Final Test review

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Figure 11-1

____ 1. Examine Figure 11-1. If you were standing under the tree, which object would appear to be moving?
a. the tree c. the boy
b. the airplane d. the building
____ 2. A passenger in the rear seat of a car moving at a steady speed is at rest relative to
a. the side of the road. c. the front seat of the car.
b. a pedestrian on the corner ahead. d. the wheels of the car.
____ 3. One kilometer equals 1000 meters. What does the prefix kilo- mean?
a. 1 c. 100
b. 10 d. 1000
____ 4. A person walks 1 mile every day for exercise, leaving her front porch at 9:00 am. and returning to her front
porch at 9:25 am. What is the total displacement of her daily walk?
a. 1 mile c. 25 minutes
b. 0 d. none of the above
____ 5. A person drives north 6 blocks, then turns west, and drives 6 blocks. The driver then turns south and drives 6
blocks. How could the driver have made the distance shorter while maintaining the same displacement?
a. by driving west 6 blocks from the starting point
b. by driving north 4 block and west 7 blocks
c. by driving south 6 blocks from the starting point
d. by driving back to the starting point by the same route
____ 6. A ball is rolled uphill a distance of 5 meters before it slows, stops, and begins to roll back. The ball rolls
downhill 9 meters before coming to rest against a tree. What is the magnitude of the ball’s displacement?
a. 4 meters c. 14 meters
b. 9 meters d. 45 meters
____ 7. Displacement vectors of 4 km south, 2 km north, 5 km south, and 5 km north combine to a total displacement
of
 a. 16 km north c. 6 km south
b. 11 km west d. 2 km south
____ 8. Speed is the ratio of the distance an object moves to
a. the amount of time needed to travel the distance.
b. the direction the object moves.
c. the displacement of the object.
d. the motion of the object.
____ 9. Instantaneous speed is measured
a. at the starting point.
b. when the object reaches its destination.
c. at a particular instant.
d. over the duration of the trip.
____ 10. A car traveled 60 km in 2 hours, 84 km in the next 1 hour, and then 68 km in 2 hours before reaching its
destination. What was the car’s average speed?
a. 212 km/h c. 148 km/h
b. 42 km/h d. 1060 km/h
____ 11. A horizontal line on a distance-time graph means the object is
a. moving at a constant speed. c. slowing down.
b. moving faster. d. at rest.
____ 12. A distance-time graph indicates that an object moves 100 m in 4 s and then remains at rest for 6 s. What is the
average speed of the object?
a. 50 m/s c. 10 m/s
b. 25 m/s d. 100 m/s
____ 13. Vector addition is used when motion involves
a. more than one direction. c. more than one speed.
b. more than one velocity. d. all of the above
____ 14. Which example describes constant acceleration due ONLY to a change in direction?
a. increasing speed while traveling around a curve
b. an object at rest
c. traveling around a circular track
d. an object in free fall
____ 15. Suppose you increase your walking speed from 1 m/s to 3 m/s in a period of 1 s. What is your acceleration?
a. 2 m/s2 c. 4 m/s2
2
b. 5 m/s d. 3 m/s2
____ 16. An object moving at 30 m/s takes 5 s to come to a stop. What is the object’s acceleration?
a. 30 m/s2 c. –6 m/s2
b. –30 m/s2 d. 6 m/s2
____ 17. The slope of a speed-time graph indicates
a. direction. c. velocity.
b. acceleration. d. speed.
____ 18. A speed-time graph shows that a car moves at 10 m/s for 10 s. The car’s speed then steadily decreases until it
comes to a stop at 30 s. Which of the following describes the slope of the speed-time graph from 10 s to 30 s?
a. linear, horizontal c. linear, sloping downward
 b. curved, upward d. linear, sloping upward
____ 19. A train approaching a crossing changes speed from 25 m/s to 10 m/s in 240 s. How can the train’s acceleration
be described?
a. The train’s acceleration is positive.
b. The train is not accelerating.
c. The train will come to rest in 6 minutes.
d. The train’s acceleration is negative.
____ 20. What is instantaneous acceleration?
a. how fast a speed is changing at a specific instant
b. how fast a velocity is changing at a specific instant
c. how fast a direction is changing at a specific instant
d. all of the above
____ 21. Which of the following statements is true?
a. An object that is accelerating is always changing direction.
b. An object has an instantaneous acceleration, even if the acceleration vector is zero.
c. An object at rest has an instantaneous acceleration of zero.
d. Instantaneous acceleration is always changing.
____ 22. The SI unit of force is the
a. joule. c. meter.
b. kilogram. d. newton.
____ 23. When an unbalanced force acts on an object,
a. the object’s motion does not change. c. the weight of the object decreases.
b. the object accelerates. d. the inertia of the object increases.
____ 24. When a pair of balanced forces acts on an object, the net force that results is
a. greater in size than both forces combined.
b. greater in size than one of the forces.
c. equal in size to one of the forces.
d. equal to zero.
____ 25. What kind of friction occurs as a fish swims through water?
a. fluid c. sliding
b. rolling d. static
____ 26. As you push a cereal box across a tabletop, the sliding friction acting on the cereal box
a. acts in the direction of motion.
b. equals the weight of the box.
c. is usually greater than static friction.
d. acts in the direction opposite of motion.
____ 27. The forces acting on a falling leaf are
a. air resistance and fluid friction. c. gravity and static friction.
b. gravity and air resistance. d. weight and rolling friction.
____ 28. An open parachute increases air resistance of a falling sky diver by
a. decreasing the weight of the diver. c. increasing the terminal velocity.
b. increasing surface area. d. reducing fluid friction.
 Figure 12-1

____ 29. Figure 12-1 shows the motion of three balls. The curved paths followed by balls B and C are examples of
a. centripetal motion. c. linear motion.
b. constant motion. d. projectile motion.
____ 30. Projectile motion is caused by
a. the downward force of gravity.
b. an initial forward velocity.
c. a final vertical velocity.
d. the downward force of gravity and an initial forward velocity.
____ 31. The property of matter that resists changes in motion is called
a. friction. c. inertia.
b. gravity. d. weight.
____ 32. An orange might roll off your cafeteria tray when you stop suddenly because of
a. the balanced forces acting on the orange.
b. the centripetal force acting on the orange.
c. the friction forces acting on the orange.
d. the orange’s inertia.
____ 33. According to Newton’s second law of motion, the acceleration of an object equals the net force acting on the
object divided by the object’s
a. mass. c. velocity.
b. momentum. d. weight.
____ 34. If a force of 12 N is applied to an object with a mass of 2 kg, the object will accelerate at
a. 0.17 m/s2. c. 6 m/s2.
2
b. 24 m/s . d. 12 m/s2.
____ 35. Your weight equals your
a. mass.
b. mass divided by the net force acting on you.
c. mass times the acceleration due to gravity.
d. mass times your speed.
____ 36. The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of Mars is about one third the acceleration due to gravity on
Earth’s surface. The weight of a space probe on the surface of Mars is about
 a. nine times greater than its weight on Earth’s surface.
b. three times greater than its weight on Earth’s surface.
c. one third its weight on Earth’s surface.
d. the same as its weight on Earth’s surface.
____ 37. Newton’s third law of motion describes
a. action and reaction forces. c. centripetal forces.
b. balanced forces. d. net force.
____ 38. In which of the following are action and reaction forces involved?
a. when a tennis racket strikes a tennis ball
b. when stepping from a curb
c. when rowing a boat
d. all of the above
____ 39. The product of an object’s mass and velocity is its
a. centripetal force. c. net force.
b. momentum. d. weight.
____ 40. What is conserved when two objects collide in a closed system?
a. acceleration c. speed
b. momentum d. velocity
____ 41. What is the momentum of a 50-kilogram ice skater gliding across the ice at a speed of 5 m/s?
a. c. 50 kg
10
b. 500 kg·m/s d. 250 kg·m/s
____ 42. What force is responsible for the repulsion between two positively-charged particles?
a. centripetal c. gravitational
b. electric d. nuclear
____ 43. When opposite poles of two magnets are brought together, the poles
a. attract each other. c. cancel each other.
b. repel each other. d. cause a net force of zero.
____ 44. With which of the following is the weak nuclear force associated?
a. lightning c. ocean tides
b. nuclear decay d. static cling
____ 45. Which of the following universal forces is the weakest?
a. electric c. magnetic
b. gravitational d. strong nuclear
____ 46. As an astronaut travels far away from Earth, her weight
a. decreases because gravity decreases.
b. decreases because her mass decreases.
c. increases because gravity increases.
d. remains the same because her mass remains the same.
____ 47. The gravitational force between two objects increases as mass
a. decreases or distance decreases. c. increases or distance decreases.
b. decreases or distance increases. d. increases or distance increases.
____ 48. The force that keeps an object moving in a circle is called
a. centripetal force. c. inertia.
b. fluid friction. d. momentum.
____ 49. The centripetal force acting on a satellite in orbit
a. acts as an unbalanced force on the satellite.
b. changes the direction of the satellite.
c. is a center-directed force.
d. all of the above
____ 50. In order to calculate pressure exerted on a surface, what quantity is divided by the surface area?
a. altitude c. mass
b. force d. volume
____ 51. If the air inside a balloon exerts a force of 1.5 N on an area of 0.5 m2, what is the pressure inside the balloon?
a. 0.5 N/m2 c. 2.5 N/m2
2
b. 1.5 N/m d. 3 N/m2
____ 52. What is the SI unit of pressure?
a. g/cm3 c. the newton
b. m/s2 d. the pascal
____ 53. A pressure of 70 N/m2 equals
a. 7 Pa. c. 700 Pa.
b. 70 Pa. d. 7000 Pa.
____ 54. Where is fluid pressure greatest?
a. 30 centimeters below the surface of a swimming pool
b. 1 meter below the surface of a swimming pool
c. 2 meters below the surface of a swimming pool
d. The pressure is the same in all parts of a swimming pool.
____ 55. Which of the following materials is NOT a fluid?
a. air c. gasoline
b. cork d. water
____ 56. Which of the following is NOT possible?
a. compressing 10 liters of oxygen gas into a 1-liter volume
b. compressing 2 liters of water into a 1-liter volume
c. filling a balloon using helium gas from a pressurized tank
d. allowing 5 liters of compressed air to expand to a volume of 100 liters
____ 57. The pressure of a fluid at a specific depth
a. depends only on the type of fluid.
b. is exerted only in the downward direction.
c. varies with the total volume of the fluid.
d. all of the above.
____ 58. Atmospheric pressure is caused by
a. air currents.
b. the weight of the atmosphere above a particular location.
c. clouds.
d. the altitude above sea level.
____ 59. The pressure of air at sea level is approximately
a. 0 kPa. c. 101 kPa.
b. 10 kPa. d. 1000 kPa.
____ 60. Which principle states that a change in the pressure at any point in a fluid in a closed container is transmitted
equally and unchanged in all directions throughout the fluid?
a. Archimedes’ principle
b. Bernoulli’s principle
c. Newton’s principle
d. Pascal’s principle
____ 61. Where will the greatest increase in pressure occur if you squeeze the middle of an upright, closed soft-drink
bottle?
a. The greatest increase in pressure will occur at the top of the bottle.
b. The greatest increase in pressure will occur in the middle of the bottle.
c. The greatest increase in pressure will occur on the bottom of the bottle.
d. The pressure will increase equally everywhere within the bottle.
____ 62. The hydraulic system of a dump truck is designed to multiply
a. distance. c. pressure.
b. force. d. speed.

Figure 13-1

____ 63. In Figure 13-1, Piston 1 exerts a pressure of 10 Pa on the fluid in the hydraulic lift. What is the fluid pressure
on Piston 2?
a. 1 Pa c. 10 Pa
b. 5 Pa d. 90 Pa
____ 64. Which of the following states Bernoulli’s principle?
a. As the speed of a fluid decreases, the pressure within the fluid decreases.
b. As the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases.
c. As the speed of a fluid changes, the pressure of the fluid remains constant.
d. none of the above
____ 65. The upward force acting on the wing of an airplane in flight is called
a. drag. c. thrust.
b. lift. d. weight.
____ 66. Which of the following statements is true about an airplane wing during flight?
a. Air above the wing travels faster than air below the wing.
b. Air below the wing travels faster than air above the wing.
c. The wing exerts pressure equally in all directions.
d. The lift acting on the wing reduces the weight of the wing.
____ 67. A brick weighs 26 N. Measured underwater, it weighs 11 N. What is the size of the buoyant force exerted by
the water on the brick?
a. 37 N c. 11 N
b. 26 N d. 15 N
____ 68. The strength of the buoyant force acting on an object in a fluid depends on the object’s
a. mass. c. volume.
b. surface area. d. weight.
____ 69. The buoyant force on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of the
a. fluid. c. fluid displaced by the object.
b. fluid surrounding the object. d. object.
____ 70. The relationship between buoyant force and weight of a displaced fluid was first stated by
a. Archimedes. c. Newton.
b. Bernoulli. d. Pascal.
____ 71. A ball is floating partially submerged in a liquid. The buoyant force acting on the ball equals the
a. volume of the ball below the surface. c. mass of the ball.
b. volume of the ball above the surface. d. weight of the ball.
____ 72. Which of the following substances will float in corn syrup? (The density of corn syrup is 1.38 g/cm 3.)
a. copper (8.9 g/cm3) c. iron (7.8 g/cm3)
3
b. silver (10.5 g/cm ) d. glycerin (1.26 g/cm3)
____ 73. Which of the following substances will sink in glycerin? (The density of glycerin 1.26 g/cm 3.)
a. water (1.00 g/cm3) c. benzene (0.90 g/cm3)
3
b. ethyl alcohol (0.81 g/cm ) d. aluminum (2.70 g/cm3)
____ 74. A cork is floating in salty water. As more salt is added to the water to increase its density, the cork will
a. float at a higher level in the water. c. sink.
b. float at a lower level in the water. d. float at the same level in the water.
____ 75. Two identical corks float in separate beakers. One beaker contains distilled water. The other contains very
salty water. Which of the following statements is true?
a. The corks float at the same level in both liquids.
b. The cork in the very salty water floats at a lower level than the other cork.
c. The corks will eventually sink.
d. Both corks are subject to the same buoyant force.
____ 76. Why does a hot-air balloon float?
a. The shape of the balloon provides lift.
b. The volume of the air displaced by the balloon is less than the volume of the balloon.
c. The weight of the air displaced is less than the volume of the balloon.
 d. The weight of the balloon is less than the weight of the air displaced by the balloon.
____ 77. In which of the following is no work done?
a. climbing stairs c. pushing a shopping cart
b. lifting a book d. none of the above
____ 78. A force acting on an object does no work if
a. a machine is used to move the object.
b. the force is not in the direction of the object’s motion.
c. the force is greater than the force of friction.
d. the object accelerates.
____ 79. What is the unit of work?
a. joule c. watt
b. newton/meter d. all of the above
____ 80. If you perform 40 joules of work lifting a 10-N box from the floor to a shelf, how high is the shelf?
a. 0.3 m c. 4.0 m
b. 20 m d. 400 m
____ 81. The SI unit of power is the
a. joule. c. newton-meter.
b. newton. d. watt.
____ 82. The power of a machine measures
a. its rate of doing work. c. the force it produces.
b. its strength. d. the work it does.
____ 83. If you exert a force of 700 N to walk 6 m up a flight of stairs in 6 s, how much power do you use?
a. 19 W c. 700 W
b. 25,200 W d. 4200 W
____ 84. Which of the following statements is true?
a. To increase power, you can decrease the amount of work you do in a given amount of
time, or you can do a given amount of work in less time.
b. To increase power, you can decrease the amount of work you do in a given amount of
time, or you can do a given amount of work in more time.
c. To increase power, you can increase the amount of work you do in a given amount of time,
or you can do a given amount of work in less time.
d. To increase power, you can increase the amount of work you do in a given amount of time,
or you can do a given amount of work in more time.
____ 85. 3730 watts equals about how many horsepower?
a. 5 c. 20
b. 10 d. 30
____ 86. A machine is a device that can multiply
a. force. c. work.
b. power. d. all of the above
____ 87. When a machine does work, it cannot do which of the following?
a. change the direction of a force.
b. increase a force and change the distance a force moves.
c. increase the distance a force moves and change the direction of a force.
 d. increase a force and increase the distance a force moves an object.
____ 88. How can a machine make work easier for you?
a. by decreasing the amount of work you do
b. by changing the direction of your force
c. by increasing the work done by the machine
d. none of the above
____ 89. How can you make the work output of a machine greater than the work input?
a. by decreasing friction
b. by increasing the input force
c. by increasing the output distance
d. none of the above
____ 90. If you know the input distance and output distance of a machine, which of the following can you calculate?
a. work
b. actual mechanical advantage
c. efficiency
d. ideal mechanical advantage
____ 91. A 120-m long ski lift carries skiers from a station at the foot of a slope to a second station 40 m above. What
is the IMA of the lift?
a. 0.3 c. 40
b. 3 d. 160
____ 92. Reducing friction in a machine
a. decreases its actual mechanical advantage.
b. decreases the work output.
c. increases its efficiency.
d. increases its ideal mechanical advantage.
____ 93. The efficiency of a machine is always less than 100 percent because
a. a machine cannot have an IMA greater than 1.
b. some work input is lost to friction.
c. the work input is too small.
d. the work output is too great.
____ 94. A mechanical device requires 420 J of work to do 230 J of work in lifting a crate. What is the efficiency of the
device?
a. 0.5% c. 55%
b. 190% d. 183%
____ 95. An inclined plane reduces the effort force by
a. increasing the distance through which the force is applied.
b. increasing the work.
c. reducing the effort distance.
d. reducing the work.
____ 96. An ax is an example of a(an)
a. inclined plane. c. wedge.
b. lever. d. wheel and axle.
____ 97. Which of the following is an example of a wheel and axle?
 a. hammer
b. an automobile steering wheel
c. a jar lid
d. a pencil
____ 98. The ideal mechanical advantage of a pulley system is equal to the
a. distance the load has to move.
b. length of the rope.
c. number of rope segments supporting the load.
d. weight of the object being lifted.
____ 99. The ideal mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle is found by
a. multiplying the circumference of the wheel by the radius of the axle.
b. dividing the radius of the wheel by the radius of the axle.
c. dividing the radius of the axle by the radius of the wheel.
d. multiplying the radius of the wheel by the radius of the axle.
____ 100. A machine is classified as a compound machine if it
a. has moving parts.
b. has an IMA greater than 1.
c. is made up of two or more simple machines that operate together.
d. is very efficient.

Completion
Complete each statement.

101. The motion of an object looks different to observers in different ______________________________.

102. The SI unit for measuring ____________________ is the meter.

103. Speed is measured in units of _________________________.

104. A car’s speedometer measures _________________________.

105. A constant slope on a distance-time graph indicates ____________________ speed.

106. The difference between speed and velocity is that velocity indicates the ____________________ of motion
and speed does not.

107. Because its ____________________ is always changing, an object moving in a circular path experiences a
continuous change in velocity.

108. Freely falling objects accelerate at 9.8 m/s2 because the force of ____________________ acts on them.

109. The velocity of an object moving in a straight line changes at a constant rate when the object is experiencing
constant ____________________.

110. The acceleration of a moving object is calculated by dividing the change in ____________________ by the
time over which the change occurs.
111. Accelerated motion is represented by a(an) ____________________ line on a distance-time graph.

112. ______________________________ is how fast a velocity is changing at a specific instant.

113. The sum of all the forces acting on an object is called the ____________________.

114. If the forces acting on an object produce a net force of zero, the forces are called ____________________.

115. The force that opposes the motion of objects that touch as they move past each other is called
____________________.

116. When a falling object reaches terminal velocity, the net force acting on it is ____________________.

117. The drag force acting on a falling sky diver is also known as ____________________.

118. The path of motion of a thrown javelin is an example of ____________________ motion.

119. During a head-on auto collision, ____________________ causes a passenger in the front seat to continue
moving ____________________.

120. The acceleration of an object is equal to the net ____________________ acting on the object divided by the
object’s ____________________.

121. The force of gravity acting on an object is the object’s ____________________.

122. If a golf ball and bowling ball are rolling at the same speed, the ____________________ ball has greater
momentum.

123. When you push on a wall, the ____________________ pushes back on you.

124. In a closed system, the loss of momentum of one object ____________________ the gain in momentum of
another object.

125. The observation that a charged object can attract or repel other charged objects led scientists to conclude that
there are ____________________ types of charges.

126. The universal force that is effective over the longest distances is ____________________.

127. Pressure is the result of force distributed over a(an) ____________________.

128. The formula is used to calculate ____________________.

129. The SI unit of pressure is the ____________________.

130. A pascal, the SI unit of pressure, is equal to 1 newton per ____________________.

131. A substance that flows and assumes the shape of its container is a(an) ____________________.
132. The pressure exerted by a fluid at any given depth is exerted ____________________ in all directions.

133. A hydraulic jack is an application of ____________________ principle.

134. A device that uses pressurized fluids acting on pistons of different sizes to change a force is called a(an)
____________________.

135. The downward force produced when air flows over the winglike spoiler on a race car is an example of
____________________ principle.

136. The apparent loss of weight of an object in a fluid is called ____________________.

137. The direction of the buoyant force on an object placed in a fluid is ____________________.

138. Even a rock at the bottom of a lake has a(an) ____________________ force acting upward on it.

139. The unit g/cm3 is often used to express ____________________.

140. A submerged submarine alters its ____________________ to rise or fall in the water.

141. The weight of an object that sinks in a fluid is ____________________ than the buoyant force acting on it.

142. The SI unit of work is the ____________________.

143. You calculate work by multiplying the force acting in the direction of ____________________ by the
distance the object moves.

144. The SI unit of power is the ____________________.

145. The watt and the horsepower are both units of ____________________.

146. A device that changes the size or direction of force used to do work is called a(an) ____________________.

147. Besides a reduction in friction, the only way to increase the amount of work output of a machine is to
____________________ the work input.

148. The mechanical efficiency of any machine is always ____________________ than 100 percent.

149. The fulcrum is always between the effort force and the resistance force in a(an) ____________________-
class lever.
 Figure 14-1

150. The bottle opener shown in Figure 14-1 is a(an) ____________________-class lever.

Short Answer

151. What is the SI unit best suited for measuring the height of a building?

152. A child rolls a ball 6 m across a room. The ball hits the wall and rolls halfway back toward the child. Using
vector addition, calculate the ball’s displacement.

153. What are two types of speed that can be used to describe the motion of a car driving on the highway?

154. Bus A travels 275 m in 13 s. Bus B travels 290 m in 13 s. Both vehicles travel at constant speed. How do the
distance-time graphs for these two speeds differ?

155. Vector addition allows you to add what two quantities for any number of vectors?

156. What types of changes in motion cause acceleration?

157. is the equation for calculating the acceleration of an object. Write out the relationship shown in the
equation, using words.

158. In the equation for acceleration, , how can you describe acceleration if the numerator is negative?

159. What happens to the magnitude of the fluid friction acting on a submarine as the submarine’s speed increases?
 Figure 12-1

160. Figure 12-1 shows the paths followed by three balls. Each ball started moving at the same time. Ball A was
dropped and balls B and C were thrown sideways. Compare the times for each ball to reach the ground.

161. How can you double the acceleration of an object if you cannot alter the object’s mass?

162. During a collision, a seat belt slows the speed of a crash-test dummy. What is the direction of the net force
exerted by the seat belt compared to the direction of the dummy’s motion?

163. How are the size and direction of action-reaction forces are related?

164. Why don’t action-reaction forces cancel each other?

165. What law states that if no net force acts on a system, then the total momentum of the system does not change?

166. A billiard ball with a momentum of 20 kg·m/s strikes a second ball at rest and comes to a complete stop. What
is the change in momentum of the second ball?

167. Electric force and magnetic force are the only forces that can both do what?

168. Which of the universal forces acts only on protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom?

169. Which exerts greater pressure on the floor—standing flat-footed or standing on tiptoes?

170. If you know the air pressure exerted on a tabletop, how can you calculate the force exerted on the tabletop?

171. Rank the following measurements in order of increasing pressure:

4 kPa, 16 N/m2, 311 N/m2, 0.3 Pa

172. Why aren’t organisms that live on the seafloor crushed by water pressure?

173. Why does a partially inflated weather balloon expand as it rises?

174. On what principle are hydraulic systems based?

175. A ball of clay sinks when placed in water. The same piece of clay floats if it is made into the shape of a boat.
Compare the volume of water displaced by the ball with the volume displaced by the boat shape.

176. Compare the size and direction of the lift on a plane with its weight as it flies at a constant speed and altitude.

177. How is the weight of water displaced by a floating cork related to the buoyant force on the cork?

178. How are density and buoyancy related?

179. If you use a spring scale to measure the weight of a submerged object that has neutral buoyancy, what will the
scale read?

180. Compare the weight of an object to the buoyant force acting on it if the object sinks in the fluid.

181. How is work done when you lift a book?

182. If a simple machine provides an increased output force, what happens to the output distance?

183. Why is the work output of a machine never equal to the work input?

184. If you grease a ramp to make a box slide more easily, what happens to the ramp’s mechanical advantage?
Explain your answer.

185. How will a lubricant affect the efficiency of a simple machine such as a pulley?

186. What is the equation for calculating a machine’s efficiency?

Figure 14-1

187. Compare the size and direction of the input and output forces shown in Figure 14-1.

188. Which has the greater IMA—a screw with closely spaced threads or a screw with threads spaced farther
apart?

189. How is a pair of scissors a compound machine? Explain your answer.

 190. In a compound machine made up of two simple machines, how is the work output of the first simple machine
related to the work input of the second simple machine?

Problem

191. During a race, a runner runs at a speed of 6 m/s. 2 seconds later, she is running at a speed of 10 m/s. What is
the runner’s acceleration? Show your work.

192. A tow truck exerts a net horizontal force of 1050 N on an 760-kilogram car. What is the acceleration of the car
during this time? Show your work.

193. A 38-kilogram canoe broke free of its dock and is now floating downriver at a speed of 2.2 m/s. What is the
canoe’s momentum? Show your work.

194. A small engine causes a 0.3-kg model airplane to accelerate at a rate of 11 m/s 2. What is the net force on the
model airplane? Show your work.

195. The dimensions of a brick that weighs 25 N are 0.19 m  0.07 m  m. What pressure does the brick
exert on the ground if it is resting on its largest face? Show your work.

196. Express a pressure of 8200 N/m2 in kilopascals.

Figure 13-1

197. In Figure 13-1, a force of 150 N is exerted on Piston 1 of the hydraulic lift shown. What force will be exerted
on Piston 2? Show your work.

198. A girl lifts a 160-N load a height of 1 m in a time of 0.5 s. What power does the girl produce? Show your
work.

199. The input force of a pulley system must move 8.0 m to lift a 3000-N engine a distance of 2.0 m. What is the
IMA of the system? Show your work.
200. A force of 11 N is applied to the handle of a screwdriver being used to pry off the lid of a paint can. As the
input force moves through a distance 0.3 m, the screwdriver does 3 J of work on the lid. What is the
efficiency of the screwdriver? Show your work.
Final Test review
Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1

OBJ: 11.1.1 Identify frames of reference and describe how they are used to measure motion.
2. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 11.1.1 Identify frames of reference and describe how they are used to measure motion.
3. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 11.1.2 Identify appropriate SI units for measuring distances.
4. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 11.1.3 Distinguish between distance and displacement.
5. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 11.1.3 Distinguish between distance and displacement.
6. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 11.1.4 Calculate displacement using vector addition.
7. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 11.1.4 Calculate displacement using vector addition.
8. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 11.2.1 Identify appropriate SI units for measuring speed.
9. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 11.2.2 Compare and contrast average speed and instantaneous speed.
10. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 11.2.2 Compare and contrast average speed and instantaneous speed.
11. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 11.2.3 Interpret distance-time graphs.
12. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 11.2.4 Calculate the speed of the object using slopes.
13. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 11.2.5 Describe how velocities combine.
14. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 11.3.2 Describe examples of constant acceleration.
15. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 11.3.3 Calculate the acceleration of an object.
16. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 11.3.3 Calculate the acceleration of an object.
17. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 11.3.4 Interpret speed-time and distance-time graphs.
18. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 11.3.4 Interpret speed-time and distance-time graphs.
19. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 11.3.5 Classify acceleration as positive or negative.
20. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 11.3.6 Describe instantaneous acceleration.
21. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 11.3.6 Describe instantaneous acceleration.
22. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.1.1 Describe examples of force and identify appropriate SI units used to measure force.
23. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.1.2 Explain how the motion of an object is affected when balanced and unbalanced forces act on
it.
24. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.1.2 Explain how the motion of an object is affected when balanced and unbalanced forces act on
it.
25. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.1.3 Compare and contrast the four kinds of friction.
26. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.1.3 Compare and contrast the four kinds of friction.
27. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.1.4 Describe how Earth’s gravity and air resistance affect falling objects.
28. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.1.4 Describe how Earth’s gravity and air resistance affect falling objects.
29. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.1.5 Describe the path of a projectile and identify the forces that produce projectile motion.
30. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.1.5 Describe the path of a projectile and identify the forces that produce projectile motion.
31. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.2.1 Describe Newton’s first law of motion and its relation to inertia.
32. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.2.1 Describe Newton’s first law of motion and its relation to inertia.
33. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.2.2 Describe Newton’s second law of motion and use it to calculate acceleration, force, and mass
values.
34. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.2.2 Describe Newton’s second law of motion and use it to calculate acceleration, force, and mass
values.
35. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.2.3 Relate the mass of an object to its weight.
36. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.2.3 Relate the mass of an object to its weight.
37. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.3.1 Explain how action and reaction forces are related according to Newton’s third law of motion.
38. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.3.1 Explain how action and reaction forces are related according to Newton’s third law of motion.
39. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.3.2 Calculate the momentum of an object and describe what happens when momentum is
conserved during a collision.
40. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.3.2 Calculate the momentum of an object and describe what happens when momentum is
conserved during a collision.
41. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.3.2 Calculate the momentum of an object and describe what happens when momentum is
conserved during a collision.
42. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.4.1 Identify the forms of electromagnetic force that can both attract and repel.
43. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.4.1 Identify the forms of electromagnetic force that can both attract and repel.
44. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.4.2 Identify and describe the universal forces acting within the nucleus.
45. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.4.3 Define Newton’s law of universal gravitation and describe the factors affecting gravitational
force.
46. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.4.3 Define Newton’s law of universal gravitation and describe the factors affecting gravitational
force.
47. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.4.3 Define Newton’s law of universal gravitation and describe the factors affecting gravitational
force.
48. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.4.4 Describe centripetal force and the type of motion it produces.
49. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.4.4 Describe centripetal force and the type of motion it produces.
50. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.1.1 Describe and calculate pressure.
51. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.1.1 Describe and calculate pressure.
52. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.1.2 Identify appropriate SI units for measuring pressure.
53. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.1.2 Identify appropriate SI units for measuring pressure.
54. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.1.3 Describe the relationship between water depth and the pressure it exerts.
55. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.1.3 Describe the relationship between water depth and the pressure it exerts.
56. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.1.3 Describe the relationship between water depth and the pressure it exerts.
57. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.1.4 Describe how forces from pressure are distributed at a given level in a fluid.
58. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.1.5 Explain how altitude affects air pressure.
59. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.1.5 Explain how altitude affects air pressure.
60. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.2.1 Describe how pressure is transmitted in a fluid according to Pascal’s principle.
61. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.2.1 Describe how pressure is transmitted in a fluid according to Pascal’s principle.
62. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.2.2 Explain how a hydraulic system works to change a force.
63. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.2.2 Explain how a hydraulic system works to change a force.
64. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.2.3 Explain how the speed and pressure of a fluid are related according to Pascal’s principle.
65. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.2.3 Explain how the speed and pressure of a fluid are related according to Pascal’s principle.
66. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.2.3 Explain how the speed and pressure of a fluid are related according to Pascal’s principle.
67. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.3.1 Explain the effect of buoyancy on the apparent weight of an object.
68. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.3.2 Explain the relationship between the volume of fluid displaced by an object and buoyant force
acting on the object according to Archimedes’ principle.
69. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.3.2 Explain the relationship between the volume of fluid displaced by an object and buoyant force
acting on the object according to Archimedes’ principle.
70. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.3.2 Explain the relationship between the volume of fluid displaced by an object and buoyant force
acting on the object according to Archimedes’ principle.
71. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.3.2 Explain the relationship between the volume of fluid displaced by an object and buoyant force
acting on the object according to Archimedes’ principle.
72. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.3.3 Describe the relationship among object density, fluid density, and whether an object sinks or
floats in a fluid.
73. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.3.3 Describe the relationship among object density, fluid density, and whether an object sinks or
floats in a fluid.
74. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.3.3 Describe the relationship among object density, fluid density, and whether an object sinks or
floats in a fluid.
75. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.3.4 Describe the relationship among object weight, buoyant force, and whether an object sinks or
floats in a fluid.
76. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.3.4 Describe the relationship among object weight, buoyant force, and whether an object sinks or
floats in a fluid.
77. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.1.1 Describe the conditions that must exist for a force to do work on an object.
78. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.1.1 Describe the conditions that must exist for a force to do work on an object.
79. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.1.2 Calculate the work done on an object.
80. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.1.2 Calculate the work done on an object.
81. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.1.3 Describe and calculate power.
82. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.1.3 Describe and calculate power.
83. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.1.3 Describe and calculate power.
84. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.1.3 Describe and calculate power.
85. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.1.4 Compare the units of watts and horsepower as they relate to power.
 86. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.2.1 Describe what a machine is and how it makes work easier to do.
87. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.2.1 Describe what a machine is and how it makes work easier to do.
88. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.2.2 Relate the work input to a machine to the work output of the machine.
89. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.2.2 Relate the work input to a machine to the work output of the machine.
90. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.3.1 Compare a machine's actual mechanical advantage to its ideal mechanical advantage.
91. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.3.2 Calculate the ideal and actual mechanical advantages of various machines.
92. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.3.3 Explain why the efficiency of a machine is always less than 100%.
93. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.3.3 Explain why the efficiency of a machine is always less than 100%.
94. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.3.4 Calculate a machine's efficiency.
95. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.4.1 Name, describe, and give an example of each of the six types of simple machines.
96. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.4.1 Name, describe, and give an example of each of the six types of simple machines.
97. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.4.1 Name, describe, and give an example of each of the six types of simple machines.
98. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.4.2 Describe how to determine the ideal mechanical advantage of each type of simple machine.
99. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.4.2 Describe how to determine the ideal mechanical advantage of each type of simple machine.
100. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.4.3 Define and identify compound machines.

COMPLETION

101. ANS: frames of reference

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 11.1.1 Identify frames of reference and describe how they are used to measure motion.
102. ANS:
distance or
length

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 11.1.2 Identify appropriate SI units for measuring distances.
103. ANS: meters per second

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 11.2.1 Identify appropriate SI units for measuring speed.
104. ANS: instantaneous speed

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
 OBJ: 11.2.2 Compare and contrast average speed and instantaneous speed.
105. ANS: constant

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 11.2.3 Interpret distance-time graphs.

106. ANS: direction

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 11.2.3 Interpret distance-time graphs.

107. ANS: direction

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 11.2.5 Describe how velocities combine.

108. ANS: gravity

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 11.3.2 Describe examples of constant acceleration.

109. ANS: acceleration

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 11.3.2 Describe examples of constant acceleration.

110. ANS:
speed or
velocity

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 11.3.3 Calculate the acceleration of an object.

111. ANS: curved

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 11.3.4 Interpret speed-time and distance-time graphs.

112. ANS: Instantaneous acceleration

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 11.3.6 Describe instantaneous acceleration.

113. ANS: net force

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.1.2 Explain how the motion of an object is affected when balanced and unbalanced forces act on
it.
114. ANS:
balanced forces or
balanced

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.1.2 Explain how the motion of an object is affected when balanced and unbalanced forces act on
it.
115. ANS: friction

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 12.1.3 Compare and contrast the four kinds of friction.
116. ANS: zero

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.1.4 Describe how Earth’s gravity and air resistance affect falling objects.
117. ANS: air resistance

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
 OBJ: 12.1.4 Describe how Earth’s gravity and air resistance affect falling objects.
118. ANS: projectile

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.1.5 Describe the path of a projectile and identify the forces that produce projectile motion.
119. ANS: inertia, forward

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.2.1 Describe Newton’s first law of motion and its relation to inertia.
120. ANS: force, mass

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.2.2 Describe Newton’s second law of motion and use it to calculate acceleration, force, and mass
values.
121. ANS: weight

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 12.2.3 Relate the mass of an object to its weight.
122. ANS: bowling

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.3.1 Explain how action and reaction forces are related according to Newton’s third law of motion.
123. ANS: wall

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.3.1 Explain how action and reaction forces are related according to Newton’s third law of motion.
124. ANS: equals

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.3.2 Calculate the momentum of an object and describe what happens when momentum is
conserved during a collision.
125. ANS: two

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.4.1 Identify the forms of electromagnetic force that can both attract and repel.
126. ANS: gravity

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.4.3 Define Newton’s law of universal gravitation and describe the factors affecting gravitational
force.
127. ANS: area

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 13.1.1 Describe and calculate pressure.

128. ANS: pressure

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 13.1.1 Describe and calculate pressure.

129. ANS: pascal

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.1.2 Identify appropriate SI units for measuring pressure.
130. ANS:
square meter or
m2

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.1.2 Identify appropriate SI units for measuring pressure.
131. ANS: fluid

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.1.3 Describe the relationship between water depth and the pressure it exerts.
132. ANS: equally

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.1.4 Describe how forces from pressure are distributed at a given level in a fluid.
133. ANS: Pascal’s

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.2.1 Describe how pressure is transmitted in a fluid according to Pascal’s principle.
134. ANS: hydraulic system

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.2.2 Explain how a hydraulic system works to change a force.
135. ANS: Bernoulli’s

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.2.3 Explain how the speed and pressure of a fluid are related according to Pascal’s principle.
136. ANS: buoyancy

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.3.1 Explain the effect of buoyancy on the apparent weight of an object.
137. ANS: upward

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.3.1 Explain the effect of buoyancy on the apparent weight of an object.
138. ANS: buoyant

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.3.1 Explain the effect of buoyancy on the apparent weight of an object.
139. ANS: density

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.3.2 Explain the relationship between the volume of fluid displaced by an object and buoyant force
acting on the object according to Archimedes’ principle.
140. ANS: density

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.3.4 Describe the relationship among object weight, buoyant force, and whether an object sinks or
floats in a fluid.
141. ANS: greater
 PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.3.4 Describe the relationship among object weight, buoyant force, and whether an object sinks or
floats in a fluid.
142. ANS: joule

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 14.1.2 Calculate the work done on an object.

143. ANS: motion

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 14.1.2 Calculate the work done on an object.

144. ANS: watt

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 14.1.3 Describe and calculate power.

145. ANS: power

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.1.4 Compare the units of watts and horsepower as they relate to power.
146. ANS: machine

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.2.1 Describe what a machine is and how it makes work easier to do.
147. ANS: increase

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.2.2 Relate the work input to a machine to the work output of the machine.
148. ANS: less

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.3.3 Explain why the efficiency of a machine is always less than 100%.
149. ANS: first

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.4.1 Name, describe, and give an example of each of the six types of simple machines.
150. ANS: second

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.4.1 Name, describe, and give an example of each of the six types of simple machines.

SHORT ANSWER

151. ANS:
the meter

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 11.1.2 Identify appropriate SI units for measuring distances.
152. ANS:
6 m + (–3 m) = 3 m

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 11.1.4 Calculate displacement using vector addition.

153. ANS:
 average speed and instantaneous speed

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 11.2.2 Compare and contrast average speed and instantaneous speed.
154. ANS:
The slope of the line representing Bus B is steeper than the slope of the line representing Bus A.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 11.2.3 Interpret distance-time graphs.

155. ANS:
magnitude and direction

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 11.2.5 Describe how velocities combine.

156. ANS:
changes in speed, direction, or both

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 11.3.1 Identify changes in motion that produce acceleration.
157. ANS:
Acceleration equals the final velocity minus the initial velocity divided by the time.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 11.3.3 Calculate the acceleration of an object.

158. ANS:
The acceleration is negative.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 11.3.5 Classify acceleration as positive or negative.

159. ANS:
It increases.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 12.1.3 Compare and contrast the four kinds of friction.
160. ANS:
Both balls will reach the ground in the same amount of time.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.1.5 Describe the path of a projectile and identify the forces that produce projectile motion.
161. ANS:
Double the net force acting on the object.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.2.2 Describe Newton’s second law of motion and use it to calculate acceleration, force, and mass
values.
162. ANS:
The direction of the net force is opposite the direction of the dummy’s motion.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.2.2 Describe Newton’s second law of motion and use it to calculate acceleration, force, and mass
values.
163. ANS:
equal in size, opposite in direction

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
 OBJ: 12.3.1 Explain how action and reaction forces are related according to Newton’s third law of motion.
164. ANS:
The action force and the reaction force act on different objects. For forces to cancel, they must act on the
same object.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.3.1 Explain how action and reaction forces are related according to Newton’s third law of motion.
165. ANS:
law of conservation of momentum

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.3.2 Calculate the momentum of an object and describe what happens when momentum is
conserved during a collision.
166. ANS:
20 kg·m/s

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.3.2 Calculate the momentum of an object and describe what happens when momentum is
conserved during a collision.
167. ANS:
attract and repel

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.4.1 Identify the forms of electromagnetic force that can both attract and repel.
168. ANS:
strong nuclear force

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 12.4.2 Identify and describe the universal forces acting within the nucleus.
169. ANS:
standing on tiptoes

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 13.1.1 Describe and calculate pressure.

170. ANS:
Multiply the air pressure by the area of the tabletop.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 13.1.1 Describe and calculate pressure.

171. ANS:
0.3 Pa, 16 N/m2, 311 N/m2, 4 kPa

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.1.2 Identify appropriate SI units for measuring pressure.
172. ANS:
The pressure within the organisms’ bodies balances water pressure. As a result, the net force on their bodies is
zero.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.1.4 Describe how forces from pressure are distributed at a given level in a fluid.
173. ANS:
Air pressure that is pushing in on the balloon decreases as the balloon rises.
 PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 13.1.5 Explain how altitude affects air pressure.
174. ANS:
Pascal’s principle

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.2.1 Describe how pressure is transmitted in a fluid according to Pascal’s principle.
175. ANS:
The boat shape displaced a greater volume of water.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.2.2 Explain how a hydraulic system works to change a force.
176. ANS:
The lift is the same size as the weight of the plane but acts upward, opposite the direction of the plane’s
weight.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.2.3 Explain how the speed and pressure of a fluid are related according to Pascal’s principle.
177. ANS:
They are equal.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.3.2 Explain the relationship between the volume of fluid displaced by an object and buoyant force
acting on the object according to Archimedes’ principle.
178. ANS:
When an object is less dense than the fluid it is in, the object will float in the fluid. When an object is more
dense than the fluid it is in, the object will sink in the fluid.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.3.3 Describe the relationship among object density, fluid density, and whether an object sinks or
floats in a fluid.
179. ANS:
0N

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.3.4 Describe the relationship among object weight, buoyant force, and whether an object sinks or
floats in a fluid.
180. ANS:
The buoyant force is less than the weight.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 13.3.4 Describe the relationship among object weight, buoyant force, and whether an object sinks or
floats in a fluid.
181. ANS:
Work is done because a force is applied in the direction in which the book moves.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.1.1 Describe the conditions that must exist for a force to do work on an object.
182. ANS:
The simple machine reduces the output distance.
 PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.2.1 Describe what a machine is and how it makes work easier to do.
183. ANS:
Some of work input is used to overcome friction.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.2.2 Relate the work input to a machine to the work output of the machine.
184. ANS:
It increases; friction has been reduced.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.2.2 Relate the work input to a machine to the work output of the machine.
185. ANS:
A lubricant will increase a simple machine’s efficiency by decreasing friction.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.3.3 Explain why the efficiency of a machine is always less than 100%.
186. ANS:

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 14.3.4 Calculate a machine's efficiency.

187. ANS:
The forces are both upward. The output force is larger than the input force.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.4.1 Name, describe, and give an example of each of the six types of simple machines.
188. ANS:
the screw with closely spaced threads

PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: 14.4.2 Describe how to determine the ideal mechanical advantage of each type of simple machine.
189. ANS:
A pair of scissors contains two simple machines working together. Each arm is a first-class lever with a
wedge, which is the blade, along one edge.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 14.4.3 Define and identify compound machines.

190. ANS:
The work output of the first simple machine is the work input of the second simple machine.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 14.4.3 Define and identify compound machines.

PROBLEM

191. ANS:

a= =
 PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 11.3.3 Calculate the acceleration of an object.
192. ANS:

Acceleration = ,a=

a= = = 1.4 m/s2
2
a = 1.4 m/s horizontally

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.2.2 Describe Newton’s second law of motion and use it to calculate acceleration, force, and mass
values.
193. ANS:
Momentum = Mass Velocity
Momentum = 38 kg 2.2 m/s = 83.6 kg·m/s, downriver

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.3.2 Calculate the momentum of an object and describe what happens when momentum is
conserved during a collision.
194. ANS:

a=
F = m a = 0.3 kg 11 m/s2 = 3.3 kg·m/s2
F = 3.3 N

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 12.2.2 Describe Newton’s second law of motion and use it to calculate acceleration, force, and mass
values.
195. ANS:

Pressure = N/m2

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 13.1.1 Describe and calculate pressure.

196. ANS:

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.1.2 Identify appropriate SI units for measuring pressure.
197. ANS:
A hydraulic lift multiples force by a factor equal to the area of the large piston divided by the area of the small
piston.
 The hydraulic lift will multiply the force by a factor of 9.

The force exerted on Piston 2 is 1350 N.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 13.2.2 Explain how a hydraulic system works to change a force.
198. ANS:

N·m/s = 320 J/s

Power = 320 J/s = 320 W

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 14.1.3 Describe and calculate power.

199. ANS:

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.3.2 Calculate the ideal and actual mechanical advantages of various machines.
200. ANS:

PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: 14.4.2 Describe how to determine the ideal mechanical advantage of each type of simple machine.