DCIT 24 – INFORMATION  is information in perspective, integrated

into a viewpoint based on the

MANAGEMENT recognition and interpretation of patterns
LESSON 1: Management of Data,
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DATA,
Information, and Knowledge
INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
DATA  data provides building blocks for
information and
 It is the representation of facts.  information does so for knowledge
 it refers to sets of symbols (textual, visual,  knowledge facilitates creation of information
audio) that may have some generic from data;
meaning or no meaning.  new data changes information
 information in raw or unorganized form  new information changes knowledge
(such as alphabets, numbers, or symbols)
that refer to, or represent conditions, ideas TECHNOLOGY FOR MANAGING
or objects DATA/INFORMATION (DBMS MODELS)
 Structured
 databases HEIRACHICAL MODEL
 spreadsheet  tree like structure with a single root or
 Unstructured 'parent'
 forms
 images
 audios
 movies

INFORMATION
 refers to data with specific meaning
 Usually implies putting data in some context
(sentence, other data).
NETWORK MODEL
 Organize form of data
 more like a graph, have more than one
 data that have been processes so that they
parent node
are meaningful
 data that have been processed for purpose
 data that have been interpreted and
understood by recipient

KNOWLEDGE
 refers to interconnected information that
signifies what is/will be, why is/will be and
how to do.
 Or, WHAT: semantics (definition),
taxonomy (classification), episodic
(description), ontology (all of this and
analysis & synthesis) &
 HOW: procedural knowledge --how to ENTITY – RELATIONAL
do.  entity-or object and its characteristics
 HISTORY OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
(IM)
 Throughout the 1970s this was largely
limited to files, file maintenance, and the life
cycle management of paper-based files,
other medias and records
 As information storage shifted to electronic
means, this became more and more
difficult. By the late 1990s when information
was regularly disseminated across
computer networks and by other electronic
RELATIONAL MODEL means, network managers, in a sense
 data is organized in 2D Table, relationship became information managers
is maintained by storing common field
WHAT IS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT?
 is the collection and management of
information from one or more sources and
the distribution of that information to one or
more audiences.

KEY CONCEPTS OF INFORMATION

MANAGEMENT (IM)

People –
 end-users, admins

NEWER DATABASE DEVELOPMENTS Process –

 rules that determine who has access to
DATA WAREHOUSING what, steps how to store and secure
 constructed by integrating data from information
multiple heterogenous sources that support
analytical reporting structured and decision Data & Information –
making.  additional information used by other
concepts
DATA MINING
 process used by companies to turn raw Technology –
data into useful information.  physical items that store data and any
software that can store data
ONLINE ANALYTICAL PROCESSING
(OLAP) TODAY’S INFORMATION SOURCES
 is a powerful technology for data discovery,  Files
including the capabilities for limitless report  Databases
viewing, complex analytical calculations  E-mail
and predictive WHAT-IF scenario.  Instant Messaging
 Electronic Publishing

INFORMATION LIFE CYCLE

 published on various mediums to react the
CREATE/CAPTURING DATA right audience at regular intervals
 Data enters the business through data
capture ARCHIVE/ARCHIVING DATA
 It could be data that are acquired from  Data archival is another important aspect of
reliable sources, data entry and data information lifecycle management
reception  When there's bulk information being
 A business can collect data from various handled on a daily basis or regularly, it
external sources for research and analysis makes storage and processing highly
expensive.
STORE/PRESERVING DATA  It slows down data processing and
 The data that's captured by the business publishing.
needs to be stored diligently  Archiving stores the information that's not
 It is quite challenging to store the varied immediately used separately from the
types of bulk information or Big Data that active data storage environment.
the business acquires, generates and
receives DESTROY/REMOVING DATA
 from devices all have to be preserved to be  Data has to be periodically checked and
use later for processing and publishing removed when obselete
 Data should be ideally stored in a  Certain classified information has to be
categorized way for easier access immediately removed from the main data
storage and stored secured in a separate
USE/PROCESSING DATA environment specially maintained for that
 Data that are collected, categorized stored  Data tends to get obsolete over time
and grouped are used to process it to make  Such obselete data becomes and overhead
it useful to data storage and processing and hence
 The employee attendance data that are is carefully sorted and removed periodically
collected on a daily basis is used to process from the data server
payroll.
 The call details for every customer in the LESSON 3: DATABASE SYSTEMS
telecom field is used to analyze the usage
and to form better marketing strategies DATABASE
 The banking industry uses the transaction  Shared, integrated computer structure that
data and processes it regularly to stores data
understand the transaction patterns and to  End-user data: raw facts of interest to
track the money flow. end user.
 Metadata: data about data, through
SHARE/PUBLISHING DATA which the end-user integrated and
 The information that's collected, stored, managed
grouped and processed is used for  Describes data characteristics and
publishing as reports to management and relationships
public
 Every business publishes its information to DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
its stakeholders including employees, (DBMS)
vendors and investors.  Collection of programs
 The financial stability, external  Manages the database structure
communication and other details are  Control access to data stored in the
database
  data warehouse
TYPES OF DATABASE  online analytical processing (OLAP)
 business intelligence
SINGLE USER DATABASE
 support one user at a time EXAMPLE USERS?
 Desktop database: single-user database  market data
on a personal computer  transactional data
 sensors data
MULTIUSER DATABASE  natural language data
 supports multiple users at the same time
 workgroup databases: supports a small Databases can be classified to reflect the
number of users or a specific degree to which the data is structured
department  unstructured data exists in its original raw
 enterprise database: supports many state
users across many departments  structured data results from formatting
 semistructured data: processed to some
CENTRALIZED DATABASE extent
 data located at a single site
EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE (XML)
DISTRIBUTED DATABASE  represents data elements in textual format
 data distributed across different sites  used for storing and transport of data

CLOUD DATABASE STRUCTURAL AND DATA DEPENDENCE

 created and maintained using cloud data
services that provide defined performance STRUCTURAL DEPENDENCE
measures for the database  access to a file is dependent on its own
structure
GENERAL-PURPOSE DATABASE  all file system programs are modified to
 contains a wide variety of data used in conform to a new file structure
multiple disciplines (ex. oracle)
STRUCTURAL INDEPENDENCE
DISCIPLINE-SPECIFIC DATABASE  file structure is changed without affecting
 contains data focused on specific subject the application's ability to access the data
areas (ex. an email system/solution)
DATA DEPENDENCE
OPERATIONAL DATABASE  data access changes when data storage
 designed to support a company's day-to- characteristics change
day operations (updated in realtime, ex.
OLTP - Online Transaction Processing DATA INDEPENDENCE
Databases)  data storage characteristics are changed
without affecting the program's ability to
access the data

ANALYTICAL DATABASE DATABASE SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT

 stores historical data and business metrics
used exclusively for tacttical or strategic HARDWARE
decision making
 including servers, storage devices, and BACKUP AND RECOVERY MANAGEMENT
networking equipment.  enables recovery of the database after a
failure
SOFTWARE
 any other software tools that facilitate DATA INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT
database operations, including operating  minimizes redundancy and maximizes
systems and applications. consistency

PEOPLE DATABASE ACCESS LANGUAGES

 such as database administrators (DBAs),  query language: lets the user to specify
developers, and end-users, who interact what must be done without having to
with and manage the database. specify how
 structured query language(SQL): supported
PROCEDURES by the majority of DBMS vendors
 The rules and guidelines that define how
data is managed and accessed, including DATABASE COMMUNICATION
security policies, backup processes, and INTERFACES
user access protocols.  accept end-user requests via multiple,
different network environments
DATA
 The information stored in the database,
which is organized, processed, and used
for the organization.

DBMS FUNCTIONS

DATA DICTIONARY MANAGEMET

 stores definitions of data elements and their
relationships

DATA STORAGE MANAGEMENT

 storage of data, structures that can handle
video or image format

DATA TRANSFORMATION AND

PRESENTATION
 data is formatted to conform to logical
expectations

SECURITY MANAGEMENT
 enforces user security and data privacy

MULTI ACCESS CONTROL

 sophisticated algorithms ensure that
multiple users can access the database
concurrently without compromising its
integrity