (HS)
Total cholesterol mg/dl 151.08 21.03 127.08 17.75 t=4.64 p=0.001*** (HS)
HDL mg/dl 53.08 5.50 47.17 5.41 t=5.29 p=0.001*** (HS)
Triglyceride mg/dl 148.58 40.88 118.83 61.78 t=1.78 p=0.10 (NS)
LDL mg/dl 74.08 16.57 61.17 12.06 t=2.00 p=0.07 (NS)
VLDL mg/dl 33.75 11.19 23.08 10.50 t=3.40 p=0.01** (S)
Fasting Blood Sugar mg/dl 88.83 8.82 73.83 4.28 t=7.27 p=0.001*** (HS)
HbA1c % 5.10 .44 4.61 .46 t=3.58 p=0.01** (S)

Suganthi et al., Biological Forum – An International Journal 15(5): 1097-1102(2023) 1099

 Average blood glucose level
106.00 13.44 91.42 9.81 t=4.58 p=0.001*** (HS)
mg/dl
ESR mm/hr 15.17 4.02 15.75 5.75 t=0.31 p=0.76 (NS)
WBC 10^9/L 8.28 1.22 8.29 2.41 t=0.02 p=0.98 (NS)
Lymphocyte % 38.19 6.34 37.53 6.85 t=0.58 p=0.57 (NS)
GRAN % 59.40 5.78 57.23 7.19 t=2.46 p=0.03* (S)
RBC 10^12/L 5.09 .42 4.93 .37 t=1.61 p=0.13 (NS)
HGB g/dl 14.52 .77 13.94 1.08 t=1.77 p=0.10 (NS)
HCT % 47.14 3.20 46.79 3.11 t=1.00 p=0.33 (NS)
MCV fL 95.74 3.68 95.25 5.31 t=0.74 p=0.48 (NS)
MCH pg 29.10 1.63 28.30 1.76 t=2.35 p=0.05* (S)
MCHC g/dl 29.83 .72 29.66 .66 t=0.84 p=0.41 (NS)
PLT 10^9/L 294.17 60.92 304.50 70.65 t=10.87 p=0.001*** (HS)
* (S): significant, *** (HS)- highly significant, NS- no significant
Table 3: Comparison of Pre-test and Post-test haematological parameters in the Control group.
Group
Pre-test Post-test Student paired t-test
Mean SD Mean SD
Blood urea mg/dl 21.92 1.71 20.83 2.72 t=1.93 p=0.06 (NS)
Amylase U/L 36.08 3.26 35.75 4.92 t=1.06 p=0.33 (NS)
Total cholesterol mg/dl 157.67 17.75 155.83 16.69 t=1.56 p=0.13 (NS)
HDL mg/dl 51.83 5.41 51.17 7.02 t=1.23 p=0.24 (NS)
Triglyceride mg/dl 159.75 61.78 153.83 26.77 t=1.65 p=0.12 (NS)
LDL mg/dl 78.58 12.06 76.83 12.71 t=1.60 p=0.14 (NS)
VLDL mg/dl 37.25 10.50 35.67 7.24 t=1.70 p=0.13 (NS)
Fasting Blood Sugar mg/dl 90.83 4.28 88.17 5.97 t=1.76 p=0.12 (NS)
HbA1c % 5.20 .46 5.08 .36 t=2.03 p=0.06 (NS)
Average blood glucose level mg/dl 108.50 9.81 106.67 11.40 t=2.01 p=0.06 (NS)
ESR mm/hr 17.50 5.75 16.92 4.12 t=1.20 p=0.25 (NS)
WBC 10^9/L 8.63 2.41 8.66 1.94 t=1.00 p=0.33 (NS)
Lymphocyte % 37.70 6.85 37.13 7.05 t=1.04 p=0.11 (NS)
GRAN % 57.39 7.19 57.20 6.97 t=0.91 p=0.39 (NS)
RBC 10^12/L 4.94 .37 4.73 .45 t=1.95 p=0.06 (NS)
HGB g/dl 13.98 1.08 13.50 1.00 t=1.03 p=0.31 (NS)
HCT % 46.85 3.11 46.39 2.85 t=0.32 p=0.74 (NS)
MCV fL 95.41 5.31 95.25 5.23 t=0.04 p=0.97 (NS)
MCH pg 28.47 1.76 28.33 1.61 t=1.35 p=0.20 (NS)
MCHC g/dl 29.66 .66 29.75 .45 t=0.40 p=0.70 (NS)
PLT 10^9/L 308.67 70.65 306.42 68.09 t=1.07 p=0.32 (NS)
NS- no significant

Table 4: Comparison of Pre-test and Post-test cortisol levels among study participants.
Group
Student independent t-
Serum cortisol Pre-test Post-test
test
Mean SD Mean SD
t=16.39 p=0.001***
Yoga group 17.06 0.86 12.82 0.79
(HS)
Control group 16.58 1.19 15.92 1.27 t=1.90 p=0.06 (NS)
*** (HS)- highly significant, NS- no significant
DISCUSSION thyroidal hormones, and prolactin, among others.
Additionally, the abnormalities of such hormones could
This study evaluated the effect of the SKY on the
predispose people to long-term diseases like Grave’s
haematological and cortisol levels among the
disease, and obesity among others including adverse
undergraduate students. Stress has been found to
effects on sexual health (Ranabir and Reetu 2011).
influence hormones like growth hormones, cortisol,
Additionally, examination stress among academic
vasopressin, gonadotropins, adrenaline, insulin,
Suganthi et al., Biological Forum – An International Journal 15(5): 1097-1102(2023) 1100
students was noted to alter blood pressure, dysphoria, FUTURE SCOPE
social withdrawal, and altered physiological status axis
The findings of this study proved that isolated SKY
(Koudela-Hamila et al., 2022). Alternatively, it was
yogic practices significantly altered selected
demonstrated that physical activity, and stress
haematological and hormonal variables among medical
hormones (cortisol, serotonin) were influencing the
and non-medical college students. In view of the
academic performances of students (Alghadir et al.,
existing knowledge and yoga being a cost-effective
2020). The effects of stress hormones and the
technique without side effects, it appears appropriate to
mechanisms of their excessive secretion can be
incorporate yoga/meditation for primary and secondary
depicted in Fig. 2.
prevention of stress and enhance mental health.
Acknowledgment. We sincerely thank each and every one of
the participants for taking the time to complete our study. The
authors thank the Government Erode Medical College and
Hospital, Perundurai, and Vinayaka Mission's Kirupananda
Variyar Medical College & Hospitals, Salem, Tamil Nadu, for
providing the necessary facilities.
Conflict of Interest. Nil
Author’s Contribution. Vajiravelu Suganthi:
Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Project administration,
Fig. 2. Mechanism depicting the role of stress in Writing-original draft, Validation, Investigation. and drafted
hormonal disturbances. the manuscript. Panneerselvam Periyasamy:
Conceptualization, Writing-review and editing, Formal
This study has observed significant reduction in lipid analysis, Validation, Investigation, Visualization and
parameters like Cholesterol and HDL among the yoga Performed data collection. Arumugam Chandrabose:
group, which was in accordance with a study by Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing-review and editing,
Shantakumari et al., 2013). While other researcher Validation, Resources. Sasikala Gunasekaran:
Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing-review and editing,
(Manchnada et al., 2000) noticed that yoga practise
Supervision.
induces a considerable reduction in free fatty acids, IEC APPROVAL – Institutional Ethics Committee Approval
LDL, and VLDL and an increase in HDL. Vyas et al., from Government Erode Medical College & Hospital
observed that yoga meditation practise lowers serum Perundurai obtained with vide reference IEC/001/GEMC&
cholesterol (Manchnada et al., 2000; Bijlani et al., H/2020 on 31.07.2020.
2005; Vyas et al., 2001). Hepatic lipase and lipoprotein
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How to cite this article: Vajiravelu Suganthi, Panneerselvam Periasamy, Arumugam Chandrabose and Sasikala Gunasekaran
(2023). Effect of Simplified Kundalini Yoga practices on Haematological and Hormonal variables among medical Students.
Biological Forum – An International Journal, 15(5): 1097-1102.

Suganthi et al., Biological Forum – An International Journal 15(5): 1097-1102(2023) 1102

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