YOUR BODY NEVER LIES

THE COMPLETE BOOK OF

ORIENTAL DIAGNOSIS

MICHIO KUSHI
Cover Designer: Jeannie Tudor
Typesetter: Jeannie Tudor
Front Cover Photo: Jupiterimages

Square One Publishers

115 Herricks Road
Garden City Park, NY 11040
(516) 535-2010 • (877) 900-BOOK
www.squareonepublishers.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kushi, Michio.
Your body never lies : the complete book of oriental diagnosis / Michio Kushi.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-7570-0267-0 (pbk.)
1. Medicine, Oriental. 2. Physical diagnosis. I. Title.

R581.K873 2006
610—dc22

2006033126

Copyright © 2007 by Michio Kushi

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5
 Contents

Preface

Part One
The Principles of Diagnosis
1. The Order of the Universe
2. Constitution and Condition
The Head and Face
The Palms
The Fingers
The Feet
The Toes and Toenails
The Pads Below the Toes
The Eyes
The Ears
The Abdominal Region

Part Two
The Visual Diagnosis of Specific Conditions
3. The Mouth, Lips, and Teeth
The Mouth and Lips
The Teeth
The Gums and Mouth Cavity
The Tongue and Uvula

4. The Eyebrows and Eyes

The Eyebrows
The Eyes
 The Eyeball, Iris and White

5. The Nose, Cheeks, and Ears

The Nose
The Cheeks
The Ears

6. The Forehead
7. The Hair
8. The Hands
The Hands
The Palms
The Fingers
The Nails

9. The Feet
The Toes
The Soles of the Feet

10. The Skin

Conclusion
Index
 Preface

Knowing is the beginning of freedom.

The art of knowing is the art of realizing freedom.
All suffering comes from ignorance:
Ignorance of what I am, ignorance of who I am, of what we
are.
The art of knowing is the opening of the secret of life,
And a path for health, happiness and eternal life.
This book is intended for all people, non-professionals as well as professionals in
the medical, psychological and physiotherapeutic sciences. My purpose in
writing this book is to present the basic principles and arts of diagnosis, which
can be practiced without using any of the measures harmful to physical and
mental well-being that are applied frequently in the modern medical sciences.
From time to time throughout the book, the phrase “oriental diagnosis” is
used, referring to the fact that the principles underlying these arts were
developed and preserved in Japan, Korea, China and India among religious,
cultural and philosophical traditions for many centuries. They can be found in
The Book of Changes ( , I Ching), The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal
Medicine ( , Nei Ching), The Tao Teh Ching ( ), the Karaka Sanihita, the
Kojiki ( ), the Nihon-Shoki ( ), and numerous other classics in these
countries, and as a cosmological source of Hinduism, Buddhism,
Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Shintō. These principles
are the Law of the Universe, or we can say the order of the infinite universe, which
operates perpetually throughout the dimensions of this universe: producing,
changing, decomposing, and demolishing all phenomena, including phenomena
from this earth.
When the order of the universe was applied to the metaphysical phenomena
of humankind, it developed the various religions. When it was applied to natural
phenomena, it developed the sciences. Applied to human relations, it developed
moral codes, ethics, and economics. When it was applied to human esthetic
manifestations, it developed the cultures and arts; and when it was applied to the
problems of health, it developed the various domains of the medical arts,
including the art of diagnosis.
However, these applications—which as a whole created the way of life of the
ancient peoples of the world, and the way of life in the Orient until a few
centuries ago—have decayed and disappeared, due to the newly arisen modern
ways of thought and technology, which are based mainly upon analytical,
divisional and materialistic views, and which have rapidly spread and prevailed
since the sixteenth century during the westernization of the world.
After experiencing the modern scientific, technological and materialistic
civilization, it has become clear that the very existence of life on this planet may
be endangered by the rapid degeneration of human health in the modern world,
and that the life sciences, including the modern medical approach, have been
inadequate to preserve human well-being from such universal decline. Not only
internal treatments and external surgical applications, but also the techniques of
modern diagnosis itself, are frequently harmful to human health. In view of these
circumstances, the renaissance of traditional wisdom based upon a more total
comprehension of cosmology, including the arts of health and diagnosis, has
become absolutely essential to recover humanity, individually and collectively.
When it became clear to me as a student of world peace, pursued through
research in political science, that the reconstruction of humanity is the decisive
factor in laying the foundations for the development of a unified world, I began
to study the natural order of humanity, encouraged by several senior teachers—
namely Mr. George Ohsawa, the Rev. Dr. Toyohiko Kagawa, Prof. Shigeru
Nanba, and others—and discouraged by the lack in modern educational facilities
of teachings on the medicine for humanity. I began to stand on the streets in
New York City—on 42nd Street and Broadway around Times Square, and on 5th
Avenue—observing thousands of people: their body structure, their way of
walking, their expression, their faces, their behavior and their thinking. In
cafeterias and restaurants, theaters and amusement parks, trains and subways,
shops and schools, every day I observed the countless variety of human
manifestations on this present earth. Week by week, month by month, and year
by year as time passed, it became very apparent that all physical, psychological,
social and cultural manifestations of human activities depend upon our
environment and dietary habits. It became clear that even so-called hereditary
factors are nothing but the result of the past environment within which our
ancestors lived, and what they were observing as their daily diet.
 I noticed that in terms of the environment, I had to include not only the
immediate natural and social conditions such as the weather, climate, season,
city or country, but also a much wider sphere of influence—to the infinite
dimensions of the entire universe, in both time and space—in order to
understand the human species. I also noticed that in terms of food, I had to
include not only the daily material food and drink consumed through the mouth,
but also the entire world of inorganic substances, organic biological life, the
atmosphere, electro-magnetic forces, and all sorts of waves and radiations
coming from all directions from the unknown depths of the universe. The
understanding of these factors in relation to our daily condition, I noticed, was
only possible by comprehending the order of the universe and its applications,
and not by analytical and divisional methods of research.
Since that time, more than twenty-five years have passed, during which I have
met hundreds of thousands of people through educational activities, lectures,
seminars and consultations on the way of life to recover health and realize total
well-being. Encountering these people has revealed a deeper understanding of
human nature, and further understanding of the art of diagnosis has
continuously developed this art itself. The information presented in this book is
only an introduction of several major methods of diagnosis that anyone can use.
Some of them are based upon classical methods, and others are newly developed
and interpreted through my personal experience. In writing this book, I have
avoided as much as possible the use of technical terminology, for the
convenience of many readers. It is my sincere wish that this introductory book
may help every reader understand the present conditions of health of himself, his
family, relations, friends and whomever he may encounter, and may serve as a
starting point for society to recover total health and achieve freedom and
happiness, toward the eventual realization of one peaceful world.
This book was dictated in Brookline, Massachusetts, with frequent
interruptions for European and American lecture tours, seminars, classes,
personal counselling and many other activities to promote the evolutional
development of modern people through the understanding of the order of the
universe, and the use of natural healthful food oriented with macrobiotic
principles—the equivalent of the order of the universe. The assistant who typed,
edited and corrected the original English version of the book is Miss Olivia
Oredson of Brookline, Massachusetts, who is currently the educational director
of the Kushi Institute. The Kushi Institute is an educational organization for the
study of the order of the universe and its applications for the development of
humanity, through the establishment of health by various natural ways of
healing, with the comprehension of the nature of humanity and the total destiny
of mankind in all major domains.
When everyone reads everyone else,
Love and compassion prevail.
When everyone reads the art of nature,
Health and peace prevail.
Unwritten words are living everywhere,
And they are coming forth from the universe.
When we read them all without missing a single word,
We have opened the book of the secret of eternal life.

Michio Kushi
 Order in Making Diagnosis
Step 1
DESTINY
Whether a person is happy or not, and whether he or she will become happy or
not.

Step 2
PERSONALITY
What kind of ideals, view of life, nature and character he or she has.

Step 3
CONSTITUTION
What kind of constitution he or she has, both physically and mentally.

Step 4
DISORDERS
What kinds of disorders he or she has developed and suffers at present.

Step 5
RECOMMENDATIONS
What changes are required to turn his or her disorders into health and well-
being.

Step 6
ORIENTATION
To what kind of future should he or she be oriented to realize happiness.

Step 7
INSPIRATION
What encouragement should be given to develop his or her endless possibility to
achieve happiness.
Part One
The Principles of Diagnosis
1. The Order of the Universe

From ocean to continent,

From desert to mountain,
From flower to animal,
From space to time,
Everything is governed
By the Universal Law.
Yin and yang are everywhere;
Without them, nothing exists
And nothing changes.

All phenomena in this universe and upon this planet earth are manifestations of
the infinite law of the universe, which is the law of change, the law of
manifestation. Because of these laws, everything in the world manifests out of the
infinite ocean of non-existence, and demanifests into this ocean again. The laws
of the universe, in a simplified modern version, can be represented by seven
theorems of the absolute world, and twelve principles of the relative world,
although they are all manifestations of one infinity:

The Seven Universal Theorems

1. Everything is a differentiation of one Infinity.
2. Everything changes.
3. All antagonisms are complementary.
4. There is nothing identical.
5. What has a front has a back.
6. The bigger the front, the bigger the back.
7. What has a beginning has an end.

The Twelve Principles of Relativity

1. One Infinity manifests itself into complementary and antagonistic
tendencies, yin and yang, in its endless change.
2. Yin and yang are manifested continuously from the eternal movement of
one infinite universe.
3. Yin represents centrifugality. Yang represents centripetality. Yin and Yang
together produce energy and all phenomena.
4. Yin attracts yang. Yang attracts yin.
5. Yin repels yin. Yang repels yang.
6. Yin and yang combined in varying proportions produce different
phenomena. The attraction and repulsion among phenomena is
proportional to the difference of the yin and yang forces.
7. All phenomena are ephemeral, constantly changing their constitution of yin
and yang forces; yin changes into yang, yang changes into yin.
8. Nothing is solely yin or solely yang. Everything is composed of both
tendencies in varying degrees.
9. There is nothing neuter. Either yin or yang is in excess in every occurrence.
10. Large yin attracts small yin. Large yang attracts small yang.
11. Extreme yin produces yang, and extreme yang produces yin.
12. All physical manifestations are yang at the center, and yin at the surface.

In order to understand the relative laws of the relative world, the following
classifications of the antagonistic and complemental tendencies, yin and yang,
show practical examples of these relative forces operating in the relative world.
The classifications on the next page are only one example of similar
classifications of phenomena. Universal relativity, namely yin and yang, is
relative in its very nature, and there can be no absolute classification and
definition of yin and yang—antagonistic and complementary factors—in any one
chart, because of the dynamic nature of change and the complex constituents of
every substance. Many other classifications of relative forces can be produced: for
example, based upon activity and movement, or based upon vibrational and
energetic character, or based upon physical and material nature.

Examples of Yin and Yang

YIN ▾* YANG ▴*
Centrifugal Force Centripetal Force
Expansion Contraction
Attribute
Diffusion Fusion
Tendency
Dispersion Assimilation
Function
Separation Gathering
Decomposition Organization
More inactive, slower More active, faster
Movement
Shorter wave and higher Longer wave and lower
Vibration
frequency frequency
Direction
Ascent and vertical Descent and horizontal
Position
More outward and peripheral More inward and central
Weight
Lighter Heavier
Temperature Colder Hotter
Light Darker Brighter
Humidity More wet More dry
Density Thinner Thicker
Size Larger Smaller
Shape More expansive and fragile More contractive and harder
Form Longer Shorter
Texture Softer Harder
Atomic particle Electron Proton
Elements N, O, P, Ca, etc. H, C, Na, As, Mg, etc.
Environment Vibration . . . Air . . . Water Earth
Climatic Effects Tropical climate Colder climate
Biological More vegetable quality More animal quality
Sex Female Male
Organ structure More hollow and expansive More compacted and condensed

Nerves More peripheral,

orthosympathetic More central, parasympathetic
Attitude, emotion
More gentle, negative, defensive More active, positive, aggressive
Work
More psychological and mental More physical and social
Consciousness More universal More specific
Mental function Dealing more with the future Dealing more with the past
Culture More spiritually oriented More materially oriented

Dimension Space Time

*The symbols ▾ for Yin and ▴ for Yang have been used throughout this book for clarity and ease
of use.

APPLICATION OF THE ORDER OF THE UNIVERSE

The order of the universe and its principles described above can be directly
applied to the art of diagnosis, because human beings are one of the biological
and spiritual manifestations on this planet in this infinite universe. The
application of these theorems and principles in the art of diagnosis can be
summarized in the explanation that follows:

1. All physical, mental and spiritual manifestations of human beings are

manifestations of the environment.

Changes in the environment, including changes in cosmic rays, radiations, waves

and vibrations received from celestial movements and the infinite depths of the
universe, and changes in the more immediate physical environment such as
atmospheric conditions, weather, climate, seasons, months, and hours, all
influence the changes in our physical and mental conditions.

2. The part of the environment taken into the body composes the internal
environment, in balance with the external environment.
All factors assimilated into our body from the environment—electromagnetic
energies, vibrations, air, water, minerals, as well as plant and animal life—
compose our internal condition, forming our skeletal, muscular and organ
constitutions by the generation of trillions of cells, through our digestive and
circulatory functions in coordination with our respiratory, excretory and
nervous activities.

3. The balance between the external environment and the internal environment
creates physical and mental states.
Between the external environment, which expands to the infinite dimensions of
space and time, and the internal environment, which is organically compacted
and created from substances of the external environment, there is constant
interaction. In the event such interactivity becomes either abnormally overactive
or underactive, it produces disorders in the physical and mental conditions and
activities. When outgoing energy is more active than incoming energy, it
manifests as growth and maturity as well as expanding and overactive conditions
of various organs; while if outgoing energy becomes less than incoming energy, it
manifests as aging and contracting underactive conditions of organs.

4. Physical manifestations can be classified as constitutions and conditions.

The factors received from the parents and ancestors in the form of reproductive
cells, and the development during the pregnant and growing periods—which is
primarily a repetition of the entire process of biological evolution from a single
cell to a complex human being—form the constitution, that is, our fundamental
character and tendencies. The factors we consume every day, especially during
the recent period of about seven years, and more so within the past three to four
months, including daily consumption of food and drink, compose our condition.
Although all factors of our constitutions and conditions are changeable,
constitutions change far more slowly, while conditions change rapidly with daily
physical and mental variations.

5. There are numerous antagonistic and complemental relationships within our

physical and mental constitutions and conditions.

Because everything is composed of antagonistic and complemental factors and

tendencies, yin and yang, and everything operates due to the change of
relationships between these opposing factors and tendencies, human physical
and mental manifestations are also constituted and function by these two
opposing factors and tendencies. Examples are listed in the following table.

Structures

More Yin ▾ More Yang ▴

Part of body Part of head
Front of body or head Back of body or head
Soft parts Hard parts
Expanded organs Compacted organs
Peripheral parts Inner parts
Upper position Lower position

Functions
Nervous functions in general Digestive functions in general
Electromagnetic meridian functions Fluid circulation functions
Sympathetic nervous functions Parasympathetic nervous functions
Female functions Male functions
Mental activities Physical activities
Eliminating functions Consuming functions
Ascending movement Descending movement
Differentiating, outgoing movement Gathering, incoming movement
Expanding movement Contracting movement
Exhaling function Inhaling function
Flexible movement Inflexible movement
Slower movement Rapid movement

These parts of the body and functions are balancing each other in their structural
formation and operational functions, according to the aforementioned twelve
principles of relativity.

6. Foods and drinks forming the internal environment can be classified on a scale
according to their antagonistic and complemental relationships.

Foods and drinks, in their capacity of bringing about the antagonistic and
complemental functions listed in the table above, stimulating certain parts of the
body and inducing certain functions, can be generally classified as shown in the
table on page 9.

7. A yin quality of food and drink produces yin structures and functions, while a
yang quality of food and drink produces yang structures and functions.
According to the quality of food and drink in our daily diet, our condition
changes daily in proportion. Food and drink cause changes in blood quality and
nervous reactions, resulting in changes in structure in the long run, and changes
in functions over a shorter period. Simple examples include the expansion of
blood capillaries and active elimination of sweat and urination (yin function) as a
result of over-consumption of liquid (yin), and the constriction of tissues, nerves
and vessels (yang function) caused by overconsumption of salt (yang). There are
numerous variations in the reactions, effects, and degree of influence, either yin
or yang, of the kinds, combinations and methods of cooking of foods and drinks.
Physical and mental activities are also factors that accelerate a more yang
condition, while resting and sleeping, especially together with overconsumption
of foods and drinks, result in the creation of a more yin condition.

8. The Principle of the Five Stages of Transmutation of Energy.

In the phenomenal world, energy transforms its manifestations into various

forms, including all relative phenomena. All of these phenomena manifested as
transitory appearances of energy can be classified into five general states of
transformation, between expansion (yin) and contraction (yang).

YIN (▾) EFFECTS OF EXPANSION, DIFFERENTIATION, OUTWARD

DIRECTION
 EFFECTS OF CONTRACTION, CONDENSATION, INWARD
DIRECTION

These five stages are (1) upward expanding motion; (2) very expanded and
active motion; (3) condensation process; (4) solidified state; and (5) melting and
floating stage (Figure 1.1). These stages can be interpreted using characteristic
examples seen in daily life.
Energy Examples
1. Upward expanding motion Gaseous state—Tree
2. Very expanded. active motion Plasmic state—Fire
3. Condensation process Semi-condensed state—Soil
4. Solidified state Solid state—Metal
5. Melting and floating state Liquid state—Water

Figure 1.1 Five Stages of Energy Transformation

These five stages of changing energy also reflect the energy functions related
to various organs and meridians, as illustrated in Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.2 Five Progressive Activations of Energy According to Season and Time of Day

These energy conditions are also related to seasonal energy change, monthly
or lunar energy change, and daily energy change, as well as environmental
conditions. They also describe psychological conditions and dietary effects. The
table of energy conditions found on page 12 is directly related to the study of
diagnosis.
The foods listed in this chart nourish and activate the organs and functions of
the same category. For example, wheat, barley, young leafy vegetables and
sprouts can nourish and accelerate the functions of the liver and gallbladder.
Also, physical disorders appear more obviously as symptoms in the features
belonging to the same category. For example, disorders of the lungs and large
intestine appear more clearly in the nose and skin conditions as well as in the
breath. They also create a pale facial color, a fishy odor, and other physical
phenomena such as snivel and coughing. At the same time, they produce more
changes in the voice; and psychologically, they result in crying and depression
with a feeling of sadness.
Furthermore, using this table, we can easily diagnose physical conditions. For
example, if the head hair is in an abnormal condition (bushy or fragile, etc.), or if
there are aches and pains in the bones, or disorders in the ears or the hearing,
major disorders are indicated in the kidneys and bladder, or in the excretory
functions.
The table below also shows changes in the environment by the season, month,
day and atmospheric conditions. Accordingly, diagnosis can be made. If a fever
arises regularly at a certain hour, or on a certain day of the month, or in a certain
season, it indicates that the organs listed in the same energy category are the
primary location of the disorder. For example, if a sickness occurs in a very
humid atmosphere, especially on the afternoon of a cloudy day, it indicates that
the spleen and stomach are involved as the major problem organs.
The Five Transformations of Energy
 In order to alleviate these physical and mental disorders, we can emphasize a
change in diet toward the foods belonging to the same category, and an
avoidance of the foods listed in the opposite categories. For example, in the case
of diabetes, which involves the functions of the pancreas, an increase in foods
such as millet and round vegetables—cabbage, pumpkin, hard squash, and others
—would be recommended as an important part of the dietary approach.
2. Constitution and Condition

THE CONSTITUTION AND ITS ORDER

The human physical and mental constitution is formed with the following
influences:

Hereditary factors from the reproductive cells of the mother and father.
Mental and physical influences from the mother during pregnancy.
Nourishment through food and the environment during growth after
delivery.

In connection with these factors forming the constitution, the following

influences must be well considered for the purpose of diagnosis to understand
anyone’s condition and destiny:

■ Parental and ancestral conditions.

■ The quality of the reproductive cells.
■ The date of conception and birth.
■ The place of birth and growth.
■ The food that the mother ate during pregnancy, and the food eaten during
the growing period.
■ Family, social and cultural influences.
Let us examine these factors in detail.
Parental and Ancestral Conditions
In the event the physical and mental conditions of the ancestors and parents are
more physically oriented, including their daily work and way of life, their
offspring would have similar tendencies, unless there has been a major change in
diet, residence, and social and cultural influence before or during the period of
pregnancy. On the other hand, more mentally and spiritually oriented ancestors
and parents tend to produce offspring more characterized by similar mental and
spiritual tendencies. These similar characteristics are especially evident if the
family has maintained similar traditions and living situations under similar
climatic conditions with similar dietary practices through the generations.

The Quality of the Reproductive Cells

The reproductive cells—the sperm and egg, especially their quality before
fertilization—are a fundamental factor for the development of the future physical
and mental constitution. Not only DNA, RNA and other genetic factors, but also
the quality of the vibrations, energy, nutritional makeup and other constituent
factors of the reproductive cells serve as the beginning of human development.
In connection with this influence, the following principles apply:

The sex of the child. In the event the sperm are more active than the egg, a
female child will be more likely; while if the egg is more energized, a male child
will be the result.
Major systems in the child’s body. Because the father’s sperm tends to
contribute a stronger influence to the child’s nervous system, while the mother’s
egg gives more influence to the digestive and reproductive systems, the
constitution of the newborn child will vary in its coordination among the
nervous, digestive and reproductive functions according to the differences in
duality in both reproductive cells.
Major organs in the child’s body. The father’s influence through his sperm
tends to appear more on the left side of the child’s face and body, including the
left lung, left atrium of the heart, spleen, pancreas, stomach, left kidney, left side
of the small intestine, descending colon, and left ovary or testicle. The mother’s
influence through her egg tends to manifest more in the right side of the head
and body, including the right lung, right atrium of the heart, liver, gallbladder,
right kidney, the duodenum, right side of small intestine, ascending colon, and
the right ovary or testicle.
The child’s mental and physical nature. The father’s influence appears more in
the child’s intellectual, social and ideological character, while the mother’s
influence appears more in the child’s physical, sensory and emotional character,
during and after the growing period as a whole.
The Date of Conception and Birth
The date of conception and birth have a very important influence upon the
formation of the physical and mental constitution. This has been studied in the
traditional arts of oriental and western astrology as one of the ways of seeing
destiny. In practical terms, seasonal atmospheric conditions including the
electromagnetic charge on the ground, in the water and air, as well as radiations,
waves and other vibrations coming from celestial movements, give different
influences to the quality of the parents’ physical and psychological conditions,
and influence their reproductive vitality and the quality of their sperm and egg.
In addition, their dietary pattern changes according to the season and month,
oriented by the movement of the earth, sun, moon and other planets, resulting in
different qualities of the blood cells that produce the reproductive cells.
These dietary changes continue during pregnancy as the seasons progress,
either from hot to cold or cold to hot. This climatic change has a strong influence
on the mother’s dietary pattern during the nine-month period. Therefore, a child
born in the spring will have a physical and mental constitution that is opposite to
that of a child born in the autumn (Figure 2.1).
Numbers 1 to 12 indicate the months January through December. M-person, born in the middle of
May, began his embryonic period in early August, while N-person, born in November, began his
embryonic period in early February.

Figure 2.1 Birth Date and Biological Constitution

1. A person born in May passed his embryonic period from August of the
previous year through the winter and spring seasons. During this time, his
mother was eating a diet suitable for the fall and winter seasons, including more
salty, cooked food and less perishable food, with more animal food in most cases.
On the other hand, a person born in November has eaten, through his mother’s
diet during pregnancy, more spring and summer types of food, including less salt
and less cooking, most probably with more fruits, juices, sweets and liquid. These
two persons therefore have different biological histories. During the nine months
of pregnancy, their constitutions have developed while they increased nearly
three billion times in weight, repeating the entire process of biological evolution
from a single cell to the emergence of life from the water. Their differences are
complemental and antagonistic.

2. Accordingly, any person has a constitution that is antagonistic and

complemental to that of a person born in the opposite season and month. These
differences can serve as supportive tendencies, although these two persons may
often have difficulties in understanding each other. Persons born in the same
month or same season share similar physical and mental constitutions and
tendencies. They can understand each other more easily, although their
attraction may be less than that of people born in very different months and
seasons.

3. It is not surprising that people born in the same or similar month or season
share the same or similar physical and mental disorders, more so than people
born in very different months or seasons:
Among those born in the spring and summer, there is a greater potential to
develop bronchitis, lung tuberculosis, and other respiratory disorders; kidney
and excretory disorders; and heart and circulatory disorders.
Among those born in the autumn and winter, there is a tendency to develop
digestive disorders, especially in the liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas and small
intestine; sicknesses such as diabetes, constipation, diarrhea, stomach and
duodenal ulcers, and other sicknesses related to these organs; and nervous
disorders.
 These differences in data of conception and birth can be categorized into two
large, general groups: spring- and summer-born nature, and autumn- and
winter-born nature. The dividing line falls in early March and early September.

The Place of Birth and Growth

The place of birth and growth is important to consider in diagnosing general
physical and mental tendencies. Environmental and atmospheric conditions
strongly influence the dietary practices during the period of pregnancy and
growth after birth, resulting in significant dietary differences among those who
are born and grow in a warmer climate and those who are born and grow in a
colder climate. The former tend to eat more light, less-cooked foods including
raw vegetables, fruits and juices, and sweets, while the latter tend to eat more
salty, well-cooked grains, beans and vegetables with more animal food.
Such differences can also be observed among people who originate near the
seashore, those who come from the plains, and those who come from the
mountains. Those who were born and grow near the sea tend to eat more
seafood; those from the mountains tend to eat more well-cooked food; and
people from the plains tend to eat a more average diet.
We can also see important differences between city-born and country-born
people. Those who were born and grew up in the city, especially in modern
times, have consumed more mass-produced, commercial foods; while those who
were born and grew up in the country have eaten foods of more natural quality.
From these differences related to the place of birth and growth, different
physical and mental constitutions develop which show tendencies for certain
disorders, as shown below.
Place of Birth and Growth Potential Disorders

Skin diseases; accumulation of mucus and

More northern, colder region; more
fat; formation of tumors and growths;
mountainous area
disorders in the liver and gallbladder.

Disorders in the intestines, lungs, region;

More southern, warmer region; areas near kidneys and bladder, as well as reproductive
the sea and nervous sicknesses. Some skin diseases
and tumors. Paralysis and arthritis.

Complex disorders, especially in the

City areas intestines, lungs, and nervous functions, as
well as in the reproductive organs.

More simple and distinct disorders. Fewer

Country areas digestive, reproductive and nervous
disorders.

Diet During Pregnancy and Growth

The quality of the food consumed during the periods of pregnancy and growth
has a decisive effect upon the formation of the constitution, determining all
features of body forms and structures, character and personality, the capacity
and functioning ability of the organs and glands. General tendencies are
presented in the table below:
Kinds of Food Eaten Tendencies

Grains, beans and cooked Generally harmonious metabolism, physically and mentally active
vegetables and balanced. Fewer disorders. More intuitive and esthetic nature.

Vegetables, especially less- More gentle and skeptical. Disorders in skin conditions, respiratory
cooked or raw and excretory functions; chronic intestinal disorders.

More sentimentality, nervousness, sensitivity; critical nature.

Fruits, juices and nuts Disorders and tendency to weakness in the intestines and digestive
functions and reproductive organs.

More gentle, slow mind; dull response. Skin disease, formation of

mucus, fat; heart and circulatory disorders; liver, gallbladder and
Dairy food
spleen disorders; reproductive disorders; more cysts, tumors and
cancer formation.

More stubbornness and exclusivity, determination; more material

interest. Sharp senses. More mechanical abilities. Heart and
Meat, poultry and eggs
circulatory disorders, small intestine and digestive disorders,
formation of tumors and cancer.

Mental illusions, schizophrenia, nervousness, obesity, diabetes,

Sugar, honey and other skin disease, various disorders in the sensory organs and nervous
sweets system, chronic digestive disorders, kidney and excretory
disorders, reproductive weakness.

Irritability, emotional insecurity, abnormal blood pressure, heart and

Spices and stimulants circulatory disorders, kidney and excretory disorders, some skin
diseases, irregularity in reproductive functions.

Family, Social and Cultural Influences

In the formation of the physical and mental constitution, the traditional way of
living practiced in the family, immediate community, and general culture, along
with the influence of education, has an important influence. These factors
regulate the way of eating in a certain traditional pattern, as well as the way of
behavior and thinking.
For example, immigrants to North America have a tendency to maintain the
traditional ways of eating and behavior practiced in their original countries,
during the first and second generations in America. Also, religions such as
Catholicism, Protestantism, Buddhism, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Taoism, and
Confucianism have a traditional influence on dietary, moral and ethical
behavior. Buddhist followers tend to eat more grains and vegetables, while
Protestants have a variety of dietary practices. Judaism includes a practice of
customary dietary habits, and followers of Islam tend to use more oily and spicy
foods.
Education can also contribute to the change of dietary and social habits.
While those who receive less education tend to follow more traditional family
practices, those who receive more education tend to liberalize their dietary and
social behavior, including a wider variety of nutritional supplements, with
commercial foods. In this regard, the level of prosperity of the country or society
also contributes to the population’s change of dietary and social behavior. As a
result, people’s physical and mental constitutions rapidly change as modern
educational, cultural and economic conditions change. Those who live in areas
isolated from modern development tend to maintain traditional physical and
mental constitutions, on the other hand.

DIAGNOSIS OF CONSTITUTIONAL TYPES

In the art of diagnosis, the constitution can be assessed using several methods.
Let’s examine some of these methods below.

Bone Structure
The quality of the constitution can be seen more in the bone structure, while the
quality of the condition appears more in the muscles, skin, and other peripheral
areas of the body. The constitution can be judged by feeling the bones, especially
in the area of the shoulders, arms and legs. Stronger and bolder bones indicate a
more yang, strong constitution, while thinner and weaker bones indicate a more
yin, weak and fragile constitution. The former type of person has a tendency to
be more active in physical and social life, while the latter tends to be more active
in mental and artistic life.
The Ratio of Head to Body
The standard proportion of head to body in vertical length is 1:7 (Figure 2.2). If
the head is smaller, say in a ratio of 1:8, the physical and mental constitution is
weaker than average, due to the quality of food consumed during the mother’s
pregnancy. On the other hand, if the head is vertically larger than average, say in
a ratio of 1:6, it shows that the physical and mental constitution is much stronger
than average, and there is a tendency to be much more active in both mental and
social life.

Figure 2.2 Proportion Between Head and Body

Height
Taller people have a more yin constitution, while shorter people have a more
yang constitution (Figure 2.3). The former tend to develop more mental abilities,
and become susceptible to respiratory and nervous disorders. The latter tend to
engage themselves in a more active physical and social life, with a tendency to be
more susceptible to digestive and circulatory disorders.

A—More yang (▴) constitution

B—More yin (▾) constitution

Figure 2.3 Height Differences

Angle of the Shoulders

Those who have more sloping shoulders have a more feminine character, with a
nature of esthetic and artistic appreciation; while those who have more square
shoulders have a more masculine character, and tend to appreciate more physical
and social activities and more intellectual thinking (Figure 2.4). If the shoulders
form a more round shape with balanced muscles, it shows a more balanced
character embracing both mental and physical activities as well as esthetic and
intellectual tendencies.

Figure 2.4 Angle of the Shoulders

If the shoulders are imbalanced—one side higher than the other—it indicates
that the organs on the side of the higher shoulder are weaker than the organs on
the side of the lower shoulder, especially in the case of the lungs and large
intestines.

The Hands and Feet

Larger and thicker hands and feet result from a more yang diet during the time
of pregnancy, which produced a strong inner constitution, combined with a
more yin diet during the growing period, which produced peripheral expansion.
This type of person tends to be strong in the inner physical and mental
conditions, but also flexible and artistic in the social and intellectual activity. On
the other hand, people with smaller hands and feet show physical strength but
less activity in mental life.
Long, sensitive finger and toes show a nature more appreciative of the
emotional, artistic and esthetic worlds, while short, stocky fingers and toes show
a more physically active nature, with stronger resistance to the environment, but
less appreciation for mental and spiritual matters.

Muscle and Skin Conditions

Softer muscles show a more yin constitution, nourished by more fluid, vegetables
and fruits; while tighter muscles show a more yang constitution, nourished by
more grains, beans, arid animal food, with more minerals. The condition of the
skin is also an indication. However, in comparison with the bones, the condition
of the muscles and skin are more changeable through diet and exercise, since
they are composed of more protein and fat while the bones are composed of
more minerals. Accordingly, while the muscles and skin show the constitution
developed during the periods of pregnancy and growth, they also show the
present physical and mental conditions. Softer muscles and fine skin indicate a
more adaptable and mentally-oriented nature, while tighter and harder muscles
and skin show a nature that is more physically oriented and active.

Other Features
Many other physical features can be used to diagnose the constitution, and many
of them are discussed later in this book. Among them are diagnosis of the shape
of the face and head, the teeth, the size and shape of the mouth and eyes, the
length and angle of the eyebrows, the posture and behavior, and other factors.

ANTAGONISTIC AND COMPLEMENTAL RELATIONS IN THE

HUMAN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
In diagnosis, practical observations are made by finding the antagonistic and
complemental relations in structure and function that appear in the constitution
and condition. Among numerous antagonistic and complemental relations,
some of the most important are discussed in the following section.

THE HEAD AND FACE

Face-Organ Correlations

During the fetal and embryonic period, the navel functioned as the center of the
entire body structure. At the time of delivery and thereafter, this center shifted to
the mouth and neck region. From this point, upper and lower extensions have
developed—the head as the upper sphere and the body as the lower sphere.
Accordingly, they correlate with each other very well, the lower part of the head
region representing the upper part of the body region (with the exception of the
mouth and mouth cavity, which show the digestive conditions); the middle part
of the head region representing the middle part of the body region; and the
upper part of the head region representing the lower part of the body. According
to this principle, each area of the face manifests each organ and its functions of
the body (Figure 2.5).

Figure 2.5 Face-Organ Correlations

Face Regions Corresponding Regions of the Body

The condition of the cheeks shows the condition of the lungs and
Cheeks
their functions.

The tip of the nose represents the heart and its functions, while the
Tip of nose nostrils represent the bronchi connecting the lungs.

The middle part of the nose represents the stomach, and the upper
Middle of nose
part of the nose represents the condition of the pancreas.

The eyes represent the kidneys as well as the condition of the

ovaries in the case of woman, and the testicles in the case of man.
Eyes
Also, the left eye represents the condition of the spleen and
pancreas, while the right eye represents the liver and gallbladder.

The area between the eyebrows shows the condition of the liver,
Area between eyebrows
and the temples on both sides show the condition of the spleen.

The forehead as a whole represents the small intestines, and the

Forehead
peripheral region of the forehead represents the large intestines.

Upper part of forehead The upper part of the forehead shows the condition of the bladder.

The ears represent the kidneys: the left ear the left kidney, and the
Ears
right ear the right kidney.

The mouth as a whole shows the condition of the entire digestive

vessel. More specifically, the upper lips show the stomach; the
Mouth lower lips show the small intestines at the inner part of the lip and
the large intestines at the more peripheral part of the lip. The
corners of the lips show the condition of the duodenum.

The area around the mouth represents the sexual organs and their
Area around the mouth
functions.

Face-Major Systems Correlations

During the embryonic period, all major systems of the body, namely (1) the
digestive and respiratory systems, (2) the nervous system, and (3) the circulatory
and excretory systems, gather and form the entire facial structure, sharing four
general areas of the face (Figure 2.6).
Area A. The lower part of the face around the mouth, bordered by the lines coming from the sides
of the nose.

Area B. The upper part of the face, including the nose, bordered by the eyebrows.

Areas C and C’. Both sides of the face, including both eyes, cheeks and ears.

Figure 2.6 Face-Major Systems Correlations

The areas outlined in the illustration above correspond to certain organs and
functions in the body, as follows:
Area A: The conditions of the mouth, lips, tongue, mouth cavity, and area
around the mouth, show the digestive functions as a whole. This area also
relates partially to the respiratory function, especially at its peripheral area.
Area B: The condition of the forehead and its periphery, including the temples
and eyebrows, represent the conditions of the nervous system as a whole.
Area C and C’: The side facial areas, including both eyes, cheeks and ears,
represent the conditions and functions of the circulatory and excretory
systems as a whole.
Correlations Between the Head, Systems, and Organs
The head region can be divided into several areas, each of which reflects the
conditions of certain systems and organs (Figure 2.7).

Figure 2.7 Correlations Between Head, Systems and Organs

Area A: The central part of the head where the hair spiral is located represents
the condition of the heart and small intestine.
Area B: The area surrounding Area A represents the digestive systems and
functions, including the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and large
intestines.
Area C: The front part of the head represents the excretory functions, including
the conditions of the kidneys and bladder.
Area D: Both sides of the head above the ears show the respiratory conditions,
including the lungs and bronchi conditions.
Area E: The back of the head represents the condition of the liver, spleen, and
pancreas.
 The entire peripheral area of the head represents the circulatory system and
its conditions.

Head-Buttock Correlation
In connection with the relationship between the upper and lower parts of the
body, the head region corresponds to the buttock region for the reason that the
head is the upper end of the nervous system and the buttocks are its lower end.
Therefore, certain areas of the buttocks correspond to certain areas of the head
and brain (Figure 2.8). Tension and other abnormal conditions of the brain also
appear in the conditions of the muscles and tissues in the area of the buttocks.

Figure 2.8 Head-Buttock Correlations

Area A: The lower buttock region corresponds to the front part of the head and
brain.
Area B: The upper part of the buttock region corresponds to the back area of the
head and brain.
Area C: The side buttock regions correspond to the side regions of the head and
brain.
Area D: The central buttock region corresponds to the middle part of the head
and brain.
Area E: The coccyx area represents the nose and nasal cavity.
Area F: The lower spine near the waist corresponds to the medulla at the back
region of the neck.

THE PERIPHERAL PARTS OF THE BODY

The peripheral areas of the body, such as the hands and feet, reflect the condition
of various internal organs and systems, as described in the following pages.

THE PALMS

The palms represent the condition of the internal systems and functions as a
whole, namely (1) the digestive and respiratory system, (2) the nervous system,
and (3) the circulatory and excretory systems (see Figure 2.9).

Figure 2.9 Palm-Major Systems Correlations

Line A and its related area on the palm at the root of the thumb: This represents
the digestive and respiratory functions, including the condition of the
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and lungs.
Line B and the area connected to that line: This represent the nervous system,
including the functions of the brain and central nervous sytem, and the
peripheral nerves.

Line C and its surrounding area: This represents the circulatory and excretory
systems, including the condition of the heart, kidneys and bladder.

THE FINGERS

The fingers represent the organs and functions located in the upper part of the
body, namely the lungs and heart; and in the lower part of the body, namely the
small intestines and large intestines, as well as their related functions such as
circulation and heat metabolism. Each finger corresponds to a certain function
(Figure 2.10).

Figure 2.10 Correlation between the Fingers and Major Systems and Organs of the Body
The thumb: This finger represents the conditions and functions of the lungs and
respiratory activities.
The index finger: This represents the large intestines and their functions.
The middle finger: This represent the energy vitalized around the heart and
circulatory functions, including reproductive vitality.
The ring finger: This represents the activity of eliminating excessive energy from
the regions of the heart, stomach and intestines—energy and heat
metabolism.
The little finger: This represents the conditions and functions of the heart and
small intestines.

THE FEET

The feet also represent the condition of the whole body. Since the body and the
feet are involved in the body’s balance of vertical and horizontal relationships,
each part of the feet correlates to each part of the body, and conditions appearing
in each part of the feet correspond to the conditions in the organs and functions
of the related parts of the body (Figure 2.11).
Figure 2.11 Foot-Body Correlations

Points A, B, and C: These points correlate respectively to the kidneys, the heart
and stomach, and the abdominal center.
Points D and E: The inside ball of the foot (D) under the big toe corresponds to
the shoulders and shoulder blades, while the outside ball (E) corresponds
 to the lungs and respiratory functions.
Points F, G, and H: The inside middle region of the foot (F) represents the nose
and mouth cavity, (G) the throat and vocal cords, and (H) the bronchi
and diaphragm region.
Point I: The outer middle region of the foot represents the stomach, duodenum,
and upper intestinal region.
Point J: The inner lower region corresponds to the intestinal region, especially
the middle part of the intestines.
Point K: The heel as a whole corresponds to the lower intestinal region, the
rectum, and the uterus.
Point L: The line running along the bottom outside of the foot represents the
spine and the muscles along the spine, as well as the meridian related to
the bladder functions.

THE TOES AND TOENAILS

The toes and toenails represent the organs and their functions located in the
middle region of the body, namely the spleen and pancreas, liver, stomach,
gallbladder, and bladder (Figure 2.12).
Figure 2.12 Toe-Organ Correlations

The first toe and its nail: This area corresponds to the spleen, pancreas, and their
functions, especially the outer area. It also corresponds to the liver and its
functions, especially at the inner area.
The second and third toes and their nails: These areas represent the stomach and
its functions. The second toe represents more the stomach organ and its
functions, and the third toe represents more the functions of the stomach
sphincter and duodenum.
The fourth toe and its nail: This area corresponds to the gallbladder and its
functions

The fifth toe and its nail: This area corresponds to the bladder and its functions.

THE PADS BELOW THE TOES

On the bottom of the foot, areas at the base of the toes correspond to certain
organs and functions (Figure 2.13).

Figure 2.13 Areas at the Base of the Toes Correlating with Major Body Functions

Area A: The area under the second toe: functions of the heart and circulation.
Area B: The area under the third toe: functions of the spleen and lymph
 circulation.
Area C: The area under the fourth toe: functions of the lungs and respiration.
Area D: The area under the fifth toe: functions of the kidneys and excretory
system

CONDITIONS IN THE FRONT AND BACK OF THE BODY

The front and back of the body maintain an antagonistic and complemental
relationship, and each area of the front correlates to each area of the back.
Conditions appearing in the frontal organs reflect conditions in the back, and
vice versa. The following show examples for the purpose of diagnosis.

YU-Entering Points and BO-Gathering Points

Points located in the front of the body and points located in the back in
connection with certain organs and functions are known as the YU-Entering
Points and the BO-Gathering Points (Figure 2.14).
Figure 2.14 YU-Entering Points and BO-Gathering Points
The YU-Entering Points, located on the back, represent the location into
which environmental energy or electromagnetic force spirals, forming and
feeding energy to the organs and activating their functions.
The BO-Gathering Points, located in front, represent the places that gather the
energies that have nourished and functioned in the respective organs. Energy
gathers at these points, and from them is further distributed and eliminated
toward the peripheral environment through the arms and fingers, legs and toes,
forming the electromagnetic lines known as meridians. These meridians and
their electromagnetic flow are used in the various treatments of oriental
medicine, such as acupuncture, moxibustion, shiatsu massage, and palm healing.
Correlation Between Front and Back Areas
General areas on the back correlate to certain frontal organs and their functions
(Figure 2.15).
Figure 2.15 Front and Back Correlations

Area A: The back of the head correlates to the functions of the eyes and visual
processes, and the nose and respiration.
Area B: The back of the neck, including the region of the medulla oblongata
down to the bottom of the shoulder blades, correlates to the mouth cavity,
vocal cords and respiratory functions.
Area C: The upper back thoracic region correlates to the lungs, bronchi and
respiratory functions, and the large intestine and its functions.
Area D: The middle back thoracic region correlates to the lower lungs and their
functions, the diaphragm, liver, gallbladder, spleen and their functions.
Area E: The lower back region correlates with the stomach, pancreas and their
functions, as well as the duodenum, the kidneys and their functions.
Area F: The region directly above the waist correlates to the transverse colon, the
upper small intestines, and their functions.
Area G: The waist region correlates to the lower small intestine, ascending colon,
descending colon, and their functions.
Area H: The sacral and buttock region correlates to the rectum and its functions,
the uterus, ovaries, prostate, testicles, and other reproductive conditions and
functions.
Areas I and J: In general, the more peripheral area of the back reflects the more
central part of the front of the body, namely the digestive vessel and its
related organs, while the more middle area of the back represents the
circulatory functions related to the organs and their processes, as well as
excretory functions (Figure 2.16).
Figure 2.16 Vertical Correlations Between Front and Back

Area K: The more central part of the back represents the nervous system and its
functions related to the internal organs.

A PART MANIFESTS THE WHOLE

As the entire human body is a miniature of the universe, a part of the body also is
a miniature of the whole body, having the apparent reflection of the conditions
of the whole. Practically speaking, from the condition of each organ, it is possible
to see the whole body condition. Even a single cell or a single hair represents the
condition of the entire body. For diagnostic purposes, it is convenient to know a
few examples as introduced below.

THE EYES

The eyes reflect the condition of the whole body’s organs and functions. The
study called iridology examines the relation between the conditions of the iris
and the conditions of the organs. However, it may be more convenient to
examine the white of the eye as well, in order to diagnose the whole body’s
condition. Guidelines are illustrated in Figure 2.17.

Figure 2.17 Correlations Between the Eyeball and Body Organs and Systems
 The outer area of the white, covering sections 1 to 6, represents the front of
the body:

Area 1: The area from the front of the head toward the face.
Area 2: From the face and neck toward the lungs.
Area 3: From the lungs and heart to the stomach, pancreas, liver and spleen.
Area 4: The region from these organs in the middle part of the body to the
duodenum and upper part of the small and large intestines.
Area 5: The lower part of the intestines.
Area 6: The region of the bladder and reproductive organs.
The inner area of the white, covering sections 1’ to 6’, represents the back of
the head, neck and body:

Area 1’: The region of the back of the head and brain.
Area 2’: The region from the medulla oblongata to the shoulders and upper part
of the back area of the lungs.
Area 3’: From the middle and lower part of the lungs to the liver, spleen and
kidneys.
Area 4’: From the kidneys and urethra to the back region of the upper intestines.
Area 5’: The lower part of the intestines, especially the back area.
Area 6’: The bladder and reproductive organs, especially their back areas.

Furthermore, the major systems and their functions appear as follows (refer
to Figure 2.17):
The area along Line A: The outer edge of the white represents the digestive
system and its functions.
The area along Line B: The inner side of the white represents the nervous system
and its functions.
The area along Line C: This area represents the circulatory and excretory
functions.
The area along Line D: The outer edge of the iris represents the autonomic
 nervous functions, especially of the orthosympathetic nervous activity.
The area along Line E: The outer edge of the pupil also represents the autonomic
nervous functions, especially of the parasympathetic nerves.

THE EARS

The ears also represent the whole body and certain parts of the ear manifest the
condition of certain organs and their conditions (Figure 2.18).

Figure 2.18 Ear-Body Correlation

Area 1: The upper part of the ear represents the lower part of the body, including
the small and large intestines, the bladder, reproductive organs and their
functions.
Area 2: This area represents the middle part of the body, including the stomach,
liver, spleen, pancreas, duodenum and their functions.
Area 3: This represents the upper part of the body, including the lungs, heart,
bronchi, and shoulders, and their functions.
Area 4: This represents the head and brain region, including the medulla
oblongata, the neck and face and its various organs such as the eyes,
nose, ears, mouth, and brain, and the glands in the head region as a
whole.
Area A: The innermost vertical area of the ear represents the digestive and
respiratory systems and their functions.
Area B: The vertical area of the whole ear represents the nervous system and its
functions.
Area C: The most peripheral wing area of the entire ear represents the circulatory
and excretory systems and their functions.

THE ABDOMINAL REGION

The abdominal region can be used for diagnosis by pressure, to detect hardness,
tightness, rigidity and pain. Each region of the abdominal area represents the
condition and functions of certain corresponding organs (Figure 2.19).

Figure 2.19 The Abdominal Region and Correlation with Organs

Area A: The upper abdominal region represents the conditions of the heart and
small intestines.
Area B: The right side of the abdominal region represents the condition of the
lungs and large intestines.
Area C: The left side of the abdominal region represents the condition of the liver
and gallbladder.
Area D: The lower abdominal region represents the condition of the kidneys and
bladder.
Area E: The central part of the abdominal region represents the conditions of the
spleen, pancreas and stomach.

Other Organs and Features for Diagnosis

Besides the examples outlined above, there are numerous other ways that the
condition of the entire body manifests into a certain organ or part of the body.
Some of these are:

The eyebrows represent the digestive and nervous systems, and their quality is
an indication of longevity.
The lines coming from the sides of the nose and running down toward the
mouth manifest the conditions of the digestive and circulatory functions, and are
another indicator of longevity and vitality.
The hands and feet each represent the whole body.
The fingernails and toenails represent the functions of the circulatory and
excretory systems.
The hair represents the digestive, circulatory and nervous functions.
The teeth correspond to the spinal cord and vertebrae, as well as the organs
connected to each vertebra.
The tongue represents the entire digestive, circulatory and nervous functions.
In Part Two, we will study these interrelationships in connection with the
diagnosis of specific conditions of our physical and mental well-being.
Part Two
The Visual Diagnosis of Special
Conditions
3. The Mouth, Lips, and Teeth

A part manifests the whole;

The whole reflects a part.
The small represents the large;
The large corresponds to the small.
Sometimes they appear the same,
Sometimes they appear opposite;
But all of them seem a chorus
To praise the glory
Of the endless universe.
The principles of diagnosis outlined in Part One lead us to discover the various
manifestations of physical and mental conditions. These manifestations show the
condition of the internal organs and their functions. The art of diagnosis
outlined in Part Two can be used to reflect upon our own condition and that of
other people.

THE MOUTH AND LIPS

The mouth and lips show both the general and current conditions of any person,
and especially of the digestive organs and functions. Because the mouth and lips
are the beginning of the digestive tract and the entrance for foods and drinks,
they reflect very clearly the internal condition of the digestive tract, as well as the
condition of the anus—the end of the digestive tract and the exit for the
elimination of any undigested and unabsorbed foods and fluids.
A person who has good physical and mental health and strength will have a
mouth that is the same width or narrower than the width of the nose (Figure
3.1). This kind of small mouth was predominant among people until a few
generations ago, but the mouths of modern people are rapidly becoming much
larger, indicating general degeneration of the physical and mental constitution. If
a person’s mouth is much wider than the width of the nostrils, it shows that the
functions of the organs and glands are weak, and both physical and mental
abilities for adapting to and resisting the environment are also weak.

Figure 3.1 Size of the Mouth

The increase in mouth size among modern people is due to the
overconsumption of potatoes and tomatoes, fruits and juices, sugar and other
sweeteners, oil and fat, coffee and other beverages, which were eaten by the
mother and received through the mother’s blood during pregnancy. These foods
and drinks cause a deficiency of minerals. Overintake of protein in proportion to
the intake of carbohydrate also causes the development of a larger mouth.
The different areas of the mouth and lips correspond to certain areas of the
body, and the digestive system in particular (Figure 3.2).
Figure 3.2 Areas of the Lips Corresponding to Certain Organs

The upper lip shows the condition of the upper part of the digestive tract,
especially the stomach. The inner part of the upper lip corresponds to both upper
and lower ends of the stomach. The peripheral areas of the upper lip correspond
to the middle region of the stomach.
The lower lip shows the condition of the lower digestive tract, especially the
small and large intestines. The inner area of the lower lip corresponds to the
condition of the small intestine, and the peripheral areas of the lower lip
correspond to the large intestine.
The corners of the lips show the middle region of the digestive tract, especially
the duodenum. The right corner corresponds more to the duodenum’s reaction
to bile secretion from the liver and gallbladder. The left corner reflects more the
functions resulting from pancreatic secretions.

GENERAL CONDITIONS
The size of the mouth, including its horizontal breadth and vertical fullness,
shows the general quality of the physical constitution and condition, and
especially that of the digestive system (Figure 3.3).
Figure 3.3 Forms of the Mouth: Width

Wide Mouth with Full Lips

A mouth larger both in horizontal width and vertical height (A) is the result of
great overconsumption of carbohydrates and fats, including refined grains and
flours, potatoes and fruits, sugar and vegetable-quality fats, during the
embryonic and growing periods. This kind of mouth is often seen among people
who have originated in a tropical climate, where these kinds of food are more
likely to be eaten. In such cases, the peripheral parts of the body, such as the skin
and muscles, appear stronger than average, while the internal organs such as the
heart, liver, spleen and small intestine tend to be weaker, tending toward
looseness. This is a generally yin type of constitution and condition.

Wide Mouth with Thin Lips

A mouth that is horizontally wider but normal in vertical height (B) shows that
the person has consumed, during the embryonic and growing periods, both
animal-quality foods—such as meat, poultry, eggs and dairy products—and
refined vegetable foods such as refined grains, flour products, sugar and fruits,
and various soft drinks and beverages. Modern people have rapidly developed
this type of mouth, which shows an unbalanced physical and mental
constitution: physically, losing the ability of endurance and resistance, and
mentally, losing the qualities of self-discipline and perseverance.

Narrow Mouth with Full Lips

A mouth larger in vertical height but not in horizontal width (C) shows that the
person has consumed excessive amounts of salts and other minerals (yang)
together with dairy products, refined grains and flours, fruits and sugar, fat and
oil, soft drinks and other beverages (yin). This type of mouth shows a general
tendency toward chronic weakness of the digestive organs and functions. This
condition also occurs in people who have received proper food during the
embryonic period, but who consumed foods of more yin quality during the
childhood growing period. We can say that this type of person is constitutionally
yang but conditionally yin.

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS
Besides the general tendencies outlined above, there are a number of other
conditions that show different characteristics, and these may change slowly or
quickly according to changes in the environment and the kinds of foods
consumed. The symptoms outlined below reflect these changing physical and
mental conditions.

Lip Color
The color of the lips changes according to fluctuations in blood quality and
circulation. Various colors reflect different conditions, as shown in the table on
page 49.
Color Condition

Good blood quality and circulation. Respiratory, circulatory and

Pinkish red
digestive functions are normal and sound.

Blood capillaries are abnormally expanded, showing that the

respiratory function is abnormal. Blood pressure tends to be higher
Vivid red
and circulation tends to be faster. This color often indicates
infections or inflammation.

Blood capillaries may be abnormally constricted; or, there is a

deficiency of hemoglobin; or, stagnation and slowness of blood
White
circulation is taking place. Anemia, leukemia and other similar
blood conditions often produce this lip color.

The blood plasma contains excessive salts and fatty acids,

resulting in slowness and stagnation of blood circulation, as well as
Dark abnormal constriction of the blood capillaries. Disorders in kidney
and urinary functions, and in liver and gallbladder functions are
indicated.
 Excessive consumption of protein and saturated fats, together with
excessive salts, often creates this color. It shows disorders in heart
Reddish dark and circulatory functions, lung and respiratory functions, kidney and
urinary functions, as well as disorders in the functions of the liver,
gallbladder, spleen and pancreas.

Excessive consumption of dairy products, fats, sugar and fruits

often produces this color, indicating weakening lymphatic functions
Pinkish white and hormonal disorders. Allergies, skin troubles, Hodgkin’s
disease, asthma and other circulatory, respiratory and hormonal
disorders often show this color.

Stagnation of blood circulation and serious malfunction of the blood

cells, due to improper dietary practices and degeneration of the
Purplish dark functions of such major organs as the intestines, liver, spleen,
kidneys and lungs. This color is known as a sign that physical
death is approaching.

Abnormal Colors
Abnormal colors may also appear on certain areas of the lips for a relatively short
time, indicating that abnormal conditions are present in certain parts of the
body, as shown below.
Color Condition

Due to the excessive consumption of poultry and eggs, dairy

products—especially cheese—and other foods containing a large
Yellowish shade
amount of saturated fats, liver and gallbladder functions are in
disorder.

Excessive amounts of dairy foods and fats are being discharged.

Whitish patches Temporary disorders in the digestive, respiratory, and lymphatic
functions are indicated.

Discharge of excessive carbohydrates, including refined sugar,

honey, and fruit sugars. Disorders in the kidney and urinary
Black spots
functions are indicated. These spots also appear when hardened
fats are accumulating in the digestive tract.

Stagnation of blood circulation in the portion of the digestive vessel

Dark reddish spots
that corresponds to the area of the mouth where the spots appear.

Closed Mouth and Loose Mouth

A mouth that is naturally closed (A), except when speaking or laughing, shows a
generally sound nervous system and normal digestive and respiratory conditions
(Figure 3.4). However, a mouth that is tightly closed to an abnormal extent (B)
indicates disorders in the liver, gallbladder, or kidneys due to the excessive intake
of salts, meat, poultry, eggs and other animal foods. On the other hand, a loose
mouth (C) shows disorders in the digestive, respiratory, and excretory functions,
and also in the nervous functions, due to excessive consumption of raw
vegetables, fruits, fruit juices, sugar and other sweetners, drugs and medications,
as well as an overconsumption of food and drink in general.

Figure 3.4 Forms of the Mouth: Looseness

Swollen Lips
Swollen lips indicate digestive disorders (Figure 3.5). A swollen and expanded
upper lip indicates stomach trouble, including indigestion, due to the excessive
intake of poor-quality foods. A swollen and expanded lower lip indicates
intestinal troubles, including indigestion, gas production, constipation, and
diarrhea. More than seven out of ten modern people suffer from at least one of
these disorders, and their lower lips are far more expanded than their upper lips.
If the swollen and expanded lower lip is also wet, the intestinal disorder is
accompanied with diarrhea.
Figure 3.5 Forms of the Mouth: Swollen Lips

Crust at the Corners of the Mouth

A crusting condition at the corner of the mouth shows digestive trouble due to
the excessive consumption of animal protein and oily, greasy foods (Figure 3.6).
This disorder occurs especially in the area of the duodenum. If the crust has a
yellowish color, the excretion of bile from the liver and gallbladder is abnormal,
due to the consumption of a large amount of saturated fats from foods such as
meat, poultry, eggs, cheese, and fatty fish and seafood.

Figure 3.6 Mouth with Crust at the Corner

Vertical Wrinkles
Vertical wrinkles appearing on the lips show a recession of hormonal functions,
especially of the gonad hormones, indicating that sexual functions are declining
(Figure 3.7). However, these wrinkles also appear in cases of dehydration caused
by a lack of liquid or by the overconsumption of dry foods and salts.
Figure 3.7 Mouth with Vertical Wrinkles

A Mouth with a Clearly Defined Edge

Clearly defined lip edges are the result of a proper volume of food and drink, and
show that the digestive system has a generally sound condition; while a mouth
with an unclear edge is caused by the intake of an excessive amount of food and
drink, showing weakness in the digestive and excretory functions (Figure 3.8).

Figure 3.8 Edges of the Mouth

Clearly Defined Central Lips

The central part of the lips is clearly shaped if balanced foods, especially rich in
minerals, were taken during the embryonic period (Figure 3.9). Physically, this
shows that the heart, small intestine and sexual ability are generally sound; and
mentally, it shows perseverance and a strong self-orientation. On the other hand,
if the central part of the lips is not clearly formed, it shows a native weakness in
the heart, small intestine and sexual ability, as well as in the stomach and
pancreatic functions, including a tendency for developing indigestion. In this
case, a diabetic condition may also develop if an excessive amount of sweeteners,
fruits and fatty foods are consumed over a long time.
Figure 3.9 Central Part of Lips

“The Devil’s Mouth”

If the corners of the mouth appear like the angles of a square when the mouth is
wide open or laughing, it is traditionally called the Devil’s Mouth (Figure 3.10).
This type of mouth results from the over-consumption of animal foods—
especially less-cooked meat—and raw fruits during the embryonic and early
growing periods. It shows a mental tendency toward egocentric behavior.

Figure 3.10 “Devil’s Mouth”

THE TEETH

In childhood we have twenty teeth, and as adults we have thirty-two. The

condition of our teeth shows the quality of the food consumed during their
growing period. Depending upon the volume and quality of food, the shape,
pattern, and even the number of teeth may vary. Following are guidelines for
diagnosis (see Figure 3.11).

Figure 3.11 Forms of the Teeth

GENERAL CONDITIONS
The Number of Teeth
Adults usually have thirty-two teeth: eight incisors, four canines, eight
premolars, and twelve molars. However, a full set of molars does not grow
normally unless a balanced diet has been eaten. Especially a diet lacking in cereal
grains can often result in a lack of the third molars—the “wisdom teeth”—or
they may grow abnormally, producing pain or deformation.

Direction of Growth
Front teeth growing outward (A) show that excessive yin foods such as raw
vegetables, fruits, and juices were eaten during a period of several years while the
teeth were growing. On the other hand, teeth growing inward (B) show that
more yang foods were eaten, including animal food, dry flour products, and
more salty, over-cooked food. Teeth that are generally straight (C) and that bite
together well show that the diet was well-balanced.
Irregular Growth
Teeth growing in different directions—some pointing out, and some in—show
that the diet during their growth was chaotic, with no regular pattern, resulting
in a disharmonious physical and mental constitution. Those who have such
irregular teeth are prone to frequent changes of mind and attitude.

Spaces Between the Teeth

Spaces between the teeth (Figure 3.12) are caused by expansion of the jaws and
gums, due to the overconsumption of yin foods. People with this condition often
show a tendency to be scattered in their thinking and attitude. A space between
the two major frontal incisors has been called traditionally “the sign of
separation,” or the sign of leaving the parents’ home at an early age. Similarly, it
has been said that such a person is unable to see his parents at the time of their
death.

Figure 3.12 Spaces Between the Teeth

Size of the Teeth

Larger teeth are the result of a comparatively yin diet, rich in protein and fat,
while smaller teeth indicate that the diet was rich in carbohydrates and minerals.

Abnormal Tooth Surface

Vertical ridges on the tooth surface are due to the overconsumption of salts and
carbohydrates, and a lack of protein and fat (Figure 3.13 A). Teeth with small,
pinhole-like dots (B) also result from a lack of good-quality protein and fat and
fresh vegetables, and an excess of salt and minerals. Serrated edges on the front
teeth (C) often result from the same cause.
Figure 3.13 Abnormal Teeth

Tooth Decay
Tooth decay, including cavities, root decay and loss of teeth, is caused by
nutritional imbalance. Overconsumption of simple sugars and refined flour
products is often the main cause, because these foods burn up minerals—
including calcium—and some vitamins, when they enter the bloodstream. Tooth
decay arises symmetrically, generally affecting the teeth one by one in a distinct
pattern. For example, if a tooth in the upper right jaw is decaying, the
corresponding tooth in the upper left jaw is probably also decaying; or the tooth
immediately below on the lower right jaw is decaying. The thirty-two teeth
correspond to the thirty-two vertebrae of the spine, and therefore to all major
organs and glands. When teeth decay, therefore, it indicates that the
corresponding major organs and glands are weakening. Some of the major
tooth-organ correspondences are shown in the table below.

Teeth Organs and Functions

Incisors Respiratory and circulatory organs and glands.

Canines Liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and stomach.
Premolars Upper intestinal region; excretory system.
Lower digestive vessel, especially the small and large intestines; the
Molars
reproductive organs; and the glands.

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS
Color of the Teeth
Healthy teeth normally have a light ivory color. However, other colors are
sometimes seen that indicate abnormal conditions caused by smoking, drinking,
and certain foods that have been eaten over a long period of time.

A Light Yellow Color

This may be the result of poor oral hygiene, especially forgetting to brush the
teeth.

A Deep Yellow or Dark Brown Color

This is usually due to tartar buildup on the teeth caused by smoking.
A Grey Color
Grey arises from a lack of fresh leafy vegetables, and may indicate disorders in
the liver, gallbladder, spleen and pancreas and their functions.

A Purplish Color
A purplish color is caused by extremely yin foods such as certain fruits or juices,
and shows a possible weakening in the respiratory functions.

Easily Chipped Teeth

Teeth that chip easily indicate an overconsumption of dry flour products and
salt, especially when eaten after years of sugar and milk consumption.

Small Teeth
Lack of normal growth of the teeth, especially during childhood, arises not only
from unbalanced nutrition, but also from the overconsumption of milk—even
mother’s milk—for an unusually long period. Cow’s and goat’s milk weakens
human teeth, and even human milk weakens teeth if it is given beyond a
reasonable period. When an infant begins to grow teeth, it is time for a reduction
in breast-feeding and an increase in soft baby food.

Crooked Teeth
Crooked teeth, which often create pressure on other teeth, are due to an
abnormal diet, including the intake of excessive meat, poultry, eggs, dairy food
and sugar, fruits, and soft drinks, and a lack of grains, beans, and vegetables.

THE GUMS AND MOUTH CAVITY

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Swollen Gums
Swollen gums, often accompanied by pain and inflammation, are caused by the
overconsumption of liquid, oil, sugar, fruits and juices.

Receding Gums
This condition is caused by either the overconsumption of yang foods—
including animal food, salts, and dried food—or the over-consumption of yin
foods, including sugar, honey, chocolate, soft drinks, fruits and juices.

Abnormally Red or Purple Gums

When gums are abnormally red or purple and are not swollen, this condition
may be caused by a combination of yang animal food or salts and yin sugar,
fruits, juices, soft drinks and chemicals. Similar colors accompanied by
swollenness are caused by the overconsumption of yin foods and drinks.

Pale, Whitish Gums

This discoloration indicates poor circulation as well as a lack of hemoglobin in
the bloodstream, due to anemia caused by nutritional imbalance.

Pimples
Pimples appearing on the inner wall of the mouth cavity are eliminations of one
or all of the following: excessive protein, fat and oil from both animal and
vegetable sources, sugar and sugar products.

Bleeding Gums
Bleeding gums is a common condition found in the U.S. In most cases, it is
caused by broken blood capillaries which have been weakened by a lack of salt
and other minerals in the bloodstream. In rare cases, it can also be caused by
overconsumption of animal food, dry flour products, salts and minerals, and a
lack of fresh vegetables and fruits, as in the case of scurvy.

Inflammation
Inflammation deep in the throat, with or without swollenness of the tonsils, is
caused by the overconsumption of yin foods, including fruits, juices, sugar, soda,
icy cold drinks, as well as milk, as in the case of tonsilitis. If the condition is
accompanied by white patches deep in the throat, the same cause is indicated,
together with the overconsumption of animal fat, including the fats in meat,
poultry and eggs, and all dairy food, as in the case of diphtheria.

THE TONGUE AND UVULA

The tongue and uvula also show the physical and mental constitution and the
current condition (Figure 3.14).
Figure 3.14 Forms of the Tongue
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
The Shape of the Tongue
The shape of the tongue varies from person to person based upon that
individual’s consumptions of foods. Below are common tongue characteristics to
be aware of.

A Wide Tongue with a Round Tip

This shape results when the mother eats food of vegetable quality during
pregnancy. The physiological and psychological conditions of such a person are
generally harmonious, gentle and understanding.

A Narrow Tongue with a Sharp, Pointed Tip

This shaped tongue is caused by heavy consumption of animal quality food
during the time of pregnancy. A person with this kind of tongue tends to be
physically rigid and tight, and mentally aggressive and offensive, with a narrow
mind.

A Tongue with a Divided Tip

This is caused by the frequent consumption of raw animal and vegetable foods
during the embryonic period, and shows a tendency to be indecisive and
changeable.

A Flat Tongue
This shape comes from grain and vegetable consumption during embryonic and
early childhood growth, and shows a tendency to be harmonious with the
environment.

A Thick Tongue
A thick tongue is caused by overconsumption of animal food, protein and fat
during the period of embryonic and childhood growth, and shows a more active,
offensive and aggressive character.

The Digestive Vessel

The tongue represents the whole digestive vessel, and each area of the tongue
corresponds to a certain region of the digestive vessel (Figure 3.15).

Figure 3.15 Areas on Tongue Corresponding to Internal Organs

Area A: The tip area corresponds to the rectum and descending colon of the
large intestine.
Area B: The peripheral area corresponds to the large intestine.
Area C: The middle region corresponds to the small intestine.
Area D: The back edge region corresponds to the duodenum, liver, gallbladder,
and pancreas.
Area E: The near back region corresponds to the stomach.
Area F: The back region, or “root of the tongue,” corresponds to the esophagus.
Area G: The underside reflects the condition of the blood and lymph circulation
in each corresponding area.

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS
According to the corresponding areas explained above, a change of color in any
region shows an abnormal condition in the corresponding organ or region. The
table below reflects the colors and conditions on the upper side of the tongue.
The table on the next page reflects the colors and conditions on the underside of
the tongue.
Color of the Upper Side of the Tongue
Color Condition

Dark red Inflammation, ulcer, or cancer.

Stagnation of blood circulation; accumulation of fat and mucus;

White
anemia; or lack of hemoglobin.

Inflammation and over-secretion due to excessive bile from the liver

Yellow color and coating and gallbladder. Accumulation of fat, mainly from poultry, eggs and
dairy food.

Elimination of dairy food or fat and oil from both animal and
White patches
vegetable sources. General tiredness of the digestive functions.

Overconsumption of yin foods, including fruits, juices, soft drinks,

Blue, purple
chemicals, drugs and medications, as well as sugar.

Color of the Underside of the Tongue

Color Condition

Inflammation, excess liquid, or excess hemoglobin in the

Excessive red bloodstream due to the overconsumption of liquid, fruits, juices and
animal food.

Disorders in the blood vessels due to the overconsumption of

Excessive blue and green
animal fat, dairy food, fruits, juices and sugar.

Inflammation or stagnation of fat and mucus due to excessive bile

Excessive yellow
secretion or the consumption of dairy food, poultry and eggs.

Disorders in the blood vessels and lymphatic stream due to the

Excessive purple overconsumption of sugar, fruits, juices, chemicals, drugs and
medications.

Pimples
Pimples on the tongue are caused by the elimination of excessive protein, fat, or
sugar from both animal and vegetable sources. They often arise from a
combination of fish and fruits, meat and vegetable oil, flour and dairy food, eggs
and citrus juices.
4. The Eyebrows and Eyes

THE EYEBROWS

The eyebrows reflect the nervous, digestive, respiratory, circulatory and

excretory systems, and therefore they reveal the constitution developed during
the period of pregnancy, as well as the current condition.
The eyebrows as a whole show the history of a person’s development during
pregnancy. The inner portion of the brows reflects the early embryonic stage; the
middle portion shows the middle stage; and the ends of the brows reflect the last
stage of pregnancy (Figure 4.1). Since the course of life after birth generally
repeats the growing process that took place during pregnancy, these sections of
the eyebrows also show respectively the youth, middle age and old age of an
individual.
Figure 4.1 Areas of the Eyebrows

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
By examining the eyebrows, we can diagnose general constitutional and
conditional characteristics as follows.

The Space Between the Eyebrows

The space between the eyebrows is a result of the eating habits of the mother
during pregnancy, especially during the third and fourth months (Figure 4.2). A
smaller space is caused by the consumption of excessive animal food, especially
meat, poultry, eggs, fish and caviar, as well as overcooked vegetables flavored
with large amounts of salt. On the other hand, a wider space between the
eyebrows is caused by the mother’s consumption of milk, sugar, fruits, soft
drinks, and raw leafy vegetables, as well as vegetables of tropical origin.

Figure 4.2 Space Between the Eyebrows

A shorter distance between the eyebrows shows a general tendency for such
organs as the liver, pancreas, kidneys, heart, and other yang, compacted organs
and glands to be easily affected with disorders, as a result of the excessive intake
of yang food during the growing period. A wider distance between the brows, on
the other hand, indicates that disorders may arise in such organs as the lungs,
intestines, bladder and gallbladder, because of an excessive consumption of yin
food during the growing period. Mentally, the shorter distance shows a more
narrow mind, stubborn determination, and emotional sharpness, while the wider
distance shows uncertainty, insecurity, indecisiveness, and lack of determination.
A distinctly wide space between the brows has been traditionally called “the sign
of a widow” or a sign of separation.

The Angle of the Eyebrows

The angle of the brows also shows the physical and mental constitution, and is
also caused by the food the mother ate during pregnancy (Figure 4.3).

Figure 4.3 Angle of the Eyebrows

Upward-Slanting Eyebrows
Upward-slanting eyebrows are formed by the consumption of excessive animal
food, and represent a more aggressive and offensive character. Susceptibility to
liver and heart trouble is indicated.

Downward-Slanting Eyebrows
Downward-slanting eyebrows are caused by low animal food consumption and
more food of vegetable quality, showing a gentle and understanding character,
with a potential for kidney and intestinal troubles.
As a general tendency, animal-caused eyebrows indicate a shorter life
expectancy, while vegetable-caused brows show the potential for a longer life.

Smooth, Curving Eyebrows

An orderly, balanced angle—smooth, curving eyebrows—is created by well-
balanced food consumed by the mother during pregnancy, and shows physical
and mental balance.

Peaked Eyebrows
Peaked eyebrows whose inner portion slants upward while the outer portion
curves downward show that animal food was heavily consumed during the first
part of pregnancy, and more vegetable food was consumed in the latter part of
pregnancy. A person with this type of eyebrows has a general tendency to be
active physically and socially, but gentle and sometimes timid in mentality.
During youth, he is more physically and socially active, but in the latter part of
his life he is occupied with more mental and spiritual matters. In this case, the
kidneys, liver, and spleen are easily affected by both excessively yin and yang
foods.

The Condition of the Hair in the Eyebrows

The Thickness of the Hairs
The thickness of the hairs shows the degree of vitality. The denser the eyebrows,
the more energetic a person is; the thinner, the less energetic (Figure 4.4).
Figure 4.4 Various Kinds of Eyebrows

Longer Hairs
Long hairs in the brows show a more mentally and spiritually active character,
while shorter hairs show a more physically active character.

Broad, Full Eyebrows

Broad, full eyebrows show active vitality, and narrow eyebrows show less vitality.
If the eyebrows are becoming narrower, it indicates physical and mental
degeneration.

Long and Short Eyebrows

Long eyebrows indicate a long life; short eyebrows, a shorter life. (Compare with
the life lines on the palm.) If the eyebrows are becoming shorter, physical
degeneration is taking place and serious malfunctions in the major organs are
progressing.

Color Changes
When the eyebrow hair changes color, it indicates a substantial change in
physical and mental condition. When the eyebrows change from a normal dark
color to grey or white, it is due either to advancing age or to the eating of
excessive salt and minerals. If the eyebrow hair changes to a lighter color, it is
caused by the excessive intake of more minerals and animal food, while a change
toward a darker color is caused by eating more vegetable-quality food.

Hair Growing Between the Brows

Hair growing between the brows is caused by the intake of dairy food and fatty
animal food during the third and fourth months of pregnancy. If a person has
this type of eyebrows, his liver, pancreas, and spleen tend to be easily affected by
the consumption of excessive amounts of animal food and oily or fatty foods,
including dairy products.

Broken or Disconnected Brows

Broken or disconnected brows indicate the possibility of developing a serious
sickness at some time in life. (Compare with a broken life line on the palm.)
 THE EYES

The eyes represent the entire physical, mental and spiritual condition. The eyes
are one of our most expressive instruments, showing physical, mental and
spiritual change. The eyes tell everything!

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
The Distance Between the Eyes
A shorter distance between the eyes, as in the case of the eyebrows, results from a
strongly yang quality of food eaten during the early part of pregnancy, and
indicates a more aggressive, narrow-minded and stubborn but emotionally and
intellectually sharp character (Figure 4.5). There is a potential for the organs in
the middle region of the body, such as the liver, pancreas, spleen and kidneys, to
easily become out of order through the intake of excessive animal-quality food.

Figure 4.5 Distance Between the Eyes

A wider distance between the eyes, on the other hand, results from a more yin
quality of food, including salad, sugars, soft drinks, and fruits, and indicates a
more loose, indecisive, slow, but gentle character. The organs in the middle
region of the body named above have a tendency to be easily affected by an
excess of yin foods, including sugars, soft drinks, tropical fruits, and aromatic,
stimulant foods and beverages.

The Angle of the Eyes

Eyes That Slant Upward
Eyes that slant upward at the outer edge result from the mother’s intake of well-
cooked and well-salted grains and vegetables during the time of pregnancy, and
indicate a tendency toward clear emotional and intellectual character (Figure
4.6).

Figure 4.6 Angle of the Eyes

Eyes That Slant Downward

Eyes that slant downward at the ends, on the other hand, are caused by the
mother’s intake of less-cooked, less-salted vegetable-quality foods, including
fruits and fruit juice, during pregnancy, and indicate a more gentle and accepting
character.

Size of the Eyes

Small Eyes
Small eyes are caused by yang foods, including well-cooked vegetable- and
animal-quality foods, consumed not only during the time of pregnancy, but also
during the childhood growing period (Figure 4.7). They show a more
determined, active and self-confident character, together with physical strength,
vitality and endurance. If the eyes are abnormally small, they show a tendency
toward a sharp, aggressive character.
Figure 4.7 Size of the Eyes

Large Eyes
Large eyes, on the other hand, are caused by the intake of yin foods such as less-
cooked and raw vegetables, fruits and fruit juice, and indicate a more mentally
sensitive, delicate and gentle character. Abnormally large eyes indicate nervous
disorders, including extra sensitivity, irritability, nervousness, timidity and lack
of confidence.
Generally speaking, it is desirable for men to have eyes that are smaller and
narrower, and for women to have more open and round eyes.

The Eyelids

Single, Tight Eyelids

Single, tight eyelids result from the consumption of well-cooked grains and
vegetables during the time of pregnancy, and show a general tendency toward
mental clarity (Figure 4.8).
Figure 4.8 The Eyelids

Double, Loose Eyelids

Double, loose eyelids result from the mother’s intake of a large volume of fats
and fluids during pregnancy, and often represent physical strength. However,
eyelids that are swollen and red or purple indicate a current excessive intake of
fruits, sugar and other sweets, soda, soft drinks, vegetables of tropical origin, and
various alcoholic beverages and stimulants. This condition can also show an
intake of drugs and medications. General weakness in the digestive functions,
and abnormal sensitivity of the nervous functions are indicated. The organs
mainly affected are the kidneys, intestines, spleen, liver, and reproductive organs,
as well as the hormonal functions.

“The Eyes of the Phoenix”

The area of the lower eyelid indicated in Figure 4.9 as area “x” varies according to
the constitution developed in the mother’s womb. If area “x” is flat and clear, it is
traditionally known as “The Eyes of the Phoenix,” and is considered a sign of
leadership. However, if there is no area “x” or if that area is swollen, it indicates a
lack of clear judgement.
Figure 4.9 “The Eyes of the Phoenix”

Blinking
The frequency of blinking is lower in children, whose constitutions are more
yang, strong and active, and it increases as we approach adulthood. On the
average, a healthy adult blinks once every twenty seconds, or three times per
minute. A person who blinks much less is currently in a more active, sharp
condition, in both physical and mental character. A person who blinks more
than three times per minute is in a state of declining health, due to the
consumption of excessive liquid, fruit, sugar and other yin foods and drinks. If
blinking is abnormally frequent, a person is suffering from nervous disorders
and is experiencing extreme sensitivity, fear, timidity and irritability.

The Eyelashes

Long Eyelashes
This indicates the intake of excessive liquid, raw vegetables and fruits, and other
yin foods (Figure 4.10).
Figure 4.10 Various Kinds of Eyelashes

Outwardly Curved Eyelashes

If the eyelashes curve outward, it shows abnormal nervous sensitivity, and
indicates that the reproductive functions are in a state of degeneration due to the
consumption of excessive yin foods such as fruits, fruit juice, wine, sugar, sweets,
soft drinks, aromatic stimulant foods and beverages as well as drugs and
medications, during early childhood.

Shorter Eyelashes
Short eyelashes result from the intake of a more yang quality of food, including
well-cooked salty food, roasted and baked food, and cooked animal food, and
less intake of grains and vegetables.

Inwardly Curved Eyelashes

Eyelashes that curve inward indicate the excessive intake of strongly yang foods
such as a large amount of salt, meat, eggs, fish, caviar, and poultry, without
enough grains and vegetables to balance them. In this case, the reproductive
functions are often abnormal, especially in women, who may experience
menstrual cramps or lack of menstruation due to contraction of the ovaries.

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS
Change of Color Around the Eyes
The colors around the eyes vary according to different physical and mental
conditions, and change daily according to our daily health.

Clear, Clean, Natural Skin Color

This color shows sound physical and mental health, the result of proper diet and
way of life. The physical and mental functions are operating harmoniously.

Dark Color
This color arises when there is an excessively yang condition, including
contraction of the kidneys and exhaustion of the adrenal and gonad hormones.
Therefore, this color can appear due to the intake of excessive salt and roasted,
baked, or dried foods. It often arises after excessive sexual intercourse, especially
in people whose kidneys and excretory functions are weak. It also indicates
stagnated metabolism in the kidneys and excretory system, and in the ovaries,
testicles and reproductive functions.
Reddish Color
This color appears when the blood capillaries are expanded from the intake of
excessive yin foods and drinks, including liquids, fruits, juice, sugars, and many
others, showing that the heart and circulatory system are now overworking.
Redness on the eyelids may appear from time to time and shows an extreme state
of the above condition, together with nervousness. This may arise among some
women whose menstrual periods are irregular, when the period is due. However,
if this condition continues chronically, the mental condition will become
extremely nervous.

Purplish Color
This color shows a more advanced stage of the condition described above under
“reddish color,” and is caused mainly by the consumption of drugs, chemicals,
medications, refined simple sugars and other extremely yin foods and drinks.
The nervous system, circulatory system and excretory system are all in disorder.
People who have this color around the eyes usually experience hallucinations,
and feel cold at the peripheral parts of the body such as the hands and feet.

Yellowish Color
This color appears when the liver and gallbladder are overfunctioning. It can be
caused by eating too much cheese and other dairy products, and also by an
excessive intake of certain root vegetables such as carrots, and some round
vegetables such as pumpkin and squash. It can also show a temporary disorder of
the kidneys and excretory functions.

Greyish Color
A greyish, pale color appears in cases of malfunction of the kidneys and
sometimes the lungs, mainly because of metabolic stagnation due to the excessive
intake of heavy, fatty, animal food, and the over-consumption of salt and other
yang foods. This color also indicates that the endocrine and lymph systems are
not functioning properly, especially in the regions of the respiratory and
reproductive organs. An imbalance of minerals in the bloodstream, which arises
not only from improper food and drink, but also from improper environmental
air conditions, can produce this color.

Pimples Appearing Around the Eyes

Pimples are the body’s attempt to eliminate certain food substances that have
been consumed in excess. They can appear in various areas around the eyes.

Pimples Above the Eyelid

Pimples above the eyelid and below the eyebrows are eliminations of mucus, fat
and oil, caused by the excessive intake of oil, sugar, and dairy products. If the
pimples are also yellow in color, the diet has included poultry, eggs, and/or
cheese, as well.

Pimples On the Eyelid

Pimples on the eyelid are eliminations of protein, fat, and sugar, caused by the
overconsumption of animal food and fruits. The consumption of oily fish,
oranges or other fruits and juices can often produce reddish pimples near the
corner of the eyelid.

Pimples Below the Lower Eyelid

Pimples below the lower eyelid are eliminations of both protein and sugar,
caused by the consumption of excessive fatty meat and sugar, or fruit juice.
Whitish-yellow pimples in this area show the consumption of eggs, dairy
products and other animal fats.
While these eliminations are proceeding in the form of pimples in the
different areas near the eyes, the kidneys and excretory system, and the spleen
and lymphatic system are temporarily affected by this excessive intake of
unnecessary foods and drinks. If the pimples itch and are inflamed, the process
of elimination is going on very actively, but if they have no itching and
inflammation, the elimination is proceeding gradually.

Eyebags
During adulthood, but increasingly during youth in the modern age, many
people develop eyebags under the lower eyelid (Figure 4.11). Eyebags may have
one of two causes, although the appearance may be similar: (1) eyebags due to a
pool of liquid, and (2) eyebags due to pooled mucus. The first type of eyebag
appears watery and swollen, and the second type of eyebag appears more fatty
and swollen.
Figure 4.11 Swollen Eyebags

Both types of eyebags show disorders of the kidneys, bladder, and excretory
functions. Especially the first type of eyebag indicates swollenness of the kidney
tissues and frequent urination due to the excessive intake of liquid of any kind,
including all sorts of beverages, fruits and juices.
The second type of eyebag does not necessarily demonstrate frequent
urination, but shows mucus and fat accumulation in the kidney tissues. If small
pimples or small dark spots appear on these mucus-caused eyebags, it shows that
the accumulated mucus and fat in the kidney tissues is forming kidney stones. If
these eyebags are chronic, mucus accumulation is developing in the ureter, the
wall of the bladder, the ovaries, Fallopian tubes and uterus, or in and around the
prostate glands, creating bacterial activity, inflammation, itching, vaginal
discharge, ovarian cysts, and eventually the growth of tumors and cancer in these
areas.
Both types of eyebags also indicate the decline of physical and mental vitality
as a natural result of the above conditions. Tiredness, overloaded body systems,
fatigue, laziness, forgetfulness, indecisiveness and loss of clear judgement are
developing.
The water-caused eyebag is easily corrected by the restriction of liquid intake,
while the mucus-caused eyebag can be corrected by the restriction of all mucus-
and fat-forming food, including especially dairy products, meat fat, poultry,
sugars, refined flour, and all sorts of oil, although it takes much longer than in
the case of the first type of eyebag.

The Pink Area Inside the Lower Eyelids

This area shows mainly the circulatory condition (Figure 4.12). Variations in
color indicate different conditions, as follows.
Figure 4.12 Inside of Lower Eyelid

Light Pink Color

Light pink color with a smooth surface indicates a healthy, normal circulatory
condition.

Red Color
Red color with expanded capillaries indicates high blood pressure or excretory
disorders due to the excessive intake of yin foods, especially liquids, alcohol,
fruits, juices and sugars. It also shows inflammation of the circulatory system,
and nervousness.

Whitish Color
A whitish color shows an anemic condition, caused by the excessive intake of yin
foods. It can sometimes be caused by yang food including salt and roasted or
baked flour products. Often a condition of leukemia results in this color.

Reddish-Yellow Color
A reddish-yellow color is caused by the consumption of excess yang, animal food
including poultry, eggs, and dairy products as well as excess yin foods including
sugar, fruits, and others. This color shows disorders in the heart and circulatory
system, together with disorders in the liver, spleen, and pancreas functions.

THE EYEBALL, IRIS, AND WHITE

The eyeballs are part of the nervous system, but they represent very well the
whole physical and mental condition.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
The Size of the Eyeballs
The eyeballs change in size due to the kinds of foods and drinks consumed, as
well as according to age. During infancy and early childhood, the eyeballs are
comparatively small, and they expand rapidly as growth progresses (Figure 4.13).
In general, between puberty and menopause, the size of the eyeballs stays fairly
constant, with slight fluctuations due to changes in food and drink. Toward the
end of life, after menopause, the eyeballs tend to contract, usually resulting in
changes in sight.

Figure 4.13 Size of the Eyeball

Abnormal Eyeball Expansion

Caused by excess yin foods and drinks, excessive eyeball expansion produces
myopia, or nearsightedness (Figure 4.14).

Figure 4.14 Expansion and Contraction of the Eyeball and Lens

Abnormal Contraction of the Lens
This condition—caused by dehydration and excessive intake of salt, meat, and
other animal food—also produces nearsightedness.

Abnormal Contraction of the Eyeball

Caused by dehydration, aging, and excessive intake of yang foods including salt,
dried foods, and animal food, this condition produces farsightedness.

Sanpaku
Abnormal expansion and contraction of the eyeballs produces a condition
known as sanpaku, a Japanese word meaning “three whites,” indicating that the
eyeball has taken an abnormally high or low position (Figure 4.15).
Figure 4.15 Sanpaku Conditions

Upper Sanpaku
Contracted eyeballs, which are normal in infants and young children, produce
upper sanpaku (B). However, if this condition continues beyond early childhood,
or if it begins at a later age, it is a sign of abnormal mentality and behavior,
including aggressiveness, violence, and uncontrollable passions.
After early childhood, through old age, a person should have no sanpaku
condition (A) if the physical metabolism is sound and well-balanced.
Lower Sanpaku
Abnormal expansion of the eyeballs often produces lower sanpaku (C),
indicating that the whole physical and mental metabolism is becoming slower
and weaker. This lower sanpaku is on the increase among modern people due to
overconsumption of yin foods, although there are some instances of lower
sanpaku caused by the overconsumption of extremely yang foods, including salt.
This condition also shows that the nerve cells of the brain are expanded, often
resulting in abnormal thinking and behavior, which may lead to a fatal destiny.
Those who commit crimes and treachery, those who are suspicious, and those
who are the object of misunderstanding, attacks, or assassinations usually have
this lower sanpaku condition. Extreme lower sanpaku (D) indicates that death is
drawing near. This condition appears universally in people who are going to
meet death unexpectedly in the near future.
It is interesting to note that most criminals posted publicly as “Wanted” have
either upper or lower sanpaku and nearly all people who have been assassinated
have had lower sanpaku, including Julius Caesar, Abraham Lincoln, Adolf Hitler,
Mahatma Gandhi, John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Martin Luther
King, Jr.
In order to diagnose a lower sanpaku condition, ask the person to look up at a
45-degree angle. If white is showing beneath the iris, he or she already has lower
sanpaku.

Wet Eyeballs
Constant tear production, which is usually accompanied by many red, expanded
capillaries on the white of the eye, often indicates glaucoma, and in some cases,
detachment of the retina. This condition is caused by an excessive intake of
liquids, juices, fruits and other watery foods.

The Iris
The color of the iris differs according to the biological constitution which was
developed from the time of conception by dietary practices and environmental
conditions. Usually, people think that differences in the color of the iris occur
because of racial differences, but actually they are the result of traditional ways of
living.

A Light Iris
A light colored iris, for example blue, shows that the person has originated in a
more northern region where he has received less sunlight.

A Brown Iris
This is produced by a four-season climate.

A Dark Iris
A dark colored iris, such as dark brown or black, generally develops in a sunny,
tropical environment. The color of the iris has a tendency to change slightly
throughout life—during infancy and childhood, darker; toward adulthood,
lighter.
Iridology, or diagnosis according to observation of the iris, can reveal various
physical and mental conditions. Figure 4.16 shows the general areas
corresponding to various parts of the body.
Figure 4.16 Iridology by Bernard Jensen

The Pupil
The condition of the pupil reflects very clearly the functions of the autonomic
nerves. The pupil opens and closes according to the degree of brightness in the
environment. The brighter the environment, the smaller the pupil becomes; the
darker the environment, the larger the pupil. The speed of the autonomic reflex
action shows the alertness of the autonomic nerves.
Figure 4.17 The Pupil

A Larger Pupil
A pupil that is larger than average shows degeneration of the autonomic nerves,
especially the parasympathetic nervous functions, due to an excessive
consumption of yin foods and drinks as well as drugs, some vitamins and
medications. Extreme dilation of the pupil arises at death. A large pupil
accordingly indicates general degeneration and weakening of the physical and
mental functions. Fear, nervousness, anxiety, and other mental disorders also
arise when the pupils are enlarged.

A Smaller Pupil
A pupil that is smaller than average indicates healthy, sound physical and mental
functions, mainly developed by eating grains and vegetables. Vitality, endurance,
patience, perseverance, and resistance, both physically and mentally, are
indicated. This condition in a person over the age of sixty shows potential
longevity and good coordination among the major organs and glands.

A White, Mucous Cloud Covering the Pupil

A white, mucous cloud covering the pupil is a sign that cataracts are developing,
due to the overconsumption of dairy products and other fats, together with sugar
and sweets.

The White of the Eye

As in the case of the iris, the white of the eye represents various parts of the
whole body (Figure 4.18).
Figure 4.18 Major Areas of the White of the Eye

Area of the White Part of the Body

The upper part of the body, including the brain, face, neck, chest,
Upper area ( )▾ lungs, heart, and the upper spine.

The middle region of the body, including the stomach, duodenum,

Middle area ( )
spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, and middle spine.

The lower region of the body, including the small and large
Lower area ( )▴ intestines, bladder, reproductive organs, buttocks and lower region
of the spine.

The front of the body, including the face, forebrain, neck and chest,
▾
Outside ( ) respiratory and digestive systems and their connected organs and
glands.

The back of the body, including the small brain, neck, shoulders,
▴
Inside ( ) spinal cord and connected tissues, waist, buttocks, and cervical
region.

Certain colors and marks appearing on the white of the eye indicate abnormal
conditions in the corresponding areas of the body. Figure 4.19 shows where
various marks are likely to appear, and the corresponding conditions are
discussed below.
Figure 4.19 Marks on the White of the Eye

A Yellow Color
Often seen in the peripheral part of the white, a yellow color shows an
accumulation of fat and mucus caused by animal-quality food, indicating that
the liver, gallbladder and digestive functions are in disorder.

A Grey or Dark Color

Sometimes seen in the middle and inner regions of the white, a grey or dark
color indicates stagnation of the functions of the organs and glands, including
disorders in the digestive, respiratory and lymphatic functions.

A Transparent or Pale White Color

This color shows the presence of stagnated fat and mucus which may be
progressing toward the growth of cysts, tumors and cancer. Disorders in the
hormonal and lymphatic functions are indicated.

A Red Color
Caused by many expanded blood capillaries, this indicates disorders in the
circulatory and respiratory functions caused by excessive consumption of yin
foods and drinks. Menstrual irregularity and epileptic disorders are also reflected
in various minute, expanded capillaries in the corresponding areas of the white.

A Straight, Long Red Line

A straight, long red line in a certain part of the white often indicates abnormal
deformation of blood vessels or tissues and muscles, which may be caused by a
shock, accident or surgery in the corresponding area of the body.

Red Spots
Red spots appearing here and there on the white show that blood clots or
circulatory stagnation are arising in the organs, glands or muscles in the
corresponding areas of the body.

Dark Spots
Dark spots appearing here and there on the white are an indication of the
formation of fat deposits, cysts, tumors, and sometimes cancer, as well as stones
and calcification in the corresponding areas of the body.

White Mucous Patches

Usually arising in the middle or lower part of the white, white mucous patches
indicate heavy fat accumulation, which is progressing toward the formation of
cysts, tumors and cancer.

Mucus
Mucus appearing at the lower part of the white, below the eyeball, is an
indication of mucus and fat accumulation in the lower part of the body,
including in and around the intestines, ovaries, uterus, Fallopian tubes, and
prostate glands.

Cloudy White Color with a Grey Tone

A cloudy white color with a grey tone covering most of the white signals a
developing hardness of the eyeballs, caused by the excessive intake of fats with
sugar, fruits and juices.

The Inside of the Eyelids

The areas inside the upper and lower eyelids are usually pink and have a smooth
surface, under healthy conditions (Figure 4.20). When the following changes
develop in this area, certain disorders are shown.

Figure 4.20 The Area Inside the Upper and Lower Eyelids

Reddish Color
This color shows expansion of the blood capillaries caused by excess yin foods,
and indicates that reproductive, digestive and circulatory disorders may be
developing.

A Reddish-Yellow Color
Expansion of the blood capillaries is indicated, along with stagnation of fat and
mucus, caused by the overconsumption of both yin foods and yang animal
protein and fats, leading to disorders of the heart, liver, kidneys, and other major
organs.

A White Color
Lack of hemoglobin or blood circulation—overall anemia—caused mainly by the
overconsumption of either extremely yang foods such as salt and dry flour
products, or extremely yin foods including fruit juice, soft drinks, drugs, and
chemicals.

Small Dot-Like Pimples

These show the elimination of animal protein and saturated fat coming from
meat, eggs, dairy products, fish and seafood which have been eaten to excess. If
these pimples develop a red, inflamed condition, it may be a sign of trachoma.

Large Pimples
Usually one or two in number and with combined red yellow and white colors,
these show the elimination of animal protein and fats, vegetable oils, sugar, and
excessive liquid.
5. The Nose, Cheeks, and Ears

THE NOSE

The nose reflects the condition of the nervous system, the circulatory system,
and certain functions of the digestive system. As we will see, the type of nose,
size, shape, color and other characteristics reveal specific conditions, as described
below.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
The various shapes of the nose correspond to the size, quality and condition of
the brain.

Type of Nose
A well-formed nose with average length and roundness shows a balanced
mentality, and a straight and longer nose shows a more sensitive nervous quality.
A short, flatter nose shows a tendency toward determination and rigidity in
thinking, while a larger nose, if not abnormally large, shows a larger thinking
capacity.
Figure 5.1 Forms of the Nose

The Sides of the Nose

The raised, bony areas on the sides of the nose indicate obscure thinking, while if
these areas are less prominent, there is more of a tendency toward clear thinking
(Figure 5.2).

Figure 5.2 Forms of the Nose

The Nostrils
Nostrils that are well developed indicate more determination and courage, as
well as a strong masculine character, while less developed nostrils show greater
sensitivity, gentleness, and cowardice, as well as a somewhat more feminine
character (Figure 5.3). In the modern age, nostrils are changing from the well-
developed type to the less-developed type. Abnormally developed nostrils, as well
as abnormally underdeveloped nostrils, may reflect the sexual preference of the
individual.

Figure 5.3 Types of Nostrils

Height of the Nose

An extremely high and long nose, in the case of woman, shows an inability to
conceive, and a tendency toward frigidity; while an extremely short and flat nose,
in the case of man, shows low intelligence and a tendency toward physical
violence (Figure 5.4). In general, a high nose shows a tendency to be proud,
competitive, prejudiced, and discriminating, while a lower or flatter nose
indicates a tendency to be more generous and accepting of differences.

Figure 5.4 Forms of the Nose

The Tip of the Nose
If the end of the nose hangs down so that you cannot see both nostrils from the
front, it shows a tendency toward nervousness, sensitivity and a changeable mind
(Figure 5.5). On the other hand, if the nose is shaped so that the two nostrils can
be clearly seen from the front, narrower, unstable thinking and a more wild
character are often indicated.

Figure 5.5 Forms of the Nose

Shape of the Nose

In addition to the indications mentioned above, the specific shape of the nose
indicates the individual’s specific physical and mental condition (see Figures 5.6,
5.7, and 5.8).
Figure 5.6 Various Forms of the Nose

Figure 5.7 The Cleft Nose

Figure 5.8 The Crooked Nose

The “Eagle Nose”

A high, rounded shape sometimes called an “eagle nose” is caused by the
consumption of much poultry, including eggs, resulting in a tendency to be
aggressive, self-centered and restless.

A Drooping Nose
A drooping nose is caused by an excessive consumption of fruits and salad, as
well as liquid, resulting in weakness of the heart, kidneys and bladder functions.

A Pointed Nose
A pointed nose with a tip pointing toward the front like Pinnocchio’s, is caused
by the overconsumption of certain kinds of fruit including melons and berries,
resulting in weakness of the heart and an excitable nervous condition.

An Upward-Tilted Tip
An upward-tilted tip of the nose is caused by an excessive intake of animal food,
especially fish and seafood, during the time of pregnancy, resulting in a tendency
toward sharpness in thinking, but also in narrowness and shortsightedness.

A Swollen Nose
This is caused by the excessive intake of sugar, fluid, fruits, and some vegetables
of tropical origin, as well as excess fats and oils, indicates that both the
circulatory and excretory systems are in disorder.

A Nose Hardening at the Tip

This condition is caused by the intake of saturated fat, especially from animal
food such as meat, poultry, eggs, cheese and other dairy products, resulting in a
hardening of the arteries and muscles, and the accumulation of fat around the
heart and other major compacted organs including the liver, kidneys, spleen, and
prostate glands. Together with the swollen condition described above, this
hardening nose is a sign that a heart attack or stroke may occur.

A Cleft Nose
If the tip of the nose is split or has an indentation, it is caused by nutritional
imbalance, especially a shortage of minerals and complex sugars during the time
of pregnancy. This condition can also be produced by an excessive intake of
simple sugars such as fruits, juices, and refined sugar, as well as soft drinks, all of
which deprive the body of minerals and complex sugars. A cleft nose indicates
that the heart is beating irregularly or murmuring. Modern people with this type
of nose are becoming more and more numerous.

A Crooked Nose
A crooked nose results when the physical and mental constitutions of the parents
are imbalanced, and shows an inharmonious character and physical condition.

A nose bending toward the left shows that the left side of the body—including
the left lung, the spleen and pancreas, left kidney, descending colon, left ovary or
testicle—are more active than the organs on the right side. This constitution
shows that the father’s hereditary factors were stronger.
A nose bending toward the right shows that the organs on the right of the
body—including the right lung, the liver, gallbladder, right kidney, ascending
colon, right ovary or testicle—are more active than the organs on the left side. In
this case, the mother’s hereditary factors were superior.

The Color of the Nose

A Red Color on the Tip of the Nose

This color, which results from the expansion of blood capillaries, is due to an
excessive intake of liquid, alcohol, stimulant and aromatic beverages and
seasonings, as well as fruits, juices and sugar. This condition often shows an
abnormal condition of the heart, especially irregularity of blood pressure, toward
hypertension.

A Purple Nose
A purple nose, which is a more extreme case of the above-described red
condition, often shows low blood pressure (hypotension), leading toward heart
failure.

Expanded Capillaries
Expanded capillaries appearing on the surface skin of the nose also indicate a
dangerous heart and circulatory condition, as in the case of a purple nose.

White Nose
When the color of the nose becomes whitish, it demonstrates a possible
contraction of the heart and blood capillaries, due to an over-consumption of salt
or a lack of fresh vegetables and liquid. This condition shows a timid and
hesitating mentality, and physically, coldness in the peripheral areas of the body,
including the fingers, toes, and general skin surface of the whole body.

Pimples and Patches on the Nose

Yellow-White Pimples or Patches
These can appear on any part of the nose. They show the discharge of excessive
animal fat, especially dairy products. In this case, the digestive and excretory
functions are in disorder.

Red or Dark Spots

These spots appearing on any part of the nose show the discharge of excessive
sugar, including refined sugar, honey and fruit sugar. In this case, the excretory
and circulatory functions are in disorder.

THE CHEEKS
The cheek area represents the respiratory and circulatory systems, and the
peripheral part of this area represents the digestive system.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
The Condition of the Skin and Flesh on the Cheeks

Well-Developed Cheeks
Cheeks with well-developed, firm flesh and a clean, clear skin color show sound
respiratory and digestive functions, especially if there are no wrinkles or pimples
in this area.

Thin Cheeks
Cheek flesh that is thinner than normal shows a lack of balanced nutrition, and
especially a lack of protein and fat. Respiratory and digestive capacities are less
than normal.

Tight Cheeks
Tight flesh on the cheeks, however, does not show an underdeveloped condition,
but rather, shows active and sound functions in the above-mentioned systems.

Figure 5.9 The Cheeks

Colors and Marks on the Cheeks

The color of the cheeks, marks on the cheeks, and skin condition reflect very
clearly the internal conditions of the respiratory, circulatory, and digestive
systems. The guidelines for interpreting these conditions are presented below.

Unblemished Cheeks
Clean, clear color without pimples and wrinkles shows good health.

Red or Pink Cheeks

Red or pink cheeks, except during vigorous exercise or when out in cold weather,
show abnormal expansion of the blood capillaries, caused by heart and
circulatory disorders due to the overconsumption of yin foods and drinks,
including liquid, fruits, juices, sugars and drugs. In this case, there is a tendency
toward hypertension, and mentally, a nervous sensitivity. Breathing is also faster
than normal, and the speed of blood circulation is relatively fast.

Milky White Cheeks

Milky white cheeks are caused by the overconsumption of dairy products, such
as cheese, milk, cream, and yoghurt, and the overconsumption of tofu or other
soybean products. An excessive intake of flour products and fruits also produces
a similar color, a pinkish shade mixed with the milky white color. This condition
manifests the accumulation of mucus and fat in various regions of the body,
including the lungs, intestines, and reproductive organs.

Dark Spots on the Cheeks

Dark spots on the cheeks are a sign of fat or mucus accumulation in some part of
the lungs, often the beginning of cyst or tumor formation. Coffee and other
stimulant, aromatic beverages contribute to the appearance of this color on the
cheeks.

Pimples
Pimples on the cheeks show the elimination of excessive fat and mucus caused by
the intake of animal food, dairy products, and oils and fats. In this case, a heavy
accumulation of fat and mucus is proceeding in the lungs, intestines,
reproductive organs as well as in the forebrain region. A vaginal discharge or cyst
formation may be developing. If these pimples are whitish in color, the main
cause is milk and sugar; while if they are yellowish, the main cause is cheese,
poultry and eggs. Pimples which appear in the center of the cheeks and have a
fatty appearance show the formation of cysts in the ovarian region in the case of
a woman, and in and around the prostate glands in the case of a man.

A Green Shade
A green shade around the edges of the cheeks shows that cancer is proceeding
either in the lungs or in the large intestine.

A Dark Shade
A dark shade at the top of the cheekbone or the bottom of the eye region shows
disorders in the kidneys and excretory system as well as in the intestines, due to
the overconsumption of sugar, honey, and other sweets. This condition may also
be caused by excessive salt and dried foods.

Swollen Wrinkles
Swollen wrinkles on the cheekbone indicate swollenness and fat or mucus
accumulation in the intestinal tract, together with the over-consumption of
liquid.

Freckles
Freckles on the cheeks show the elimination of simple sugars, including refined
cane sugar, fruit sugar, and milk sugar, as in the case of all freckles. However,
freckles on the cheeks especially indicate that these sugars are harming the
respiratory and digestive functions.

A Purple Color
If the purple color appears in a large area like a shadow, it indicates a serious
weakening of the respiratory organs due to the overconsumption of sugar,
chemicals, drugs and medicines. If it appears in small areas, it indicates blood
stagnation or internal hemorrhage arising in the lungs.

A Pale Color
A pale color shows a generally anemic condition due to imbalanced
nourishment, and often it shows lung tuberculosis. In the event a pale color
changes toward a more transparent shade, a tubercular condition is advancing,
and leprosy and other bacterial diseases may be arising in other cases. Together
with heavy animal food consumption, the intake of sugar, fruits, juices,
chemicals and drugs accelerate this extremely yin, weakening condition.

Grey-Blue Color
This color appearing on the cheeks shows chronic liver disorders caused by the
excessive intake of salt, dried foods, meat, eggs, alcohol, and sugars, both yin and
yang foods. In this case, the metabolism of the liver and gallbladder is slow due
to hardening or constriction in these organs.

Fine Cheek Hairs

If facial hairs appear on the cheek, especially fine, small, silver hairs, it indicates
an overconsumption of dairy products, showing a malfunction of the
reproductive organs as well as a lowered capacity in the respiratory and digestive
functions.

THE EARS

The ears represent the entire physical and mental constitution and condition,
and especially the kidneys as their antagonistic and complementary organs.
Disorders of the ears are therefore related to disorders in certain organs or glands
in the body, and in particular, the kidneys and excretory functions.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
The Position and Shape of the Ears
The position and shape of the ears reflect the diet that was eaten by the mother
during the period of pregnancy (see Figure 5.10).
Figure 5.10 Forms of the Ear

Normal Ear Position

A normal, healthy constitution formed by balanced food during the time of
pregnancy results in ears that begin at eye level and extend down to mouth level
at the earlobe. The lower part of the ear should attach to the head around nose
level.

Small or No Earlobe
A small earlobe, or no earlobe, indicates an imbalanced diet, especially lacking in
minerals. This condition reflects brain and nervous functions lacking in
harmonious, broad thinking.

Pointed Ears
This results from an excessive consumption of animal protein, and show a
tendency toward aggressiveness and a narrow mind and attitude.

Large Middle Region

A large middle region of the ear in proportion to the upper and lower portions
indicates the overconsumption of raw vegetables and fruits, especially those of
tropical origin, and a tendency to be skeptical, nervous, and often timid in
thinking and attitude.

High Positioned Ears

Ears positioned high on the head are caused by excessive animal food consumed
during the period of pregnancy (Figure 5.11). In this case, the person may be
more aggressive and sharp, but lacking in well-balanced thinking and attitude.

Figure 5.11 Position of the Ears

Small Ears
Small ears are caused by the overconsumption of animal food, especially meat,
poultry and eggs, and the overconsumption of baked flour products during the
pregnancy period. A person with small ears tends to think of more immediate
problems and with a more conceptual orientation, but is unable to think with a
broad mind and an understanding of the surroundings. The bigger the ears, the
better the constitution.

Thick Ears
Thick ears are a sign of richness in life experience, and are caused by well-
balanced nutritional factors, resulting in a sound mental and physical condition.

Thin Ears
Thin ears result from a lack of proper nutritional balance, and show a tendency
toward discrimination and prejudice, with a potential for poverty and difficulties
in physical and mental life.

Closely Positioned Ears

Ears lying flat close to the head, to the extent that they seem almost attached to
the head, are the result of sound, balanced, well-cooked food before and after
birth. They show physical and mental soundness with harmonious metabolism,
and the potential to be a good social leader.

Slightly Angled Ears

Ears slightly separated from the head, within about a 30-degree angle of the head,
are caused by the consumption of more yin foods, including leafy and raw
vegetables, fruits and juices, and show a tendency to develop more mental
activity than physical activity.

Protruding Ears
Ears that stick out beyond a 30-degree angle are caused by the over-consumption
of more extremely yin foods, including sugar, fruits, juices, chemicals and drugs,
and show a tendency toward skepticism, suspicion, discrimination and
narrowness in daily behavior (Figure 5.12).

Figure 5.12 Angle of the Ears

The Three Layers of the Ear

The three layers of the ear, like the three major lines on the palm, correspond
with the fundamental systems in the embryonic structure during the
evolutionary process of the pregnancy period (Figure 5.13):
Area A: Inner layer Digestive and respiratory systems
Area B: Middle layer Nervous system
Area C: Outer layer Circulatory and excretory systems

Figure 5.13 Areas of the Ears

In these areas corresponding to each system, points are located that represent
certain organs and glands. These points are located from the lower part of the ear
toward the upper part of the ear, corresponding inversely with the regions of the
body, upper regions to lower regions.
Accordingly, the region of the earlobe corresponds to the brain and face, and
the upper part of the ears corresponds to the intestines, bladder, reproductive
organs, and lower spine.
Each layer of the ear, as well as the specific location in the layer, thus
represents certain organs and functions of the body. By examining a certain place
on the ear, we can see the internal condition of a certain part of the body. This
principle is used in acupuncture, massage treatment, and other therapies, using
approximately 200 points on the ear.

The Small Flap of Cartilage

If the small flap of cartilage at the front center of the ear is well-developed and
protrudes more than usual, it shows strong will, tolerance, perseverance, and
resistance in the physical and mental constitution.

The Inner Layer

The inner layer of the ear (Area A) represents the digestive and respiratory
regions. If it has an abnormal color or expanded blood capillaries, it shows
digestive and respiratory disorders.

The Middle Layer

The middle layer (Area B) represents the nervous system. If it protrudes
abnormally, it shows a nature that is persistent, self-imposing and stubborn. A
red color in this area shows nervous disorders.

The Outer Layer

The outer layer (Area C) shows the circulatory and excretory systems. If it has an
abnormally red color, except during vigorous exercise or outdoors in cold
weather, it indicates spleen and lymphatic disorders.

Purple Colored Ears

A purple color shows weak circulatory functions due to consumption of
extremely yin foods and drinks.

Enlarged Upper Area

If the upper area of the ear (Area c) is enlarged abnormally, it shows a potential
for the development of hyper- or hypoglycemia, due to an overconsumption of
sugar, fruits and dairy products during the time of pregnancy.

Clearly Separated Earlobe

If the earlobe is clearly separated from the head, and is well-developed, it is an
indication of clear brain and nervous functions and, in the case of women, sound
reproductive organs.
6. The Forehead

The forehead reflects the entire physical and mental constitution, and each area
of the forehead corresponds to certain areas of the body. Everyone’s forehead is
different, and conditions of its shape, color, skin, and other characteristics reveal
physical and mental constitutional and conditional variations. The forehead can
be divided into four areas (Figure 6.1): the lower forehead (A), the middle
forehead (B), the upper forehead (C), and the temples (D).

Figure 6.1 Areas of the Forehead Corresponding to Areas of the Body

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
The Lower Forehead
This area represents, physically, the digestive and respiratory systems and their
functions; and psychologically, sensory discrimination and practicality. If the
bone and muscle structure develops well, it shows that these digestive and
respiratory functions are strong and sound, and that physical and mental
energies are active in daily life. A change of color and other abnormal symptoms
in this region indicate a change of internal conditions, as explained below.

A Red Color
This color shows that the digestive functions are disordered, with expansion of
parts of the digestive vessel such as the stomach and intestines, due to an
overconsumption of animal fat, vegetable oil, fruits, juices, sugar, alcohol, and
liquid, as well as other very yin foods and drinks. It is also a sign that
inflammation may be developing in the respiratory or digestive organs, with an
accumulation of fat and mucus in both the lungs and large intestines.

A Dark Color
A dark color indicates slow metabolism in the respiratory and digestive
functions, mainly due to an overconsumption of yang foods such as meat, eggs,
salts, dried foods, baked flour products, and others. Constipation and breathing
difficulties may be present.

A Green Color
A green color shows an accumulation of mucus and fat developing toward the
formation of cysts, tumors and cancer in the respiratory or digestive systems, due
to an overconsumption of animal fat, dairy food, and yin foods and drinks such
as fruits, juices, soft drinks, refined flour products, chemicals, drugs, and
medications.

White or Yellow Patches, Pimples and Spots

White or yellow patches, pimples and spots represent the elimination of mucus
and fat accumulated in the lungs and intestines, mainly due to the
overconsumption of poultry, eggs, cheese, milk, and other dairy products.
Red Pimples
Red pimples show an elimination of excessively yin foods, including fruits,
juices, sugars, chemicals and others.

The Central Region of the Lower Forehead

This region of the forehead represents the condition of the liver and gallbladder
(Figure 6.2).

Figure 6.2 The Forehead—Central Region

Vertical Wrinkles
Vertical wrinkles appearing in this region—very common among modern people
—are a sign of accumulation of mucus and fat in the liver, and expansion or
hardening of the liver. The deeper and longer the wrinkles are, the worse the
condition is. There may be only one wrinkle, or several. If only one or two, the
liver is harder and more rigid, with stagnation in its functions. These vertical
lines have been known as a sign of anger, and therefore the words for anger, kan
shaku ( ), which have been used in Japan and China for centuries, are written
with two characters meaning “liver pains,” or acute disease of the liver. These
wrinkles represent not only physical disorders in the liver and gallbladder, but
also a mental tendency toward upset, short temper and excitement.
If this area has white or yellow patches together with vertical lines, it indicates
the development of cyst or tumor formation in the liver, or stone formation in
the gallbladder.

Pimples
Pimples in this area, with or without any wrinkles, show hard fat deposits in the
liver, or stone formation in the gallbladder, due to a long-time consumption of
animal fat, including dairy products. This also indicates mental inflexibility.

Dry, Flaky Skin

Dry, flaky skin in this region, possibly extending into the region above the
eyebrows, shows an overconsumption of fats and oils from both animal and
vegetable sources, together with flour products, and a lack of adequate vegetable
consumption.

The Middle Forehead

This area shows the nervous system’s condition. If the area is well-developed, it
indicates a sound intellectual capacity. If this area is indented in relation to the
upper and lower regions of the forehead, natural instincts are active. Changes in
color and other symptoms in this region show various nervous disorders, as
discussed below.

A Red Color
A red color shows nervousness, oversensitivity, excitability, and instability, due
to the overconsumption of yin foods, including stimulants, aromatic beverages,
fruits, juices, soft drinks, and others.

A White Color
A white color is caused by an overconsumption of dairy products, especially
milk, cream and yoghurt, together with excessive liquid. Nervous functions are
generally slow and dull, and mental activities are cloudy and unclear.

A Yellow Color
A yellow color shows that nervous functions tend to be alert, but narrow and
inflexible. Although the major cause is the excessive intake of eggs, poultry and
dairy food, in some instances a similar condition may also be produced by the
overconsumption of root vegetables, such as carrots. In either case, the
underlying disorder indicated is abnormal functioning of the liver and
gallbladder.

Freckles
Dark spots and patches, usually called “freckles,” in this area as well as in any
other area of the forehead, show the elimination of excessive sugars, fruits, juices,
honey, milk sugar, and other sweets, as well as chemicals, drugs and medications.

Red Pimples or Spots

Red pimples or spots also show the elimination of similar yin foods, but
emphasizing more sugar and fruits combined with refined white flour products
or dairy products. However, this condition is more temporary compared with a
condition of freckles or dark spots.

The Upper Forehead

The upper region of the forehead immediately below the hairline represents the
circulatory and excretory systems and their functions. If this region is well
developed, it shows sound circulatory and excretory functions, including sound
conditions of the heart, kidneys and bladder. However, if this region is not
developed, these systems are weaker than normal. This region also represents the
spiritual character, which is parallel to the degree of development of this region:
if it is well-developed and well-balanced in form, it shows a sound spiritual
capacity, including an understanding of the invisible mental/spiritual world, with
a larger view than usual.
Changes in color and other appearances in this region indicate various
physical, mental and spiritual tendencies, as detailed below.

A Red Color
A red color shows that the circulatory functions are overworking due to
excessive consumption of liquids, fruits, juices and other yin foods and drinks,
including alcohol, stimulant and aromatic beverages. This causes a faster pulse
and in some cases produces fever. The excretory functions also become
overactive, with frequent urination, indigestion and diarrhea.

A White Color
A white color and white patches appear due to the overconsumption of fats and
oils, including dairy products as well as fats and oils from both animal and
vegetable sources. This condition is often accompanied by silver “baby hairs”
caused by the overconsumption of milk and other dairy products. A high
cholesterol and fatty acid content may be observed in the bloodstream.
Weakening heartbeat as well as accumulation of fat and mucus in the kidneys,
ureter, and other excretory organs are indicated.

A Dark Color
Dark color and patches are caused by the consumption of excess sugars,
including sugars from fruits and juices, milk and cane. Honey, syrups and
refined white flour products are not excepted. The kidneys may be forming
deposits of fat and mucus, cysts and stones, and bladder infections may occur
easily.

A Yellow Color
Yellow color and patches show the elimination of excessive animal fat, especially
from meat, poultry, eggs and cheese. Fish oils can also contribute to this
condition. The bloodstream in this condition has a high cholesterol and fatty
acid content, and the functions of the liver and gallbladder are in disorder.

Pimples
Pimples in this area show the elimination of different types of food consumed in
excess: red pimples from sugar, fruits and juices; white pimples from fats and
oils; yellowish pimples from animal fats and cholesterol; and dark pimples from
protein and fat together, as in the case of moles and warts.

Receding Hairline
Receding hair in this region, resulting in a bald forehead region, is caused by the
overconsumption of yin foods, including liquids, alcohol, fruits, juices, sugars
and other sweets. This condition shows that the heart and circulatory functions
are overworking due to a larger volume of blood and lymph fluid, and a thinner
quality of these fluids. The excretory functions are overactive, and especially
urination is overactive and frequent.

The Temples
The temples correspond to the functions of the spleen, pancreas, liver and
gallbladder, as described on the next page.

A Green Color
Green vessels appearing in this region show abnormal lymph circulation due to
an overactive spleen or underactive gallbladder, and are caused by excess fluid
and sugar, fats and oils, alcohol and stimulants, and other yin foods and drinks.

A Dark Color
A dark color shows the elimination of excess sugars including cane sugar, honey,
syrups, chocolate, fruits, juices and milk. This condition also arises sometimes
from the opposite cause—excess consumption of salts and salt-treated foods, as
well as dried foods. This condition shows that the liver, spleen and kidneys are
underactive. The pancreatic functions also tend to produce an irregular sugar
level, resulting in such conditions as hyper-glycemia and hypoglycemia.

Patches and Pimples

Patches and pimples appearing in this region also show the elimination of
various excesses from dairy products. Red pimples and patches are caused by
excess sugar, sweets, fruits and juices. Whitish yellow pimples are caused by fats
and oils from both animal and vegetable sources. Dark patches and pimples are
caused by excessive sweets, or else by salt and flour products. Moles and warts
are caused by excess proteins and fat together. These show, respectively,
disorders in the spleen and pancreas, liver and gallbladder.

The Forehead as a Whole

The entire forehead shows the entire physical condition, and the nervous system
in particular.

Clean and Clear

A forehead that is clean and clear with normal skin conditions shows physical
and mental health, with all metabolisms in harmony.

Watery
A watery forehead, especially the upper region, shows disorders in the
circulatory and excretory systems due to excessive liquid consumption, including
fruits and fruit juices.

Oily
An oily skin condition indicates disorders in the liver, the gallbladder, and the
digestive system, due to an overconsumption of oily foods, including fats and oils
from both animal and vegetable sources.

Horizontal Wrinkle
When horizontal wrinkles on the forehead arise early in adulthood, they are
caused by excess liquid including all beverages, fruits, fruit juice and dairy
products, often together with excess fats and oils (Figure 6.3). However,
horizontal wrinkles appearing on the forehead after the age of fifty are more
natural, due to the construction of the tissues of the forehead. These lines
represent the major systems of the body, as follows. If four lines appear, do not
count either the top or the bottom line, whichever one is weaker; and if five lines
appear, discount the top and bottom lines.

Figure 6.3 Horizontal Wrinkles on the Forehead

Bottom lines: The digestive and respiratory systems, corresponding to the life
line on the palm.
Middle line: The nervous system, corresponding to the line of intellect on the
palm.
The upper line: The circulatory and excretory systems, corresponding to the
line of emotion on the palm.
These three lines should be long, deep and clear in the case of a healthy
physical and mental condition. If any of them is weak, dim and broken, that
particular system is weak. If red, dark, white or yellow spots appear on any line, it
indicates a certain disordered area in that system.

Hair
Hairs growing on the forehead show the overconsumption of certain foods:
White, silvery hairs are caused by dairy products.
Dark brown hairs are caused by carbohydrates.
Fine, brown-yellow hairs are caused by animal protein and fat.
7. The Hair

Hair growing on any part of the body indicates the elimination of excessive
nourishment. The main substance of the hair is protein, fat and minerals, but
hair is also produced by the consumption of carbohydrates, which turn into
protein and fat in the body. Hair can be divided into two general categories:

Hair that grows in an upward direction, such as head hair.

Hair that grows in a downward direction, such as the moustache, beard, and
most body hair.

Upward-growing hair tends to result more from vegetable-quality foods,

including carbohydrates, while downward-growing hair results more from
protein and fat from both animal and vegetable sources.
Hair resembles growing trees and plants on the surface of the earth. The
quality of the hair—its hardness or softness, lightness or darkness, wetness or
dryness, its length, and other characteristics—clearly shows our physical and
mental constitutions and conditions. For example, people who live in a northern
climate with less sunshine usually have blonde or brown hair with a fine, soft
texture; and people who live in a warmer climate with strong sunshine produce
darker and harder hair. These climatic differences result in differences in diet,
producing different kinds of hair, according to the principles presented in the
following table.

Climate Dietary Practice Type of Hair

More animal food, dairy

products, fish, and seasonal, Blond, red, brunette; fine, thin,
Cold (yin)
well-cooked grains and softer, and curved hair (yin).
vegetables; more salt (yang).
 Well-cooked grains and
Cool, four-season climate vegetables, with occasional Brunette, brown and black; soft
(yin) fruits. Animal food, dairy but slightly harder. Straighter,
products, fish and seafood less curved (yin).
(yang).

Grains, vegetables and fruits,

Warmer four-season climate including raw vegetables and Dark or black; harder and
(yang) fruits, with little animal food, dairy straight (yang).
products, fish or seafood (yin).

Grains, vegetables, including raw

Hot semi-tropical climate foods, fresh fruits and juices;
Black, hard and curly (yang).
(yang) very little animal food, dairy food,
fish or seafood (yin).

According to these principles, a yang physical condition, nourished by yang

foods, produces a yin type of hair; and a yin physical condition, nourished by yin
foods, produces a yang type of hair. It is thus easy to understand why an infant,
who has a more yang condition (smaller size, higher temperature, etc.) produces
a yin type of hair—soft and curving with a lighter color—and as it grows, the hair
changes to become harder and straighter with a darker color, generally speaking.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Hair appears on various parts of the body, and by examining its color, texture
and other characteristics, we can diagnose the conditions of the various organs
and functions that correspond to its specific appearance, as discussed below.

Hair on the Head

The hair on the head is a good reflection of our physical and mental condition,
and especially shows our condition during the time the hair was growing. Each
strand of hair represents all phases of the entire growing period, the end of the
strand reflecting the past, and the root area reflecting the present. A microscopic
examination would show distinct variations in thickness, color, hardness, texture
and curliness along one strand of hair (Figure 7.1). If we examine a strand of hair
that has taken one year to grow, we can divide it into sections representing the
four seasons or twelve months. The condition of each section reveals what kinds
of food and drink were consumed, what types of sickness were experienced, and
what mental states were occurring. The table below presents general guidelines.
Figure 7.1 A Strand of Head Hair, Showing Past and Recent Growth Patterns

Hair Quality Type of Nourishment

Thicker; lighter More protein and fat.

Thicker; darker More carbohydrates, vegetable protein and oils.

More animal-quality foods, or well-cooked vegetable foods with

Thinner; lighter
salt.

Thinner; darker More well-cooked vegetable-quality foods with salt.

More animal-quality foods with salt, under temperate climatic

Curly conditions; more carbohydrates with strong sunshine under tropical
climatic conditions.

Straight Both vegetable and animal foods; generally well-balanced.

More animal foods or well-cooked vegetables with salt; sometimes,

Grey or white
malnutrition.

However, it should be remembered that hair grows more slowly in the late fall
and winter, and faster in the spring and summer, so that the seasonal sections of
hair will not be of equal length.
As shown in Figure 7.2, the hair on the head can be divided into several areas
which correspond with regions of the body.
Figure 7.2 Head Hair and Related Parts of Body

Head Hair Corresponding Region of Body

Front (A) Kidney, bladder, the excretory system and its functions.

Side (B) Lungs, large intestines and their functions.

Top (C) Heart, circulatory system, small intestines and their functions.

Side near the back (D) Spleen, pancreas, stomach and their functions.

Back (E) Liver, gallbladder and their functions.

Hair also shows the inner and peripheral conditions of the body: the ends of
the hair show the more inner regions of the body, and the roots, the more
peripheral regions.
Accordingly, changes in color and other characteristics arising in certain areas
of the head indicate the condition of the corresponding systems, organs, glands
and functions of the body.

Split Ends
Split ends are a manifestation of a yin condition of differentiation or branching
out, and indicate that the inner region of the body is affected by an
overconsumption of yin foods—overeating in general, including sugar and
sweets, oils and fats, fruits and juices, and a lack of hard, fibrous grains,
vegetables and seaweed as well as properly balanced minerals (Figure 7.3). This
condition especially reveals that the ovaries and uterus, prostate gland and
testicles, and the reproductive functions in general are not in sound condition.

Figure 7.3 Split Ends of Hair

Grey and White Hair

Grey and white hair develops naturally with age. This is a good example to
demonstrate that an excessively yang, contracting physical condition produces
this color. If excess animal food or well-cooked vegetable foods are eaten, with a
relatively large volume of salt and minerals, and without sufficient fresh, leafy
vegetables, this color can easily occur. The consumption of grey sea salt, or baked
and roasted flour products treated with salt, can also produce this condition.
As the hair turns grey or white, the liver and gallbladder functions become
underactive, and the personality becomes more determined, rigid, and stubborn,
with a narrow mind.

Wet and Dry Hair

The consumption of liquid, including all beverages, fruits, fruit juices and other
liquid used in cooking produce more wet hair. In this case, the circulatory and
excretory functions are overactive, with overactive and frequent urination.
On the other hand, dehydration results in dry hair. In this case, in addition to
liver and gallbladder functions, the functions of the spleen and pancreas are also
abnormal, with stagnation in the circulatory and respiratory functions.
Oily Hair
Overconsumption of fat and oil from both animal and vegetable sources, but not
to the extent that fat accumulation underneath the skin prevents perspiration,
produces oily hair. The fats and oils that cause this type of hair are more of the
unsaturated kind.
In this case, mucus accumulation may be proceeding in the lungs, intestines,
and reproductive organs due to the increased fatty acid content of the
bloodstream, resulting in underactivity of the respiratory, digestive and
reproductive functions, and producing general fatigue and laziness.

Dandruff
Dandruff is an elimination of excessive food, especially proteins and fats, that
results in peeling skin. It can be caused by overeating in general; or by the
overconsumption of any kind of animal food; or by oily and fatty foods of both
animal and vegetable quality. Dandruff indicates, physically, disorders in the
kidneys and excretory functions; and psychologically, a changeable mind,
indecisiveness, excitability and a short temper.

Hair Loss
Hair loss is common among modern societies. It can occur in patches, or in one
of three general types of baldness. All hair loss results from one of two major
causes, as discussed below.

On the Front Sides

Hair loss at the front sides of the head (Area A in Figure 7.4) is due to the
expansion of tissues, caused by the overconsumption of liquid and other yin
foods and drinks, including all beverages, fruits, juices, soft drinks, sugars,
sweets, stimulants, chemicals, drugs, medications, raw vegetables, tomatoes,
eggplant and other vegetables of tropical origin.
Figure 7.4 Areas of Hair Loss
In this condition, the heart and circulatory functions, kidneys and excretory
functions, and the reproductive vitalities are declining. The digestive functions,
especially intestinal activities, may also be underactive. Mentally, there is a
tendency to be more conceptual and intellectual, rather than practical and
materialistic.

On the Central Region

Hair loss in the central region of the head (Area B in Figure 7.4) arises when
there is an overconsumption of yang foods, including meat, poultry, eggs, dairy
food, and in some cases, fish and seafood. Animal protein, heavy saturated fats,
salt, and dry foods cause this type of baldness.
In this case, the heart, liver, pancreas and reproductive organs are gathering
an accumulation of fat and mucus, resulting in hardness and rigidity in the
muscles and tissues. This condition tends to produce cardiovascular disorders,
chronic digestive trouble, and the formation of cysts and tumors. Mentally, it
shows a more aggressive, offensive and determined attitude, with an orientation
toward practical and materialistic thinking.

On the Front and Central Regions

Hair loss in the front and central regions of the head, covering a large area (both
A and B), is caused by a combination of the two conditions described above:
both extremes of heavy yang animal food and yin foods such as sugar, fruits,
juices, chemicals and drugs, and a lack of balanced nutritional factors from
grains, beans, vegetables and seaweed.
 Therefore, a variety of physical symptoms arise, including acute and
degenerative diseases. Mentally, there is a tendency to develop a schizophrenic
condition, changes of mood, irritability, with a lack of steadiness, patience,
generosity, compassion and perseverance.

Losses in Patches
Hair loss in patches may arise temporarily in a certain area of the head, due to
one or two types of food, as described above. The location of this kind of hair
loss indicates a temporary disorder in the corresponding region of the body. For
example, hair loss in patches at the top of the head near the hair spiral is due to a
sudden overconsumption of animal food, disturbing the functions of the small
intestine. If the hair loss occurs at the sides of the head, it is caused by a sudden
intake of a large amount of animal fats, dairy products, and vegetable oils, with
fruits or fruit juices, which is temporarily disturbing the functions of the lungs.

Moustaches and Beards

Moustaches and beards are also eliminations of excessive food, and like head
hair, are normal processes of discharge. They normally appear in men and not in
women. If a man does not have a moustache and beard, it is an abnormal
condition, as when a woman has a moustache and beard. Since the area around
the mouth corresponds to the genital area, the moustache and beard are closely
connected with the condition and function of the male and female hormones.

General guidelines for diagnosis are as follows:

Heavy Growth
A heavier moustache and beard indicates more nourishment, including
overeating and a faster metabolism. The overconsumption of animal-quality
foods creates a much heavier moustache and beard than vegetable-quality foods,
although vegetable foods can also produce them if eaten to excess. This condition
shows a more physical nature, with a tendency to be strong but mentally rough.

Thin Growth
A thinner moustache and beard indicate less nourishment, especially less protein
and fat, and slower metabolism. Since the speed of growth of the moustache and
beard is proportional to metabolic activity, a person who is less physically active
has a more slowly growing moustache and beard. In this case, there is a tendency
to have a more mental, esthetic and delicate nature.

Feminine Growth
A moustache or beard appearing on a woman is caused by a diet rich in animal-
quality foods, or protein and fat, or by overeating in general. Women should
have no moustache or beard, and when they appear, it indicates disorders in the
reproductive functions.

A Large Area of Growth

A moustache and beard covering an unusually large area, especially on the cheek
region, is caused by an overconsumption of dairy products or other animal fats.
In this case, the reproductive activity is lower than average, and mental capacities
are rather limited, especially the capacity for higher spiritual functions.

Hair on the Body

Hair appears on many areas of the body, and it is different in every person,
according to variations in diet followed since the time of pregnancy. In general,
we can see a few basic patterns relating to hair growth:

Asian races have less body hair than occidental races.

People living in hot or warmer climates have less body hair than people living
in colder climates.
People who have eaten vegetable-quality foods have less body hair than people
who have eaten animal-quality foods.
Women have less body hair than men.
The amount of body hair tends to decrease as biological evolution progresses
toward higher species. The shells of invertebrates and amphibians, the scales of
fish and reptiles, have evolved into body hair in mammals. As mammals develop
toward the human state, body hair rapidly disappears, and is completely absent
in women—the highest stage of biological evolution on earth at present.
Those who have body hair, therefore, whether men or women, have not been
following a daily diet suitable for human beings—cereal grains and vegetables—
but have been eating other types of food, including meat, poultry, eggs, dairy
products, sugar, and food rich in protein and fat of both animal and vegetable
quality.

Diagnosis of Body Hair

Depending on its location (see Figure 7.5), body hair shows different causes and
conditions, as explained in the following table.

Figure 7.5 Body Hair

Location Cause Condition

Animal fat, dairy products, vegetable Weakness in bronchi, lungs,

Chest region (Area A)
oil. and respiratory functions.

Weakness in intestines and

Abdominal region (Area B) Animal protein, saturated fats.
digestive functions.

Both animal and vegetable fats;

Weakness in lungs and
Upper back region (Area C) overconsumption of sugar and other
respiratory functions.
carbohydrates.

Excess dairy products and other

Weakness in kidneys and
Middle back region (Area D) animal fats; vegetable fats;
excretory functions.
overconsumption of protein.

Excess animal and vegetable food Weakness in intestines and

Lower back region (Area E) rich in protein and fat. digestive functions.
 Weakness in the organ and
Excess animal and vegetable protein
Hair in any place its function located in that
and fat.
place.

Hair on the Arms and Legs

Less arm and leg hair shows that less animal food has been consumed, while
more arm and leg hair shows that more animal food has been consumed, as well
as vegetable food rich in protein and fat. Hair on the legs is usually harder and
thicker than hair on the arms. In the case of woman, thick leg hairs show that the
reproductive functions tend to be either overactive or inhibited. In the case of
man, it is normal to have a small amount of hair on the arms and legs, unlike
women, who have very little or none if in good health.
Arm hair of white-silver color—“baby hair”—is caused by the
overconsumption of dairy products, especially milk. In this case, the respiratory
and digestive functions tend to be weak, and there may be an accumulation of fat
and mucus in various parts of the body.

Pelvic Hair
Everyone has a different condition of pelvic hair, due to differences in the
physical constitution developed during the time of pregnancy, as well as
differences in diet from infancy to the present. Guidelines are presented in the
following table.
Type of Hair Dietary Cause Condition

Rich nourishment and overeating,

especially protein and fat, mainly from Generally sound sexual
Thick pelvic hair animal food but also from vegetable food in behavior and reproductive
some cases, including beans, nuts and capacity.
other oily food.

Less nourishment or less eating, especially

The sexual senses are more
protein and fat. More vegetable
Thin pelvic hair sensitive, but reproductive
consumption with dairy food in some
capacity is less.
cases.

Less orderly sexual

Wider area of pelvic Excess protein and fat, with dairy products, behavior; greater
hair sugar, fruits and juices. susceptibility to genital
disorders.

Generally sound sexual

Small area of pelvic Less variety of food, especially proteins
hair and fats. condition and reproductive
capacity.

Overconsumption of eggs, cheese, milk

Sexually sensitive, but less
and blue-skinned fish, or flour products,
No pelvic hair vitality and reproductive
fruits, juices, sugars and other yin foods,
capacity.
with a lack of grains and vegetables.

Underarm Hair
Thick, long underarm hair is caused by the overconsumption of food, and
especially proteins and fats, together with excessive liquid, including all
beverages, fruits and juices. In this condition, the digestive functions tend to be
weaker.
Thinner and shorter underarm hair is caused by less nourishment and more
consumption of vegetables and fruits than food rich in carbohydrates, protein
and fat. This condition reveals a potential weakness of the respiratory and
circulatory functions.
8. The Hands

The hands and feet, as the end points of the arms and legs, may be considered as
extensions of the internal organs. Therefore, they reflect the constitutions and
conditions of various organs. The more peripheral areas of the hands, toward the
fingertips, correspond to the deeper parts of the organs (Figure 8.1). The arms,
hands and fingers, as well as the legs, feet and toes, are created in a spirallic
pattern growing out from the internal organs, from which energy is discharged
after the organs are formed, during the embryonic period. They continue to
develop after birth, and act as peripheral parts of the body for the discharge of
energy, vibrations, and nutritional excesses from the inner regions of the body.
Thus, they can also reveal recent and present physical and mental conditions.

Figure 8.1 Arms and Legs Correlating to Internal Organs

 THE HANDS

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HANDS

The hand can be divided into two general areas: the palm and the fingers. The
palm reflects more the physical constitution, while the fingers reflect more the
mental tendencies. We can also divide the hand into six regions, which correlate
with the six major meridians (Figure 8.2):

Figure 8.2 Palms and Fingers Correlating to Body Functions

Area A: The thumb and its base correspond to the lungs and their functions.

Area B: The index finger and its base, or root, down to the base of the palm, and
including the same region on the back of the hand, correspond to the large
intestine and its functions.

Area C: The middle finger and its root, including that region on the back of the
hand, correspond to the three chakras, which are energy centers for the heart,
stomach, and abdominal regions, and the circulatory and reproductive functions.

Area D: The ring finger and its root, including the same region on the back of the
hand, correspond to the three chakras or energy centers in control of vitality,
temperature and energy.

Area E: The little finger and its root, on the palm side only, correspond to the
heart and circulatory functions.

Area F: The little finger and its root, on the back of the hand, correspond to the
small intestine and its functions.

THE PALMS

The palm can be divided into three regions following the basic lines on the palm,
which correspond to the major systems of the body (Figure 8.3).

Figure 8.3 Lines on the Palm

Line A and its Region: This corresponds to the digestive and respiratory
functions. It is called the “life line” due to its vital importance for life activity and
longevity.

Line B and its Region: This corresponds to the nervous functions. It is called the
“line of intellect” since it reflects the brain and nervous qualities.
Line C and its Region: This corresponds to the circulatory and excretory
functions. It is called the “line of emotion” due to the decisive influence of the
blood, lymph and urinary conditions upon emotional activity.
 THE FINGERS

The fingers can also be divided into three regions according to the sections
marked by their knuckles (Figure 8.4).

Figure 8.4 Sections of the Fingers

Area (A): This base area corresponds to the digestive and respiratory functions.
In the case of the thumb, this is the root region.

Area (B): This middle region corresponds to the nervous functions. In the
thumb, this is the base area.

Area (C): This tip region corresponds to the circulatory and excretory functions.

The Nails
The nails are an elimination of excessive nutrients in the form of minerals and
protein, as in the case of hair. They therefore represent the whole body’s
condition, and clearly reveal the past changing condition during the period of
nail growth.

SPECIAL CONDITIONS
Using the general guidelines described above, variations in constitution and
condition can be understood as follows:

Length of the Palm

If the palm is longer than the fingers, the physical constitution is well-developed,
and has greater strength, resistance and perseverance. On the other hand, if the
fingers are nearly the same length as the palm or, in some rare cases, longer, the
mental capacities are more developed, although there is a tendency toward
physical weakness.

Thickness of the Palm

A thick palm represents a good constitution nourished by well-balanced foods
and drinks, indicating the potential for a generally sound, healthy and
prosperous life. A thin palm, caused by imbalanced nourishment, represents
weaker health and vitality, with frequent struggles and hardship.

Width of the Palm

A wide palm results from good, balanced food, including grains, beans, and
vegetables, showing physical strength and vitality with a potentially long life. A
narrow palm, on the other hand, results from the overconsumption of sugar and
sweets, fruits and juices, and other yin foods, and shows a weaker constitution
with a potentially short life.

Wet and Dry Palms

Wet palms, unpleasant during a handshake, indicate an overconsumption of
liquid, including all beverages, milk, fruits, juices, sugar and sweets. The heart
and circulatory functions, and the kidneys and excretory functions, are
overworking due to this over-liquid condition. General fatigue, both physical
and mental, is occurring. Excessive sweat and unpleasant body odors may be
present. Insomnia, emotional disturbance, forgetfulness, and cloudy thinking
often accompany this condition.
However, hands that are too dry indicate dehydration, and the temperature of
the palms is usually cold because of the contraction of tissues, blood vessels and
capillaries. The overconsumption of dried foods, animal food, salts, and a lack of
fluid produces this condition. Physically and mentally, it indicates rigidity and
inflexibility. Although the thinking may be sharp, there is often a tendency
toward narrowness, prejudice, misunderstanding, and fanaticism. This condition
can be seen sometimes even among grain-and-vegetable eaters if they consume
too much salt and too little liquid.
A normal, healthy condition will include a palm that is slightly moist with a
cool temperature. The degree of moisture is very subtle, and it is almost not
detectable. In this condition, the palm has a clean, clear color, and the physical
metabolism and mental activities are well-coordinated. Urination is taking place
three to four times per day, a healthy average for an adult.

Color of the Palms

The color of the palm should be clean and clear and uniform. If the periphery of
the palm develops a red color, it shows that the heart and circulatory functions
are overactive due to the overconsumption of stimulant beverages, fruits and
juices, and other yin foods and drinks. If a purple color develops, especially in
the area between the little finger and the base of the palm, it indicates disorders
of the circulatory and excretory functions. If a green color arises in that area,
tumors and cancer may be growing in the intestinal region.
If the palm becomes more yellow than usual, there is excessive bile secretion
due to liver, gallbladder, circulatory and excretory disorders, caused by the
overconsumption of animal food, including eggs, dairy food, oils and fats, and
salt. This condition may be caused in some cases by an overconsumption of
some root vegetables such as carrots, or some round vegetables such as pumpkin
or autumn squash.

Changes of Colors on the Back of Hands

The color of the back of the hand may change to red or purple depending upon
the environmental temperature. However, if these colors arise under normal
circumstances, it indicates disorders in the circulatory, excretory, digestive and
nervous systems due to imbalanced dietary habits, especially the
overconsumption of yin foods as well as chemicals, drugs and medications.
If marijuana, hashish, LSD and other hallucinatory drugs, as well as
medications, are used repeatedly for some period, their discharging process
changes the color of the hand and fingers to red or purple, especially on the back
of the hand. The estimated time needed to eliminate these drugs and chemicals
from the body are shown in the table below.
Area Where Red or Purple Color Appears Time Needed for Elimination

Tip of fingers Six months

Tip and middle sections of fingers One year
The entire length of the fingers Two years
The entire hand, including the back of the hand to the Four years
wrist

While this elimination is proceeding, the physical metabolism and organ

functions are slower than normal, especially the functions of the heart, kidneys
and reproductive organs. At the same time, the brain and nervous functions
remain abnormal, often showing over-sensitivity, fanaticism, conceptuality,
depression, excitability, instability, frustration, inner anger, cowardice, timidity,
and frequent changes of mind, as well as undependability.
This physical and mental condition arises to a lesser degree if sugar and
sweets, fruits and juices, dairy products and refined flour products, vitamins and
supplements, and other yin foods and drinks are consumed in excess.

Change of Color at the Root of the Thumb

If a red, blue or purple color develops at the root of the thumb between the
thumb and line A, it shows that the digestive functions are in disorder, especially
in the small and large intestines, due to dietary imbalance (Figure 8.5). If a
similar color appears on the back of the hand between the root of the thumb and
the index linger, it is also an indication of digestive disorders, especially in the
large intestine. A green color in that region shows the development of tumors or
cancer in the descending colon if on the left hand, and in the ascending colon if
on the right hand.

Figure 8.5 The Root of the Thumb

Strength and Flexibility of the Hands
Thick, strong fingers with a well-developed bone structure show a strong
physical constitution, especially in the nervous system. Thin, long fingers
indicate a more mental and spiritual nature, with an artistic orientation. Many
musicians have this type of fingers.
Flexibility of the joints of the hands and fingers shows physical and mental
flexibility, while their inflexibility shows physical and mental rigidity. When the
hand is fully stretched, if the fingers can curve backward, it indicates a greater
mental and spiritual capacity (Figure 8.6). On the other hand, if the fingers tend
to curve forward when the hand is stretched, it shows mental rigidity and
physical strength.

Hold the hands together; then with the four fingers of the hands still tightly attached, bend the
hands up to 90 degrees. If this cannot be done, it indicates inflexibility and the potential for
hardening of the arteries, nerves, and muscles.

Figure 8.6 Test of Flexibility of the Hands

Flexibility of the joints of the fingers, hands, and wrists is important in

maintaining an adaptable life. The greater the flexibility, the more capacity there
is to adapt the physical and mental conditions to the environment. Loss of
flexibility is due to hardening of the muscles, arteries and nervous system, caused
by an overconsumption of animal food, especially rich in protein, saturated fats
and cholesterol. This condition is also accelerated by overeating in general, and
by an excessive intake of salt and minerals.

Webbed Fingers
When the fingers are spread, tiny webs appear between them at their roots
(Figure 8.7). If these webs are abnormally large, it indicates that more yin foods
were eaten by the mother during the early part of pregnancy, including
chemicals, drugs and medications. If the webs are small, an excessive
consumption of such yin foods did not take place at that time. Large webs
between the fingers are becoming common among modern babies, and are often
surgically removed after birth.

Figure 8.7 Webbed Fingers

Space Between the Fingers

If the fingers are held closed and viewed from the back of the hand, and no space
is showing, it is an indication of well-balanced nourishment. If spaces show
between the fingers, it is caused by certain nutritional deficiencies, especially in
the proportion among carbohydrates, proteins, fats and minerals, and reflects
imbalances in the physical and mental constitution in general (Figure 8.8).
Accordingly, it has been said traditionally that if a person has a space between his
fingers, he is unable to keep what he receives—a sign of misfortune.

Figure 8.8 Space Between the Fingers

Color of the Center of the Palm

The center of the palm is slightly indented (Figure 8.9). If that region does not
have a clean and clear color, and if it feels rigid and tight with slight pain when it
is pressed, there is general physical and mental fatigue caused by underactive
digestive and circulatory functions, resulting from an imbalanced diet. A change
of color in this area reflects disorders arising in certain systems of the body, as
explained in the table below.
Figure 8.9 Center of the Palm

Color of Palm Affected Systems

Red Circulatory

Purple Respiratory and reproductive

Dark Excretory

Yellow Liver and gallbladder

This color change also arises on the base of the palm and wrist on the inside of
the hand, and we can diagnose the corresponding conditions in the same way as
for the center of the palm.

Swollenness at the Base of the Palm

If we press along the bony, fleshy region at the base of the palm, and swollenness
arises at the wrist joint immediately under the palm (see Figure 8.10), the
following disorders can be diagnosed:

Swollenness arising at point A, under the base of the thumb, indicates

disorders in the lungs and respiratory functions, and the large intestine and its
functions.
Swollenness at point B, under the center of the hand, shows disorders in the
circulatory and reproductive functions.
Swollenness at point C, under the base of the little finger, shows disorders in
the heart and circulatory functions, as well as in the small intestine and its
functions.

Figure 8.10 Points at the Base of the Palm

Curved Fingers
When the fingers are stretched, they should be straight and well-balanced in
general. If certain fingers curve toward the inside or outside of the hand, it shows
that certain organs and functions in the body tend to be overactive or
underactive due to dietary imbalances during the periods of pregnancy and
childhood growth (Figure 8.11). These fingers correspond with certain functions
in the body according to meridian flow. General correspondences are presented
in the table below.
Figure 8.11 Curved Fingers

Finger Corresponding Organs and Functions

Thumb The lungs and their functions

Index finger The large intestine and its functions

Middle finger The three chakras, and the circulatory functions

Ring finger The three chakras, and the function of energy adjustment

Little finger The heart and small intestine and their functions

If the fingers curve toward the middle finger, it shows a disharmonious

condition caused by the overconsumption of yang foods, including animal food,
overcooked food, and oversalted food. It they curve away from the middle finger,
the cause is the overconsumption of yin foods, including sugar and sweets, fruits
and juices, raw vegetables—especially of tropical origin—beverages, alcohol,
chemicals and drugs.

The Length and Height of the Fingers

If the fingers are stretched to full length, under normal balanced conditions, the
longest is the middle finger; second, the index finger; third, the ring finger; and
fourth, the thumb and little finger. In height—their apparent length when viewed
together on the hand—the highest should be the middle finger; next, the index
and ring fingers; next, the little finger; and last, the thumb. The height of the ring
finger should be between the level of the middle linger and the thumb.
However, different physical constitutions produce different lengths and
heights. If the index finger appears taller than the ring finger, it shows a native
weakness in the large intestines; and if the ring finger appears taller than the
index finger, approaching the height of the middle finger, it indicates possible
disorders in the heart, stomach or small intestines. If the little finger appears
taller than the midpoint between the heights of the middle finger and the thumb,
it shows that chronic disorders in the heart and small intestine may easily arise.

Shape of the Fingertips

The tips of the fingers have different shapes, depending upon differences in
constitution (Figure 8.12). General guidelines are provided below.

Figure 8.12 Forms of the Fingertips

Square Fingertips
These fingertips (A) show that the parents were physically strong and hard-
working people, and that the mother consumed more yang animal food with less
vegetable food during the pregnancy. The fingertip shows a character that is
physically active, determined, theoretical and aggressive.

Round Fingertips
Round fingertips (B) show that the parents were healthy, and the mother ate
mainly yang, well-cooked grains and vegetables, with less animal food, during
pregnancy. They show a gay, active, energetic and positive personality, with
understanding and sympathy.

Narrow, Pointed Fingertips

These fingertips (C) show that the mother ate more yin, vegetable foods with less
cooking, including fruits, sweets and other yin foods during pregnancy, and
these were also eaten during the childhood growing period. They show a physical
tendency to be more weak, and a mental tendency to be more sensitive and
delicate, with an artistic character, interested in the arts and metaphysical
problems.

Expanded, Swollen Fingertips

These fingertips (D) show the consumption of yang animal food with yin sugar,
fruits, juices and sweets, resulting in an offensive, aggressive, self-centered and
discriminating character. If the thumb has this shape, like the head of a
poisonous snake, it shows that the father had a very wild, aggressive personality.

SPECIAL CONDITIONS OF THE FINGERTIPS

Since the fingertips are a point of discharge for excess energy through the skin
and the meridians, their condition often changes, showing changes in the
internal condition of the body.

Cracked, Split Fingertips

This condition shows that excess yin foods are being discharged, including sugar
and sweets, fruits and juices, soft drinks and chemicals, drugs and medications.
The internal functions are in disorder, including the circulatory, excretory and
reproductive functions. Sexual weakness, impotence, and frigidity often appear
in this condition.

White, Fatty Skin on the Fingertips

White, fatty skin on the fingertips shows an accumulation of fat from both
animal and vegetable sources, and especially an overconsumption of dairy
products. The digestive and lymphatic systems are often disordered, and the
kidneys and liver may be forming cysts or tumors. There may also be fat and
mucus accumulating in the lungs.

Red or Purple Fingertips

This is caused by the overconsumption of yin foods. The lungs and respiratory
functions, and heart and circulatory functions are abnormal. Oversensitivity,
nervousness, irritability, and depression are occurring, as well as changes of
mind.

Hard, Flaky Skin on the Fingertips

This shows the overconsumption of dairy products and other animal fats, along
with excessive protein, mainly from animal sources. Hardening of the arteries
and muscles is arising, along with rigidity in both body and mind. The
overconsumption of eggs can also cause this condition.

Soft, Peeling Skin on the Fingertips

This results from the overconsumption of liquid and sugar, including all
beverages, fruits and juices, alcohol and other drinks, as well as drugs and
medications. The heart and circulatory function, and the kidneys and excretory
functions are now overactive. Mentally, over-sensitivity and emotional
irritability are present.

THE NAILS

As in the case of all peripheral parts of the body, the nails are a form of
elimination of excessive nourishment, especially minerals, proteins and fats. As
long as eating continues, the growth of the nails also continues. The nails
therefore show the physical and mental condition during the growing period,
including the present condition. Guidelines for diagnosis are provided below.

The Color of the Nails

Like the color of the lips, the color of the nails shows the quality of the blood.
There are several types of color which change daily according to changes in the
physical condition, due to changes in diet, activity, and other daily influences.

Pinkish Red
A pinkish red nail color shows a sound blood condition and generally healthy
and balanced physical and mental conditions. If a person who has suffered from
a chronic disease begins to show this color in his nails, caused by dietary
improvements, it indicates that his condition is improving.

Reddish-Purple
Reddish-purple nails show an abnormal blood condition caused by the
overconsumption of yin foods, including dairy products, sugar and other sweets,
fruits and juices, fats and oils, chemicals and drugs, as well as stimulant
beverages. The digestive, circulatory and excretory functions are abnormal, with
insomnia, constipation, diarrhea, fatigue, depression and many other physical
and mental disorders.

Dark Red
Nails that are dark red show a higher content of fatty acids, cholesterol, and/or
minerals in the blood, due to the overconsumption of animal food, including
meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products, with salt. The heart and circulatory
function, and the kidneys and excretory function are overloaded, and there is
underactivity of the liver, gallbladder, and often the spleen. Hardening of the
arteries and muscles, and inflexibility of the mind often occur.

Whitish
Whitish nails indicate underactive blood circulation, and low hemoglobin—
anemia in general. This condition is caused by dietary imbalance, including an
overconsumption of refined flour, fruits, juices, sugar and other sweets.
However, the overconsumption of salt, dried foods and animal foods, or a lack of
liquid, may cause a similar condition, through constriction of the blood vessels
and capillaries. The accumulation of fat and mucus in and around the heart,
liver, pancreas, prostrate and ovaries may be occurring. Leukemia and other
forms of cancer often show this color in the nails. People in normal health do not
have this whitish color in the nails, although it easily appears when the fingers
are stretched, especially on the thumb and index fingers.

The Shape of the Nails

Variations in the shape of the nails (Figure 8.13) are caused by dietary differences
over many years, resulting in differences in constitution. General guidelines for
diagnosis are presented below.
Figure 8.13 Forms of the Fingernails

Stocky, Square Nails

These nails (A) show a more yang constitution resulting from a diet of animal
food, well-cooked grains and vegetables, with salt. There is a tendency to be
physically active, but mentally inflexible.

Oblong Nails
This shape (B) results from a diet of yang, well-cooked grains and vegetables
with little salt and animal food. Salad, fruits and juices also contribute to a small
extent. The constitution is more physically and mentally balanced, but with some
tendency toward rigidity.

Oval Nails
These nails (C) are caused by more vegetable-quality foods, including lightly
cooked vegetables, with occasional fruits and juices. Eggs and dairy food may
contribute somewhat. The constitution is physically weaker, but mentally more
active with some emotional sensitivity.

Long Nails
Long nails (D) result from a diet tending toward less-cooked and raw vegetables,
with fruits and juices, sugar and sweets, and other yin foods. The physical
constitution is weak, especially the digestive and respiratory systems, and the
mentality is oversensitive.

SPECIAL CONDITIONS OF THE NAILS

Hardness and Thickness
Harder and thicker nails result from the overconsumption of food rich in protein
and fat from both animal and vegetable sources, showing physical and mental
strength and vitality. On the other hand, softer and thinner nails result from
more vegetable-quality food, with stimulant beverages such as coffee and alcohol.
Sugar and sweets as well as other yin foods and drinks also contribute. There is a
tendency to be physically flexible and weak, but mentally active, with esthetic
appreciation.

Vertical Ridges
Vertical ridges on the nails (A) are the result of imbalanced nourishment—an
overconsumption of carbohydrates and salt, and a lack of proper protein and fat.
The digestive, liver and kidney functions may be underactive, and general fatigue
appears.

White Dots
White dots on the nails (B) show the elimination of sugars, including cane sugar,
honey, syrups, fruit sugars, milk sugars, alcohol, chocolate, and any other sugars.
The location of the spot on the nail shows the approximate date the sugars were
eaten. Normally, an adult’s nail grows in six to nine months. If the entire nail
grew during a six-month period, and the white spot appears at the middle of the
nail, the large amount of sugar was eaten three months ago. If the spot is located
one-third of the way up the nail from the root, such sugar consumption occurred
two months ago.
Figure 8.14 Various Conditions of the Nails

Horizontal Indentations
Horizontal indentations (C) show change in diet. The person may have moved to
a different climatic zone where his diet underwent a natural change, or if
remaining in the same place, he made a significant change in dietary habits. For
example, if a horizontal indentation appears one-third of the way from the tip of
the nail, the dietary change took place four months ago, if the entire nail grows
during six months. If another indentation is present one-third of the way from
the bottom of the nail, such changes took place twice—two months ago and four
months ago.

Split Nails
If the ends of the nails are split or uneven (D), it indicates a chaotic dietary
practice, and especially an overconsumption of yin foods and drinks. This
condition shows that the circulatory, reproductive and nervous systems are in
disorder, especially the functions of the testicles and ovaries, and that the
nervous reactions are subnormal. If one thumbnail shows this condition, and the
other thumbnail is normal, it shows that the testicles or ovaries corresponding to
the abnormal side are malfunctioning.

Peeling Nails
Peeling nails (E) have the same cause as detachment of the retina, since the
firmly attached layers of the nails have begun to detach. This condition is caused
by the overconsumption of fruits, juices, soft drinks, vitamins, chemicals, drugs
and medications, which deprive the body of minerals, producing a nutritional
imbalance. Indigestion, gas formation, fatigue, menstrual irregularity, sexual
weakness, depression, nervousness, insomnia and many other conditions are
arising.

White Moons
White moons appearing at the base of the nails (F) differ according to personal
condition. An active metabolism including activity in physical and mental
growth and change shows white moons, while a slow metabolism tends to create
smaller moons or no moons. Accordingly, during childhood and youth,
everyone usually has moons, but this varies during adulthood, and the moons
generally disappear during old age.
A physically active but less mentally active person tends to have larger moons,
while a physically inactive but mentally active person tends to have smaller
moons. However, very large moons show abnormal conditions such as
oversensitivity and physical weakness due to the excessive consumption of yin
foods and drinks.
9. The Feet

As one of the major peripheral parts of the body, the feet and toes, like the hands
and fingers, represent the entire physical and mental constitution and condition,
and correspond to various parts of the major organs and their functions. Specific
conditions of the feet and toes reveal certain conditions of the organs, systems,
and their functions, as well as the mental tendencies associated with these
conditions.
The hands have a more expanded form, and correspond more to the upper
and lower areas of the body including the lungs, heart, small intestines and large
intestines. On the other hand, the feet, which have a more compacted form,
represent more the organs located in the middle region of the body, including
the liver and gallbladder, spleen, stomach, pancreas, kidneys and bladder.
Further-more, it can be said that the arms and hands represent the horizontal
relationship between the central part of the body and the periphery, while the
legs and feet represent the vertical relationship.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FEET

Size
The size of the feet varies from person to person. The size of the feet, including
both length and width, is generally proportional to the size of the entire body,
but there are proportional differences due to individual constitution.
Larger feet indicate that the organs in the middle region of the body, such as
the liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, stomach, and kidneys are sound and
active. Smaller feet show that the organs in the upper and lower parts of the body
are more sound and active, including the lungs and large intestine, and the heart
and small intestine. In general, those who have larger feet have more mental
tendencies, including better intellectual and esthetic comprehension, while those
who have smaller feet have better physical vitality and tolerance.

Height
If the top of the foot is higher, it shows a more physically active nature, due to
the consumption of comparatively more protein and minerals. If the top of the
foot is lower and flatter, it shows a more mentally active nature, caused by the
consumption of more carbohydrates and liquid. A person with a higher foot
usually has a more narrow foot, while a person whose foot is lower usually has a
wider foot.

The Arches
Higher arches are due to more tightly contracted muscles, allowing more active
functioning of the feet. This condition is caused by a comparatively low intake of
liquid, fruits, juices and other yin foods. Lower arches are due to looser muscles
and tissues, and show a tendency to be less physically active but more mentally
active, especially in esthetic, artistic and religious comprehension. A higher
consumption of the yin foods named above is indicated. High arches are
essential for athletes, sportsmen, dancers, and other physically active
professionals, while lower arches are more common among thinkers, writers,
musicians and artists, as well as religious persons.

Figure 9.1 The Foot

Joint Flexibility
The joints of the ankles and toes should be flexible and able to move freely in all
directions. However, many modern people are losing this flexibility due to
hardening of the arteries, muscles and joints, resulting from the
overconsumption of foods high in cholesterol and saturated fats. Animal protein
treated with salt also causes this inflexibility. Flexibility of the feet and toes shows
not only physical lightness and mobility, but also mental adaptability. As this
flexibility decreases, the entire lifestyle becomes more rigid and less adaptable to
the constantly changing natural and social environment.

Width of the Foot

If the width of the foot at the ball is narrower than normal—about one-third of
the length of the foot or less—it is caused by the consumption of more yang
foods, including food of both animal and vegetable types, with less liquid, and
shows a more physically active and mentally sharp nature (Figure 9.2). If the
width is more than one-third of the length of the foot, it is caused by more
vegetable-quality food, and more yin foods, including salad, fruits and liquid. In
this case, there is less physical activity and more esthetic and metaphysical
comprehension.
The proportion between the width (A) and the length (B) of the foot is normally about 1:3.

Figure 9.2 Width and Length of Foot

Protruding Ball of the Foot

Sometimes an abnormal, hard protrusion develops at the ball of the foot (Figure
9.3). This may have begun to develop shortly after birth, or during adulthood.
This protrusion has been called traditionally a “sign of a widow,” or a “sign that
he will become alone in old age.” This condition shows hardness in the middle
region of the body, in the area of the liver, stomach, pancreas or spleen, due to a
one-sided diet: for example, carbohydrate and salt, protein and salt, fat and salt;
or the overconsumption of salts or minerals. It indicates physical rigidity,
especially in the middle region of the body, and mental rigidity with a tendency
toward domination, discrimination, prejudice and jealousy. Although those who
have this condition are more active in social life, these mental characteristics
often lead to separation from family and friends.

Figure 9.3 Protruding Ball of the Foot

Feet That Turn In or Out

If the feet turn outward while walking, it is due to constriction at the base of the
spine, caused by the overconsumption of animal food, and shows a more
aggressive, progressive and outgoing character both physically and mentally. In
women, it may indicate a retroversion of the uterus. On the other hand, if the
feet turn inward while walking, the area at the base of the spine is more open,
due to the consumption of more vegetable-quality foods, and indicates a more
gentle, conservative and introspective character, both physically and mentally.
Among western people, feet that turn outward are more common, while there
are more people in oriental countries whose feet turn inward. Also, feet that turn
outward have become more common in modern times, while feet turning inward
are seen more often in the older generations. If they are in good health and
following sound dietary practices, men should have feet that are straight or
slightly turning outward, and women should have feet that are straight or slightly
turning inward.
The Color of the Feet
The feet should have the same clean, clear color as other parts of the body.
Abnormal colors show certain disorders, described below.

Red
A red color generally arises at a peripheral area of the foot—the toes, sides or
back. It is due to the expansion of blood capillaries in these regions, caused
mainly by the overconsumption of liquid and other yin foods, including sugar
and sweets, fruits and juices, soft drinks and chemicals, drugs and medications. It
shows that the heart and circulatory system are now overactive, with a faster
pulse and rate of breathing, together with overactive kidney and excretory
functions, often including frequent urination. Mentally, loss of clear thinking
and general fatigue is indicated.

Purple
A purplish color also appears at the peripheral regions of the foot, and is caused
by the overconsumption of very yin foods, including sugar and sweets, fruits and
juices, and possibly more chemicals, drugs and medications. All functions of the
major organs are in disorder, especially the circulatory, excretory and
reproductive functions.

Other Colors
Other colors such as yellow, green, and white may appear from time to time in
rare cases, especially at the peripheral regions of the feet. They indicate that
certain organs and their functions are abnormal, as outlined in the table below.
Foot Color Condition and Cause

Liver and gallbladder disorders, due to the overconsumption of

Yellow meat, poultry, eggs, and fats from both animal and vegetable
sources.

Underactive kidney and excretory functions, due to the

Dark overconsumption of animal food, salt, baked flour products, well-
cooked food, and other yang foods and drinks.

Spleen and lymph functions as well as the blood circulation are

abnormal due to the overconsumption of foods that produce fat and
Green mucus, such as fatty meat, eggs, dairy food, sugar, white refined
flour, and others. This color may indicate the formation of cysts,
tumors and cancer.
 The heart and circulatory functions, and the intestines and digestive
functions are underactive due to constriction of the heart, blood
White vessels and capillaries. This is caused by the overconsumption of
animal fat, salts, or other yang foods and drinks. General anemia or
anemia in the intestinal region may also produce this color.

THE TOES

The toes are formed by the meridians, and therefore each toe and the area
immediately extending from it represents certain major organs and their
functions (see Figure 9.4).

Figure 9.4 Areas of the Feet Correlating with Areas of the Body
 These correlations also apply to the area immediately extending from each toe
or point, as illustrated in Figure 9.4. Accordingly, abnormal conditions
appearing in certain toes and their connected areas show disorders in certain
organ and their functions.

Hardness at the Tips of the Toes

This is an indication that the corresponding organs and their functions are
stagnated, possibly due to overeating and overdrinking, as well as a possible
imbalance in the amounts of minerals, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, or vitamins
consumed.
Toe and Extended Area Organs and Functions

The spleen, pancreas, and liver (A—Spleen and

The first toe (A & B)
pancreas; B—Liver.)

The second and third toes (C) The stomach

The fourth toe (D) The gallbladder

The fifth toe (E) The bladder

On the sole of the foot, central part of the

The kidneys
knuckle region (F)

Calluses
Calluses show the elimination of excessive fat and mucus, caused by the
overconsumption of food in general, or by imbalanced nourishment (Figure 9.5).
This elimination arises from a malfunctioning organ through its meridian. For
example, if a callus appears on the fourth toe, the gallbladder and its functions
are now abnormal due to the overconsumption of dairy products and other fats
from both animal and vegetable sources. If a callus arises on the sole of the foot
at the central part of the knuckle region, causing pain while walking, it shows an
elimination from the kidneys through their meridian. In this case, there has been
an overconsumption of foods such as flour products, fats and oils, and sugar and
sweets, from both animal and vegetable sources.
Figure 9.5 Calluses on the Feet

Abnormal Colors
Abnormal colors appearing on certain toes or their extended areas show that the
corresponding organs and functions are overactive, usually due to an
overconsumption of yin foods and drinks (Figure 9.6). If a green color appears
on the inside of the foot toward the area below the anklebone, the spleen and
lymphatic system may be developing a cancerous condition. Similarly. a green
color appearing on the fifth toe and its extended area at the outside of the foot,
below the outer anklebone, shows that a cancerous condition may be developing
in the uterus, ovaries, or prostate. If a green color appears on the top of the foot
in the extended area of the second and third toes, cancer may be developing in
the stomach. And, the liver and gallbladder may be developing cancer if a green
color appears on the fourth toe and its area extending from the fourth toe to the
front of the foot below the ankle-bone.
Figure 9.6 Examples of Color Change in Some Cases of Cancer

Two Diagnosis Points

Two points formed by the junctions of bones extending up from the toes can be
used for diagnosis of the internal organs: (1) the indented point in the small
valley formed by the junction of the bones extending up from the first and
second toes; and (2) from the fourth and fifth toes (Figure 9.7). If pain is felt
when point (1) is pressed, it shows temporary disorders in the stomach and liver,
due to overeating and over-drinking. General physical and mental fatigue are
indicated as well. If pain is felt when point (2) is pressed, it shows that the
gallbladder and bladder and their functions are in disorder, due to the
overconsumption of food and drink, and especially of salt and fat. There is a
tendency toward general fatigue and sleepiness. It may also indicate contraction
of the gallbladder, and the formation of cysts or stones in the gallbladder.
Figure 9.7 Two Diagnosis Points on the Foot

Length of the Toes

From the first toe to the fifth toe, the length of the toes gradually decreases.
However, in many people, the second and/or third toes are longer than the first
toe (Figure 9.8). This is caused by dietary habits during the embryonic period
that have caused weakness in the stomach and its functions. In this case, there
are possible stomach disorders including gastritis, ulcers, cancer and other
diseases.

Figure 9.8 Length of the Toes

Curving Toes
If the first toe curves abnormally toward the second toe, it shows that the spleen
and lymphatic functions are overactive, while the liver functions are underactive,
due to the consumption of excessive fats and oils from both animal and vegetable
sources, and more yin foods and drinks in general. If the fifth toe curves
abnormally toward the fourth toe, it indicates overactivity in the kidneys,
bladder, and their excretory functions, caused by the overconsumption of yin
foods and drinks, including all beverages, fruits, juices, sugar and sweets.
Figure 9.9 Curving Toes

The Toenails
Under normal conditions, the toenails should be harder than the fingernails. The
condition of the toenails, including their color, varies according to the individual
condition.

Pink
The normal color of the toenails is pink, and slightly darker than the fingernails.
The surface of the toenails should be smooth, showing balanced nourishment
and healthy activity.

Dark Colors
Darker colors in the toenails, including dark blue and dark purple, show
imbalanced nourishment, due to the overconsumption of yang animal food, or
yin foods such as fruits and sugar, or both.

White Color and Rugged Surfaces

These often appear on the toenails, especially the fourth and fifth nails. This
condition is caused by the overconsumption of liquid and sometimes fat,
including all beverages, fruit, fruit juice, dairy products, and fats and oils from
both animal and vegetable sources. Disorders in the liver and gallbladder as well
as the kidneys and excretory system are indicated.

THE SOLES OF THE FEET

The soles of the feet correspond to the entire body, and each area of the sole
corresponds to a certain part of the body. Such physiotherapies as foot massage,
reflexology and moxibustion use this correlation in order to release stagnation
from various organs and systems. Figure 9.10 shows the correlation between the
bottom of the foot and certain related areas of the body.

Figure 9.10 Areas of the Sole of the Foot Corresponding to Areas of the Body

When certain areas of the sole show hardening, tension, and pain when they
are pressed, it shows that the corresponding organs and functions are in
disorder. These disorders are mainly caused by the stagnation of energy flow and
blood circulation due to overconsumption of animal foods, foods rich in fat from
both animal and vegetable sources, sugar and fruits, as well as liquids.
If the sole of the foot is soft and elastic when pressed, it shows that the
metabolism of the physical and mental conditions is harmonious. If symptoms of
hardness and pain increase, it shows that physical and mental disorders are
developing more toward degeneration. These internal disorders can often be
alleviated through the application of proper therapeutic treatment together with
correction of the diet.

Peeling Skin and Athlete’s Foot

Athlete’s foot is often accompanied by a condition of peeling skin on and
between the toes, as well as the rupture of skin between certain toes, making
walking difficult. Although athlete’s foot often shows germ activities in the area,
the real cause is the overconsumption of liquid, including all beverages, fruits,
fruit juices, sugars and sweets, and some chemicals and drugs, as well as other
yin types of food. These foods produce a condition of heavy humidity in the
region of the toes, leading to ruptures and encouraging germ activities.
10. The Skin

As the periphery of the body, the skin reflects its antagonistic and complemental
partner, the inner depths of the body. When the internal organs and glands
become disordered, symptoms always appear on the skin. The condition of body
fluids such as the blood and lymph also appears on the skin. Because the main
function of the skin is adjustment between the external environment and
internal body conditions, it also reflects environmental change. Diagnosis of the
condition of the skin generally focuses on three major characteristics: (1) the
condition of the skin, (2) the color of the skin, and (3) marks appearing on the
skin.

The Condition of the Skin

Normal, healthy skin should be clear, smooth, slightly shining, and slightly
moist. If other conditions are present, it is the result of disorders arising in some
part of the body. As all physical and mental disorders are due to disorderly
dietary habits, abnormal skin conditions are also caused mainly by dietary habits.
In the modern arts of beauty care, external treatments are emphasized more than
internal change through diet, and endless efforts are made with unsatisfactory
results. However, a beautiful skin develops naturally as a result of a balanced
macrobiotic diet.

Wet Skin
This condition is easily detected if the palm is unusually wet. The palm as well as
all other surfaces of the body should maintain a condition of slight moisture, but
not of wetness. The cause of this condition is the overconsumption of liquid,
including watery cooking, beverages, fruits, juices, milk, and all other fluids.
Sugar and other sweets also produce water within our body.
 Wet skin indicates thinner blood, rapid metabolism, faster pulse, and
excessive perspiration and urination. This condition produces various physical
and mental disorders, including epilepsy, vertigo, diarrhea, fatigue, dull thinking,
forgetfulness, detachment of the retina, glaucoma, hair loss, and pains and aches
in various parts of the body such as the ears, teeth and gums.
The water balance in our body is reflected in the number of urinations per
day, which should normally be three or four, in the case of adults. Some medical
advice which recommends a large liquid intake is not advisable in many cases
except as a temporary measure to recover from dehydration, to eliminate poisons
or excessive animal foods from the body. The desire for water is proportional to
the volume of salts, protein and carbohydrates consumed, and therefore the
comprehensive approach of dietary change is required for a long-term alteration
in liquid intake.

Oily Skin
Normal skin is slightly oily, but if an excessively oily condition is present—often
on the peripheral parts of the body such as the forehead, nose, cheeks, hair or
palms—it is caused either by the overconsumption of oils and fats, or by
disorders in fat metabolism. This condition shows that the liver, gallbladder and
pancreas are not functioning normally. The lungs and respiratory functions, and
the kidneys and excretory functions are also affected.
Often, oily skin also reveals certain related symptoms such as the formation of
stones in the gallbladder and kidneys; the formation of cysts and tumors in the
breasts, ovaries, uterus, and other parts of the body; pancreatic disorders,
including diabetes; mucus accumulation in various parts of the body; hearing
difficulties, cataracts, sclerosis; and many others.
The intake of all fatty foods including meat, poultry, eggs, animal foods,
sugar, flour products, fruits and juices, and vegetable oils should be minimized in
order to relieve this condition. The overconsumption of protein and
carbohydrates can also cause oily skin, and therefore, less eating is advisable.

Dry Skin
Dry skin is caused either by dehydration or by the overconsumption of fats and
oils. The first cause is more common among modern people. Medical personnel
generally advise increased oil consumption to relieve a dry skin condition, but
this is rather ineffective: a dry skin surface is often caused by the formation of fat
layers under the skin, which prevent the elimination of moisture toward the
surface. Therefore, the diet should be adjusted toward the elimination of fats and
oils.
Dry skin shows that there is a relatively large amount of both fat and
cholesterol in the bloodstream. The accumulation of fat and cholesterol around
the heart and in the arteries, as well as in major organs such as the liver and
gallbladder, lungs and intestines, spleen and pancreas, and the prostate and
uterus, is common in this case. There may also be hardening of the arteries,
irregular pulse, mental rigidity, and the formation of cysts, tumors and cancer in
some cases. There is probably abnormal tension near the affected organs and
along the related meridians. In order to heal this condition, it is advisable to
eliminate all meat, poultry, eggs and dairy products, as well as sugar and sweets
from the diet.

Rough Skin
This condition has two possible causes: (1) overconsumption of protein and
heavy fats, or (2) overconsumption of sugar and sweets, fruits and juices, soft
drinks, drugs and chemicals. A condition with the first cause is more difficult to
change. The second condition is characterized by more open sweat glands and,
usually, a slightly red color.
Rough skin of the first type reflects an internal condition that includes
hardening of the arteries, as well as accumulation of fat and cholesterol around
the organs and in the arteries. Usually, the liver and kidneys are also affected.
The accompanying symptoms often include the appearance of protein in the
urine, intestinal disorders, muscular tension, pains and aches in the joints,
stiffness of the neck and shoulders, and general fatigue and mental rigidity.
In the second case, rough skin indicates disorders of the circulatory, excretory
and nervous functions. Symptoms often include irregular pulse, excessive
sweating, frequent urination, diarrhea, vertigo, excessive sensitivity, and
emotional instability.
In both cases, rough skin can be corrected by reducing the intake of animal
food, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, fruits and juices, and drugs and chemicals,
and by the practice of balanced dietary habits.

Doughy Skin
This skin condition is common among modern people. The skin appears whitish
and flabby, and lacking in active elasticity. It may appear anywhere on the body,
but usually more on the front, including the face, chest and abdominal regions.
The cause is mainly the overconsumption of dairy products, sugar, and refined
flour products.
Doughy skin indicates that fat and mucus are accumulating in various parts of
the body such as inside the forehead, in the nasal cavities, inner ear, breast, lungs,
liver, gallbladder, kidneys, uterus, ovaries, prostate, and the thyroid glands.
Accompanying symptoms often include hay fever, hearing difficulties, coughing,
spitting mucus, the formation of cysts and tumors in the breast, uterus, ovaries
and prostate regions, tightness of the arteries, vaginal discharge, formation of
stones in the kidneys and gallbladder, general fatigue, cloudy thinking and
laziness. There is also the potential for the development of cancer.
The consumption of more grains and vegetables can correct this condition,
along with the elimination of animal fats, dairy products, sugar, and refined flour
products, and the reduction of fruits, juices, beverages and oils in the diet.

The Color of the Skin

The color of the skin is different in every person. There are commonly-known
differences in skin color among persons of different racial backgrounds: white
for Caucasians, darker for Latinos, yellow for Asians, coppery for Middle
Easterners, brown for East Indians and Central and South Americans, dark or
black for Africans, and blue-black for native Australians. However, these
differences in skin color are not primarily racial, since skin colors are the result
of the influence of the external environment and the internal condition and
nourishment. The principles of skin color can be summarized as follows:
A colder and cloudy climate produces whiter skin, and a warmer and sunnier
climate produces darker skin.
More yang foods produce lighter skin, and more yin foods produce darker
skin.

For example, the native people living in Africa develop a dark or black color
due to the warm climate and to the consumption of tapioca, bananas and other
yin tropical products, while their color tends to change if they move to North
America and consume more yang animal products as well as dairy foods. Among
the yellow races, it is well known that the skin color tends to change toward
white if they move to a more snowy region and consume saltier foods which are
cooked for a longer time.
Aside from these natural skin colors, there are many abnormal colors that
may appear because of disorders in the physical condition. These colors appear
not only on the surface of the skin, but also in any part of the body, including the
hair, eyes, lips, and nails as specified in the other chapters of this book. The most
common abnormal colors appearing on the surface of the skin are summarized
in the table below.
Color Cause Conditions

Expansion of capillaries. Heart and

Excessive yin foods and drinks,
circulatory disorders. Lung and
Red including liquid, fruits, alcohol, sugar,
respiratory disorders. Nervous disorders.
sweets, spices, and stimulants.
Emotional instability.

Excessive yang foods and drinks, Disorders of the bile functions of the liver
including meat, eggs, fish, seafood, salt and gallbladder. Pancreatic disorders.
Yellow
and minerals, and vegetables such as Kidney and excretory disorders.
carrots, pumpkin and squash. Emotional aggressiveness.

Extremely yin foods and drinks,

Intestinal and digestive disorders.
including fruits and juices, sugar and
Purple Nervous disorders. Sexual and hormonal
sweets, drugs, medications, and
disorders. Fear and despair.
chemicals.

Contraction of blood capillaries and

Excessive yang animal food rich in fat, tissues. Nervous alertness. Liver,
White including all dairy products, or the over- gallbladder, kidney, and especially
consumption of salts and minerals. spleen and lymph disorders. Stubborn
and narrow mind.

Excessive yang animal food and salts, Malfunction of the liver. Disorders of the
Blue with yin sugar and sweets, alcohol and spleen and pancreas functions. Anger
stimulants. Food rich in carbohydrates. and short temper

Excessive yang animal food and yin Intestinal and digestive disorders. Kidney
Brown vegetables, both rich in protein and fat. and excretory disorders. Discrimination
Sugar and sweets, fruits and juices. and prejudice.

Kidney and excretory disorders, intestinal

Excess yin food, including sugar and
and digestive disorders, sexual and
Dark sweets, fruits and juices, drugs and
hormonal disorders. Depression and
chemicals.
fear.

Excessive yang food rich in protein and Decomposition of tissues or cells.

fat, or excessive yin food rich in sugar Development of cysts, tumors and
Green
and oils. Chemicals, drugs and cancer. Emotional insecurity and
medications. arrogance.

Marks on the Skin

Many marks appear on the skin throughout life. At birth, there are usually no
marks on the skin, although there are some exceptions. A newborn infant may
have a green patch at the bottom of the buttocks, known among Asian societies
as the “Mongol’s Mark”; or there may be vivid red or brown patches on certain
parts of the body, as when the mother has taken drugs or medications during
pregnancy. The so-called “birth mark” is such a case. For similar reasons, a
newborn baby may have black spots known as “beauty marks” as evidence that
the mother experienced a disease or high fever during her pregnancy, though it is
comparatively rare.
Most marks appearing on the skin arise after birth, since they are symptoms
of the elimination of certain excesses caused by dietary imbalances or
adjustments by sickness. These marks are discussed in the following pages.

Black Spots
Known as “beauty marks,” these spots appear in the vicinity of acupuncture
points along the meridians through which internal and external energy comes
into or goes out of the body. They also appear at the junction of connecting
tissues.
These black spots show the elimination of carbon compounds produced by
the burning of excess carbohydrates, proteins and fats within the body.
Accordingly, they appear after a disease accompanied by a high fever, such as
pneumonia, bronchitis, stomach and intestinal fever, and kidney and bladder
infections. By observing the location of these spots, and especially the meridian
along which they are located, it is possible to determine in which organ the
disease was experienced. For example, in Figure 10.1, black spots appearing
along the lung meridian show that pneumonia or bronchitis occurred in the past.
The same kind of spots appearing in the chest region, especially at the point
DAN-CHU (CV 17), show that a past disease involved infection of the heart
region.
Figure 10.1 Examples of Beauty Marks along the Lung Meridian

Therefore, black spots appearing on the face can indicate weakness in certain
systems, organs or glands, and the resulting physical and mental tendencies. In
this way, by observing the black spots, we can also understand personal
character. Figure 10.2 provides some common examples.
Figure 10.2 Some Examples of Facial Beauty Marks

Dark Brown Patches or Freckles

Freckles appear often in modern people. They occur on the more peripheral and
exposed parts of the body such as the face, hands, arms, and shoulders, as well as
here and there throughout the body. The tendency of freckles to appear more in
the upper part of the body is due to their cause.
Freckles are the elimination of excessive carbohydrates, especially mono- and
disaccharides, including refined sugar, honey, fruit sugar and milk sugar. The yin
character of these substances is more attracted to yang sunlight, and therefore,
freckles are more likely to appear during the summer. A few generations ago they
were called “death marks,” especially when they appeared in a large size on the
back of the hand. People who live in cloudy, darker climates, or who do not eat
these sugars, do not have so many freckles. The elimination of these foods from
the diet can cause a gradual disappearance of freckles.
If freckles appear more on certain meridians, or on the surface area
corresponding to certain internal organs, we can say that the overconsumption
of sugars has affected these related organs. For example, freckles appearing on
the back of the hand and arm along the large intestine meridian show that the
intestinal functions are somewhat in disorder due to sugar consumption.
Similarly, freckles appearing on the shoulders indicate disorders in the intestinal
functions.

Large Brown Patches

These patches are known as Mo-Shoku ( ) in oriental medical terminology.
Though their color is similar to that of freckles, Mo-Shoku are larger than
freckles, and their appearance is more infrequent and temporary. They can
appear on any part of the body corresponding to a disordered organ. Figure 10.3
shows some examples.
Figure 10.3 Examples of Mo-Shoku

If the Mo-Shoku disappears due to external treatment such as repeated

moxibustion, it shows that the disorders of the corresponding organs have also
disappeared, and normal functions have been recovered.

Moles
Moles are tiny dark brown mounds that appear among some people. They are
the elimination of excessive protein. This protein does not necessarily come from
the consumption of protein itself, but is also produced by overeating in general,
and especially overeating of carbohydrates and fats. For this reason, in the
ancient Orient, moles were known as a sign of an egocentric nature. Moles can
naturally dry up and disappear, therefore, if dietary habits are properly corrected.
Moles may appear (1) along the meridians, and (2) along the muscles. In the
first case, the functions of the organs for which that meridian supplies energy
have been affected by the overconsumption of protein or food in general. In the
second case, the organ which correlates to that area of muscle has been affected
by the same cause. (See Figure 10.3.)

Warts
Warts may be skin color or brownish and slightly darker than skin color. They
are softer than moles, with an irregular shape. Warts are the elimination of a
mixture of protein and fat, again caused by the overconsumption of these food
elements or by overeating in general. However, warts tend to appear now in
people who consume a large volume of fats or sugar. They can be eliminated by
correction of the dietary habits. Warts also appear more on the upper part of the
body, due to their slightly yin nature.
Warts can appear irregularly with no apparent relationship to the location of
meridians and points, like freckles. They indicate general disorders in the
digestive, circulatory and excretory functions. The organs especially involved are
the large intestine, which is usually stagnated in this case; and the kidneys, which
are usually accumulating fats. People who have warts have a tendency to develop
cysts, tumors, and cancer in the breasts, colon and reproductive organs, as well as
skin diseases, indigestion and urinary infections.

Pimples
Pimples appear more on the upper body surface, because of their yin nature,
caused by excessive fats, sugar and flour products. They are usually red and
white, because of the expansion of blood capillaries and fatty tissues. Pimples
usually appear on the cheeks, forehead, nose, the area around the mouth, jaws,
shoulders, chest, and the back of the body more than in other places. The
location of the pimples indicates that the corresponding organs are affected by
the accumulation of fat and mucus, as shown in the table below.
Location of Pimples Affected Organ or Area of Body

Forehead Intestinal area

Cheeks Lung area
Nose Heart area
Around the mouth Reproductive area
Jaws Kidney area
Shoulders Digestive tract
Chest Lung and heart areas
Back Lung area

Pimples can be eliminated by avoiding foods that directly contribute to the

accumulation of protein and fat, mucus and excessive liquid in these organs and
systems.

White Patches
White patches appear often among modern people, and sometimes gradually
spread over the body. These patches are caused by a constant intake of excessive
dairy products, especially milk and cream. This condition indicates that the
accumulation of fat and mucus has spread throughout the respiratory and
reproductive systems. A hormonal imbalance often results, including thyroid,
pancreatic and gonad functions.
This condition naturally contributes to the formation of cysts, tumors and
eventually cancer, especially in the breast, colon, and reproductive areas. A long
time is required for gradual recovery from this condition, through the
elimination of dairy products and the increase in consumption of grains and
vegetables. However, if vegetable oils are used in excess, they can also cause a
retardation of the healing process.

Bluish Patches
Bluish patches, which sometimes appear on the surface of muscle areas, are
caused by stagnation in the bloodstream. This condition often arises during
internal hemorrhage, due to broken capillaries caused by an external shock or by
an internal expansion of the capillaries. However, if a balanced diet is being
eaten, it is very rare that an external shock will produce these blue patches.
Accordingly, the real cause of this condition is the overconsumption of yin
foods: excessive fruits, juices, sweets, drugs and chemicals.
This condition indicates that the circulatory and urinary functions are not
sound. Accompanying symptoms often include irregular pulse, frequent
urination, emotional disturbance and nervousness. This condition can be
gradually corrected by the recovery of sound blood quality with increased
minerals.

Varicose Veins
Varicose veins appear mostly on the back and inside areas of the legs. They
appear as expanded veins with a light green, light blue, dark red, or in some
cases, dark purple color. They often appear in women at the time of pregnancy.
This condition shows disorders in the intestinal digestion and the excretory
functions. It is also often accompanied by disorders in the liver, gallbladder,
spleen or pancreas. Migraine headaches and irregular reproductive functions
may be present as well.
Varicose veins are caused by excessive liquid, including all beverages and
juices, as well as fruits. Excessive oil intake can also contribute. It is possible to
improve varicose veins gradually by reducing the intake of these foods and
beverages, and decreasing animal foods and salt, along with hot applications
which accelerate the circulation of blood.

Eczema
These dry, hard, raised areas of skin—which may be white, yellow or reddish in
color—often appear among modern people. They show a massive elimination of
excessive fats, mainly caused by the intake of animal foods, especially dairy
products. Among dairy foods, cheese is the most notable contributor to this
condition, and eggs cooked with butter can also contribute greatly.
This condition shows disorders in the circulatory and excretory functions,
with an accumulation of fat and cholesterol in major organs such as the heart,
liver and kidneys. There may be frequent cysts and tumors, and a tendency to
develop cancer. Other symptoms include hardening of the arteries, dandruff, dry
skin, insomnia, and emotional insecurity.
Eczema can be corrected by the elimination of all fatty food, with an increase
in the consumption of grains, vegetables and seaweed.
All abnormal skin conditions, including those described above, are
manifestations of the relationship between the internal environment within the
body and the external environment. If the diet which nourishes the internal
environment is properly adjusted according to the changes in the external
environment—the seasons, the climate, the weather—in connection with daily
physical and mental activity, a skin condition can be maintained which is a
natural result of a sound internal condition.
 Conclusion

To know things is to know the self.

More knowing is a path to make us more humble and modest.
He who makes himself the lowest
Knows everything,
And he attains universal consciousness
Of eternal life.
This book has introduced the major ways of diagnosis based upon the principles
of oriental medicine, in accordance with the understanding of the order of the
universe—the law of nature which constantly governs all phenomena throughout
the universe, including our present life on Earth as human beings. These
methods of diagnosis have been developed and used for the past thirty years
through the observation of hundreds of thousands of people, without analysis of
the internal condition of the body, but only through sharp observation reflecting
from the pure state of nothingness. As there are now more than six billion people
upon this planet, there are billions of variations in lifestyles and activities; and
each one of the billions of people has numerous changes and fluctuations
according to natural and environmental conditions, social and cultural
influences, traditional and ancestral contributions, and personal variations in
eating and activity. As a result, the scientific study of diagnosis—without the use
of any analytical, divisional modern methods which often have harmful effects
upon our health, as in the use of X-rays, radiation, blood analysis, bone-scan
tests and many other applications—needs unlimited depth of understanding of
humanity and its relation with the order of the universe. It requires many years
of observation and examination, and reflection upon the surrounding
conditions. This is the study of humanity itself.
To master this practice, to develop penetrating insight into the various
physical and mental disorders and their underlying causes, requires well-being,
especially a clear mind and a clean body. The master of diagnosis has a profound
understanding of nature and of humanity. His judgement can work
instantaneously and intuitively in direct apprehension of the totality of the object
he is seeing, as if he himself is the universe which produces these patients, affirms
their existence, changes their conditions. In other words, the master of diagnosis
lives with universal consciousness, without any tendency toward discrimination,
prejudice or narrowness, and with infinite compassion and patience.
The contents of this book are merely an introduction of the guidelines of
some of the major methods of diagnosis, presented in the hope that everyone can
easily understand antagonistic and complemental relations as a balancing factor
in all phenomena—that is yin and yang. In the early stages of learning how to
diagnose, the application of antagonistic and complemental relationships is very
practical and useful. However, a more advanced practice of diagnosis is done
intuitively and almost unconsciously, beyond the scope of any theory, logic or
mechanical techniques. In order to acquire such ability, it is essential for the
student of diagnosis to continuously observe balanced macrobiotic dietary
practices, including whole cereal grains, vegetables, beans and seaweed as a
major part of the daily diet. He or she should extend love and help to all other
people, inspiring them toward a healthier life, guiding them toward a happier
life.
Needless to say, the practice of diagnosis is not limited to those methods
which have been introduced in this book. This art has many more dimensions,
some of which are almost impossible to describe in writing, but which require
demonstration and direct explanation with examples. In this category is
vibrational and spiritual diagnosis, which has the following general purposes and
methods of practice:
This kind of diagnosis involves the perception of vibrations that are usually
invisible and which arise along with our physical and mental functions. By
examining them through observation, direct experience, and the use of the
senses—seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting and touching—we can distinguish
disorders that may be developing in the depths of the internal organs.
In this way, we can examine all major thought processes including memories,
visions, tendencies of thinking, attachments and detachments, delusions,
illusions and future visions, in order to diagnose physical and mental conditions.
With this kind of diagnosis, we can also study the quality of the aura, or
vibrations discharged from inside the body, together with environmental forces
and dietary energy, understanding environmental conditions and dietary
practices.
 This diagnosis furthermore reveals the influences of the so-called spirits or
ghosts of dead persons, or living persons at a distance, and the disorders caused
by these spiritual influences. By clarifying their cause, we can suggest how to
purify these spiritual influences and secure physical and mental well-being.
Through this diagnosis, we can see the influences of ancestral heredity which
have developed from generation to generation—generally for the past seven
generations, and eventually up to a few thousand years ago. By revealing these
ancestral influences in the physical and mental constitution, it becomes possible
to foresee a person’s future as well as the destiny of his offspring.
Furthermore, this kind of diagnosis develops a direct understanding, intuitive
but practical, of a person’s reincarnation: of his previous lives—not only of the
immediately past life, but of many past lives—and his future reincarnations—
again, not only of the next life but of several lives in the future.
Through this way of diagnosis, we can further examine not only someone’s
condition, but also the conditions of his family, relatives and friends with whom
he has had some sort of relations; and the nature of the society and community
within which he is presently living, within which he lived during his past lives,
and within which he will live during his future lives.

The immediate purpose of diagnosis is to assist people in the improvement of

their health and the realization of their well-being. However, the ultimate
purpose of diagnosis is to understand the endless process of the development of
life, which is changing forever, covering the entire dimension of this infinite
universe—in other words, the understanding of the infinite scale of life with the
most deep, high and unlimited consciousness. Therefore, if diagnosis is
approached only in a mechanical way, without a constant effort to develop
universal consciousness and a high personality with compassion, it is nothing
but the same witchcraft into which the modern techniques of diagnosis have
degenerated.
As the author of this book, I wish to urge all readers to use the arts of
diagnosis and the information presented in this book not only as techniques, but
also as a means to understand the human race, including the reader himself, for
the development of higher consciousness. This book of diagnosis was not written
to give its readers knowledge and techniques, but to prepare an open gate into
the new era of humanity, through the recovery of our various disorders; and to
establish eventually one healthy and peaceful world of mankind.
 Although the contents of this book are introductory, I sincerely hope this
information will not be used to criticize or devaluate other people, and that the
readers who use these arts of diagnosis will maintain a spirit of modesty and
gratitude to all people, surroundings, nature and the universe, and its infinite
order. I wish to have all readers use this book as a guide for helping each other,
and as a guide for reflecting upon our own constitutions and conditions, in order
to realize the endless happiness of humankind.
 Index

A
Abdominal region
Ancestral and parental conditions
Angle of shoulders, and constitution
Antagonistic and complemental relations
abdominal region
and BO-gathering points
ears
eyes
face-major systems correlations
face-organ correlations
feet
fingers
front and back of body
head-buttock correlation
head-systems-organs correlations
pads below toes
palms
peripheral body parts
toes and toenails
and YU-entering points
Arm and leg hair
Athlete’s foot

B
Birth and conception, date of
Birth and growth, place of
Blinking
Body hair
body hair-organ correlations
BO-gathering points, and diagnosis
Bone structure and constitution

C
Calluses on feet
Cheeks (face)
color of
freckles on
hair on
pimples on. See also Pimples.
size of
Conception and birth, date of
Condition, explanation of
Constitution, assessment of
angle of shoulders
bone structure and
hands and feet
height
muscle and skin conditions
ratio of head to body
Constitution, explanation of
Constitution, order of
birth and growth, place of
conception and birth, date of
diet during pregnancy and growth
family, social, and cultural influences
parental and ancestral conditions
reproductive cells, quality of
Cultural influences on constitution

D
Dandruff
“Devil’s Mouth,”
Diet
during pregnancy and growth
influence of culture on

E
Earlobes
Ears
earlobes
layers of
position and shape of
Eczema
Energy. See Principle of Five Stages of Transmutation of Energy.
Environment, effect of, on physical and mental conditions
Eyebags
Eyeballs, size of
Eyebrows
angle of
 condition of hair in
kinds of
space between
Eyelashes
Eyelids
inside of
lower
Eyes
angle of
blinking
color around
distance between
eyebags
eyeballs, size of
eyelashes
eyelids
eyelids, inside of
eyelids, lower
iris, color of
pimples
pupils
sanpaku
size of
wet eyeballs
white of eye
white of eye-organ correlations
“Eyes of the Phoenix,”

F
Face
face-major systems correlations
face-organ correlations
See also Cheeks; Ears; Eyes; Forehead; Mouth and lips; Nose; Skin.
Family, social, and cultural influences on constitution
Feet
arches of
athlete’s foot
calluses on
color of
color-organ function correlation
diagnosis points of
flexibility of
foot-organ correlation
height of
protruding ball of
size of
soles of
toenails
 toe-organ correlation
toes
turning out or in
width of
Feet and hands, size of, and constitution. See also Feet; Hands.
Fingernails. See also Hands.
Finger-organ function correlation
Fingers and fingertips. See also Hands.
Five Stages of Transmutation of Energy, Principle of
Foods. See Diet; Yin and yang, foods and.
Forehead
color of
forehead-organ correlation
freckles on
hair on
lower forehead
middle forehead
oily
pimples on
receding hairline
temples
upper forehead
watery
wrinkles on
Freckles
Front-and-back-of-body correlations

G
Grey and white hair. See also Hair.
Growth and birth, place of
Gums and mouth cavity. See also Mouth and lips.

H
Hair
on arms and legs
on body
body hair-organ correlations
dandruff
grey and white
hair-climate-diet correlations
on head
head hair-organ correlation
loss of
moustaches and beards
oily
pelvic
 split ends
on underarms
Hair loss. See also Hairline, receding.
Hair-climate-diet correlations
Hairline, receding. See also Hair loss.
Hands
back of
fingernails
finger-organ function correlation
fingers and fingertips
hand-organ correlation
palms
strength and flexibility of
webbed fingers
Hands and feet, size of, and constitution
Head hair
head hair-organ correlation
Head-buttock correlation
Head-systems-organs correlations
Head-to-body ratio, and constitution
Height and constitution

I
Iridology
Iris, color of

L
Life line. See also Palms.
Lips and mouth. See Mouth and lips.

M
Meridians
Moles
Moustaches and beards
Mouth and lips
closed versus loose mouth
color of lips
crust at corners of mouth
“Devil’s Mouth,”
edges of lips
lip-digestive tract correlations
size of
swollen
vertical wrinkles on
 See also Gums and mouth cavity.
Muscle and skin conditions. See also Skin.

N
Nails. See Fingernails; Toenails.
Nose
color of
expanded capillaries on
height of
nostrils
pimples and patches on
shape of
tip of

O
Oily hair
Order in making diagnosis
Order of universe
application of

P
Pads below toes
Palms (hands)
Parental and ancestral conditions
Pelvic hair
Peripheral body parts. See also listings of individual parts.
Pimples
Pregnancy and growth, diet during
Principle of Five Stages of Transmutation of Energy
Principles of Relativity, Twelve
Pupils (eye)

R
Ratio of head to body, and constitution
Receding hairline. See also Hair loss.
Relativity, Twelve Principles of
Reproductive cells, quality of

S
Sanpaku
Seven Universal Theorems
Shoulders, angle of, and constitution
Skin
beauty mark-organ function correlation
black spots on
blue patches on
brown patches on
color of
doughy
dry
eczema
freckles on
marks on
moles on
oily
pimples on
rough
varicose veins
warts on
white patches on
Skin and muscle conditions, and constitution. See also Skin.
Social and cultural influences on constitution
Split ends

T
Teeth
color of
decay of
direction of growth of
number of
size of
spaces between
surface of
tooth-organ correlations
Toenails. See also Feet.
Toes. See also Feet.
Tongue
color of
pimples on
shape of
tongue-digestive vessel correlations
Transmutation of Energy, Principle of Five Stages of
Twelve Principles of Relativity

U
Underarm hair
Universal relativity. See
Yin and yang.
Universal Theorems, Seven
Universe, order of

V
Varicose veins

W
Warts
Webbed fingers
White of eye
Wrinkles

Y
Yin and yang
body functions categorized as
body parts categorized as
examples of
explanation of
foods and
in Twelve Principles of Relativity
YU-entering points