Energy and Chemical Change

Subtopic 1.1 – Energy

1. The table below shows the specific heat capacities of some metals.

Specific heat capacity

Metal in
J/℃ × 𝐠
Gold 0.129
Copper 0.385
Aluminium 0.897
Silver 0.235

Four samples of equal masses of each substance, initially at 25 ℃, are heated equally for the
same amount of time.
Arrange the samples by increasing of <inal temperature. Explain your answer.

Aluminum < Copper< Silver <Gold

The same amount of heat affects the temperature of objects of the same mass with a high
speci<ic heat capacity much less than the temperature of those with low speci<ic heat capacity.

2. The same amount of heat is added to a 10-g sample of each of the following
metals. If each metal is initially at 20.0°C, which metal will reach the
highest temperature?

Metal Specific heat capacity in J/℃ × 𝐠

Beryllium 1.82
Copper 0.653
Silver 0.385
Gold 0.129

A. Beryllium

B. Copper

C. Silver

√ D. Gold

3. Room temperature is defined as 25 ℃. Convert this temperature to degrees

Kelvin.

298K
 4. Absolute zero is defined as 0K. Convert this temperature to degrees Celsius.
−273℃
5. If the specific heat capacity of ethanol is 2.440 J/g. ℃, how much heat is
absorbed by a 29.0 g sample of ethanol when heated from 40.0℃ to 70.0℃?
q = m × c × ∆T = 29.0 × 2.440 × (70.0 − 40.0) = 2.12 × 10! J

6. If the specific heat capacity of lead is 0.129 J/g. ℃, how much heat is absorbed by
a 44.7-g piece of lead when its temperature increases by 65.4°C?

q = m × c × ∆T = 44.7 × 0.129 × 65.4 = 377 J

7. The specific heat of aluminum is 0.900 J/(g·°C). How many joules of heat are
absorbed by 30.0 g of aluminum if it is heated from 20.0°C to 40.0°C?
A. 270 J

√ B. 540 J

C. 812

D. 1.40× 10! J

8. If the specific heat capacity of copper is 0.385 J/g. ℃, how much heat is released
by a 12.0 g sample of copper when cooled from 40.0℃ to 20.0℃?
q = m × c × ∆T = 12.0 × 0.385 × (40.0 − 20.0) = 92.4 J

9. A sample of granite that has a mass of 12.0 g gives off 144 J of heat. If the
temperature of the sample changes by 15.0℃ during this change, what is the
specific heat of granite?

q = m × c × ∆T
144=12× c × 15
Therefore: c=0.800 J/g. ℃

10. If 5.0 g of copper cools from 35.0°C to 22.6°C and loses 23.6 joules of heat, what
is the specific heat of copper?

A. 0.076 J/℃ × g

B. 3.8 × 102 J/℃ × g

√ C. 0.38 J/℃ × g

D. 0.62 J/℃ × g

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 11. State the law represented in the diagram below:

Law of Conservation of Energy states that in any chemical reaction or physical process, energy
can be converted from one form to another, but it is neither created nor destroyed.

12. A 300.g metal block, heated to 120℃, is dropped in a coffee cup calorimeter containing
200. mL of water at 25℃. The final temperature of the mixture is 38℃. If the specific
heat capacity of water is 4.18 J/℃ × 𝑔 and its density is 1.00 g/mL, what is the specific
heat capacity of the metal?

A. 0.395 J/℃ × 𝑔

√ B. 0.442 J/℃ × 𝑔

C. 0.510 J/℃ × 𝑔

D. 2.27 J/℃ × 𝑔

13. Write the letter of the statements that best fits in the space provided next to each
of the below:

d Heat a. the energy that is

stored in a
substance because
of its composition.
c Temperature b. the energy of
motion
a Chemical Potential energy c. measure of the
average kinetic
energy of the
particles in a sample
of matter.
b Kinetic energy d. energy that is in the
process of flowing

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 from a warmer
object to a cooler
object.
e Exothermic reaction e. Chemical potential
energy changes to
heat, and the heat is
released.
f Endothermic reaction f. Heat is absorbed
and changed to
chemical potential
energy.

Heat

14. The heat content of a system at constant pressure is defined as the _____________ .

√ A. enthalpy

B. entropy

C. Gibbs-free energy

D. energy

15. Describe what the system means in thermodynamics, and explain how the system is
related to the surroundings and the universe.

The system is the specific part of the universe that contains the reaction or process
to study.

The surrounding is everything in the universe other than the system. A universe is
the system plus surroundings.

Universe = System + Surroundings

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 16. During a lab experiment, a student mixes 25 mL of NaOH and 25 mL of HCl in a
flask as per the figure below.

a. Identify if each of the following is part of the system or the surroundings.

Part of the system or the surroundings

25 mL of NaOH System
25 mL of HCl System
Flask Surroundings
The student Surroundings

b. Given that the reaction is exothermic, label on the diagram the direction of
the heat flow.

c. Complete the following sentences:

i. System + Surroundings = ______Universe_________ .

ii. The sign of the enthalpy change is ____negative_____________ .

17. 125 grams of water are placed in a foam cup. The initial temperature is 22.3°C.
An 11.8-gram sample of metal was heated to 108°C and placed in water. The
final temperature is 24.0°C. What is the specific heat of the metal?
√ A. 0.897 J/(g·°C)

B. 1.825 J/(g·°C)

C. 0.449 J/(g·°C)

D. 1.023 J/(g·°C)

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18. The energy diagram below represents a / an exothermic reaction.

19. The energy diagram below represents a / an endothermic reaction.

20. Match the following terms with the correct definition.

Thermochemistry, calorimeter, surroundings, universe, enthalpy , heat of

reaction

Definition Term that best fits

An insulated devise used to measure calorimeter
the amount of heat
The study of heat that accompanies thermochemistry
chemical reactions and phase changes
Everything in the universe except the surroundings
system
The change of the enthalpy in a Heat of reaction
chemical reaction
A system and its surroundings universe
The heat content of a system at Enthalpy
constant pressure

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 21. Consider the energy profile below to answer questions a – d.

a) According to the above diagram, is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? Justify your
answer.
Endothermic , The enthalpy of product is greater than of enthalpy of the reactant
b) What is the value of the enthalpy of products of the forward reaction?

300 kJ
c) Write the letter that best identi<ies each of the following.

• Reactant: ___________ X

• Product: ___________ 𝑍

• Enthalpy change ___________ N

Thermochemical equations

22. In the cold pack process, 27 kJ are absorbed from the environment per mole of
ammonium nitrate consumed. If 50 g of ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 , are
consumed, what is the total heat absorbed? Molar Mass of NH4NO3 is 80.g/mol.

27 kJ + NH4NO3(s) → 𝑁𝐻!" (aq) + 𝑁𝑂#$ (aq)

√ A. 17 kJ

B. 27 kJ

C. 34 kJ

D. 43 kJ

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 23. A fuel is found to release 3280 kJ of heat when 0.600 moles of the fuel is burned.
Which of the fuels listed in the table is the most likely to be this fuel?Explain your
answer.

Substance Formula ΔH°comb (kJ/mol)

Sucrose C12H22O11(s) −5644

Octane C8H18(l) −5471

Glucose C6H12O6(s) −2808

Propane C3H8(g) −2219

Methane CH4(g) −891

0.600 mol of fuel 3280 kJ

1.00 mol of fuel x
!"#$%&
Therefore, x= × 1.00 = 5470 𝑘𝐽
$.($$)*+

The fuel is octane.

24. How much heat is evolved when 27.0 g of glucose is burned according to the
following equation? (Molar mass of glucose is: 180 g/mol)

C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2 + 6H2O; ΔHcomb = –2808kJ/mol

%&.(
Moles = )*( = 0.150 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 x
1.00 mol of glucose 2808 kJ
"#$#%&
Therefore, x= , )*+
× 0.150 = 421 𝑘𝐽

The fuel is octane.

25. Consider the following thermochemical equation:

2NaHCO3(s) + 85.0 kJ → Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Calculate the amount of heat (in kJ) required to decompose 4.48 mole NaHCO3(s).

2 NaHCO3 ∆𝐻
2 moles 85 kJ
4.48 moles ?? kJ Amount of heat = 190. kJ

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26. 4 moles of solid iron, Fe, react with 3 moles of oxygen gas, O2, to produce 2 moles
of solid iron (III) oxide Fe2O3 . The energy released is 1625 kJ.
Write the thermochemical equation of the reaction above.

4 Fe(s) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 Fe2O3(s) + 1625 kJ

OR

4 Fe(s) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 Fe2O3(s) ∆𝐻= − 1625 kJ

27. 2 moles of solid carbon, C, reacts with 4 moles of solid sulfur, S, to produce 2
moles of solid carbon sulfide, CS2. The energy absorbed is : 89.3 kJ.
Write the thermochemical equation of the reaction above.

2C(s) + 4 S(s) + 89.3 kJ → 2CS2 (l)

OR

2C(s) + 4 S(s) → 2CS2 (l) ∆𝐻 = + 89.3 kJ

28. Identify if each of the following processes is exothermic or endothermic.

Write a thermochemical equation for the combustion of a compound while including

the sign of ΔH and identifying whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

Process Exothermic or endothermic

C2H5OH(l) → C2H5OH(g) endothermic
Br2(l) → Br2(s) exothermic
C5H12(g) + 8O2(g) → 5CO2(g) + exothermic
6H2O(l)
NH3(g) → NH3(l) exothermic
NaCl(s) → NaCl(l) endothermic

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 29. The data below shows the thermochemical reaction of the combustion of ethene gas,
C2H4.

C2H4 (g) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l) DH° = − 1411 kJ

Deduce the value of enthalpies, in kJ, for each of the following thermochemical
equations.

a) 2 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l) → C2H4 (g) + 3 O2 (g) ∆𝐻 = +1411 kJ

) #
b) CO2(g) + H2O(l) → C2H4(g) + O2(g) ∆𝐻 = +705.5 kJ
% %

) #
c) %
C2H4(g) + % O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l) ∆𝐻 = −705.5 kJ

30. Which of the following reactions represents the enthalpy of combustion of

methane gas, CH4?

A. C(s) +2𝐻" (𝑔) → 𝐶𝐻. (𝑔)

√ B. 𝐶𝐻. (𝑔) + 2𝑂" (𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂" (𝑔) + 2𝐻" 𝑂(𝑙)

C. 𝐶𝐻. (𝑔) → C(s) +2𝐻" (𝑔)

D. 2𝐻" (𝑔) + 𝑂" (𝑔) → 2𝐻" 𝑂(𝑙)

31. Given the following:

N2 (g) + 2 O2 (g) → 2 NO2 (g) ∆𝐻 = +67.6 kJ

Calculate the enthalpy change of the following reactions:

)
a. NO2 (g) → %N2 (g) + O2 (g)

∆𝐻 = −33.8 kJ

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 b. 2N2 (g) + 4 O2 (g) → 4 NO2 (g)

∆𝐻 = +135.2 kJ

32. Given the thermochemical equation:

C. H# (g)+6O" (g) → 4CO" (g) + 4H" O(l), ∆𝐻$ = −2718 kJ
What the value of the enthalpy change of the reaction:
4CO" (g) + 4H" O(l) → C. H# (g)+6O" (g)?

A. −2718 kJ

√ B. +2718 kJ

C. −1359 kJ

D. +1359 kJ

33. Use the following terms to complete the statements. Terms may be used
more than once.

thermochemical equation combustion released

vaporization fusion absorbed

heat

34. A(n) __ thermochemical equation _____ is a balanced chemical equation that

includes the physical states of all reactants and products, and the energy change
that accompanies the reaction.
35. The enthalpy change for the complete burning of one mole of a substance is the
enthalpy of ___ combustion ____ .
36. The molar enthalpy of ___ vaporization ____ is the heat required to vaporize one
mole of a liquid.
37. The enthalpy of _____ fusion ______ is the heat required to melt one mole of a solid
substance.
38. When a gas condenses to a liquid, heat is ____ released __________ to the
surroundings.
39. Sweating makes you feel cooler because, as it evaporates, heat from your body is
___ absorbed _______ by the water on your skin.
40. In the equation H2O(s) --> H2O(l) ΔH = 600 kJ, the positive value for ΔH means
that heat is ___ absorbed _______ in the reaction.

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Calculating Enthalpy Change

41. State if the statement below is true or false.

Hess’s law states that if two or more thermochemical equations can be added to
produce a 8inal equation for a reaction, then the sum of all the enthalpy changes for
the individual reactions is the enthalpy change for the 8inal reaction.

True.

42. Use Hess’s law and the changes in enthalpy for the following two generic
reactions to calculate ΔH for the reaction 2A + B2C3 → 2B + A2C3.

2A + 3/2C2 → A2C3 ΔH = -1874 kJ

2B + 3/2C2 → B2C3 ΔH = -285 kJ

Equation 2: reverse: B2C3→2B + 3/2C2 ΔH = +285 kJ

Equation 1: keep the same : 2A + 3/2C2 → A2C3 ΔH = −1874 kJ
By adding the new enthalpy values, ΔH = −1589 kJ

43. Calculate ΔH° for the reaction 4HCl(g) + O2 (g) →2Cl2 (g) + 2H2O(g), using the
information provided below.

H2(g) + Cl2(g) →2HCl(g) ΔH° = –185.0 kJ

2H2(g) + O2(g) →2H2O(g) ΔH° = –483.7 kJ

Equation 1: reverse and multiply by 2: 4HCl(g) →2H2(g) + 2Cl2(g) ΔH° = +370.0 kJ

Equation 2: Keep the same: 2H2(g) + O2(g) →2H2O(g) ΔH° = –483.7 kJ

By adding the new enthalpy values, ΔH = −113.7 kJ

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44. Using the thermochemical reactions and their respective enthalpy values given below,
calculate the enthalpy of the reaction below.

2 CH4 (g) + 2 NH3 (g) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 HCN (g) + 6 H2O (l)

Thermochemical equation Value of enthalpy in kJ

N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) →2 NH3 (g) − 91.8
C (s) + 2 H2 (g) → CH4 (g) − 74.9
2 C (s) + H2 (g) + N2 (g) → 2 HCN (g) + 270.3
2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2 H2O (l) − 579

Reaction 1 Reverse + 91.8 kJ

Reaction 2 Reverse and multiply by 2 + 149.8 kJ
Reaction 3 Same + 270.3 kJ
Reaction 4 Multiply by 3 − 1737 kJ

Enthalpy of the required reaction is: (+ 91.8 ) + (+ 149.8) + (+ 270.3) +( − 1737)

= − 1225.1 kJ

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