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Circuit Theory Lecture 1-2

Circuit theory Lecture 1-2

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ajabkasi
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13 views

Circuit Theory Lecture 1-2

Circuit theory Lecture 1-2

Uploaded by

ajabkasi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

Circuit Theory

Part 1

Dr. Ajab Khan Kasi

5/10/2022 1
Chapter 1: Introduction
 Before going to contents of this chapter please see a video from the given link
which will make your basic understanding to this chapter and develop your
interest which will lead you to study in more detail.
 https://youtu.be/NfcgA1axPLo

 Resistance
 Simply: Opposition to the flow of charge is called resistance, and the component
which produces resistance is called resistor.
 The unit of resistance is Ohm ( which is represented by Greek letter omega(Ω)).
 The graphic symbol for resistance is

 This opposition due to collisions and friction between the free electrons and ions,
and atoms in the path of motion, converts the supplied electrical energy into heat
that raises the temperature of the electrical component and surrounding medium.
 The heat you feel from an electrical heater is simply due to passing current
through a relatively high-resistance material.
5/9/2022 2
Resistance
 Each material with its unique atomic structure reacts differently to establish
current through its core. Conductors that permit a generous flow of charge with
little external pressure have low resistance levels, while insulators have high
resistance characteristics.

RESISTANCE of CIRCULAR WIRE


The resistance of any material is mainly due to four factors:
1. Material
2. Length
3. Cross-sectional area
4. Temperature of the material
The atomic structure determines how easily a free electron will pass through a
material. The longer the path through which the free electron must pass, the greater
the resistance factor.
Free electrons pass more easily through conductors with larger cross-sectional areas.
In addition, the higher the temperature of the conductive materials, the greater the
internal vibration and motion of the components that make up the atomic structure
of the wire, and the more difficult it is for the free electrons to find a path through
the material. 5/9/2022 3
RESISTANCE of CIRCULAR WIRE
The first three elements are related by the following basic equation for resistance

with each component of the equation defined by Fig


The material is identified by a factor called the
resistivity, which uses the Greek letter rho ( ) as its
symbol and is measured in ..

Its value at a temperature of 20°C is provided in Table


for a variety of common materials.
Since the larger the resistivity, the greater the
resistance to setting up a flow of charge.
It is important to realize at this point that since the
resistivity is provided at a particular temperature.

5/9/2022 4
RESISTANCE of CIRCULAR WIRE
The higher the resistivity, the greater the resistance of a conductor.
Since the length appears in the numerator of Eq.

The longer the conductor, the greater the resistance.


Since the length also appears in the numerator of Eq.

The greater the area of a conductor, the less the resistance.


Because the area appears in the denominator of Eq.

5/9/2022 5
Circular Mils (CM)
In Eq. the area is measured in a quantity called
circular mils(CM). It is the quantity used in most
commercial wire tables, and thus it needs to be
carefully defined. The mil is a unit of measurement
for length and is equal to 1/1000 of a inch, that is
1000 mil is equal to 1 inch.
By definition, a wire with a diameter of 1 mil
has an area of 1 CM. as shown in Fig.

An interesting result of such a definition is that


the area of a circular wire in circular mils can
be defined by the following equation:

Verification of this equation appears in next Fig.


which shows that a wire with a diameter of 2
mils has a total area of 4 CM and a wire with a
diameter of 3 mils has a total area of 9 CM.

5/9/2022 6
Circular Mils (CM)

5/9/2022 7
Circular Mils (CM)

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Circular Mils (CM)

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Circular Mils (CM)

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Circular Mils (CM)

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Some of popular wires and their of application area

Home work.
Study WIRE TABLES
from page 67
5/9/2022 12
RESISTANCE: METRIC UNITs

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RESISTANCE: METRIC UNITs

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RESISTANCE: METRIC UNITs

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RESISTANCE: METRIC UNITs

5/9/2022 16
Temperature effects

5/9/2022 17
Semiconductors
es almost linearly

Insulators

5/9/2022 18
Energy band diagram

5/9/2022 19
Superconductors

5/9/2022 20
Superconductors

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Superconductors

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Superconductors

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Superconductors

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Superconductors

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Types of resistors (fixed resistors)

5/9/2022 26
Types of resistors

5/9/2022 27
Types of resistors

5/9/2022 28
Types of resistors

5/9/2022 29
Types of resistors (fixed resistors)

5/9/2022 30
Types of resistors (variable resistors)

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(variable resistors)

5/9/2022 32
Resistor Color code

5/9/2022 33
Types of resistors

5/9/2022 34

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