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MATHEMATICS
Webinar 1: Sunday 19th April 15h00-17h00
Functions and Graphs: (Quadratic)

Excludes Exponential, Hyperbola, Inverse functions, logarithmic functions (Future Session)

Approximately 35 out 150- Paper 1

CONTENTS

GENERAL (ALL GRAPHS)

We use graphs to

(1) Determine point(s) of Intersection (Task 2)

(2) Solve Equations (Task 2)
(3) Solve Inequalities (Task 2)
(4) Solve Nature of Roots Problems (Task 3)
(5) Solve Length and Area Problems(Task 4)
(6) Solve Problems in Real World Contexts (Task 3)

QUADRATIC FUNCTION

1. Sketch the graph of any Parabola of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 or 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + 𝑞 and
understand
a. domain, range, minimum, maximum
b. Determine the axis of symmetry (turning point) by
i. First writing the expression in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + 𝑞
ii. Using the midpoint of two x-intercepts or any other two symmetrical points
−𝑏
iii. Using 𝑥 =
2𝑎
iv. Using the derivative(Calculus)- Will deal with this when we revise Calculus.
c. Intercepts with axes.
d. the effect on the graph if values of a, b, c, p and q change in the equations
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 and 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + 𝑞
2. Determine the equation of a parabola given anyone of the following scenarios:
a. Given turning point
b. Given x-intercepts
c. Given arbitrary points on the parabola

QUADRATIC FUNCTION
(a) Sketch the graph of any Parabola of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 or 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + 𝑞 and
understand
a. domain, range, minimum, maximum
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Domain=(−∞; ∞)

Range= [−3; ∞)

Minimum=-3
Domain=(−∞; ∞)

Range= (−∞; 9]

Maximum = 9

b. Determine the axis of symmetry (turning point) by

i. First writing the expression in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + 𝑞

Method 1: Preferred Method 2: (Optional)

3 29
Tpt(− ; − )
2 4
3
2 ∴ 4𝑞 = −6 ∴ 𝑞 = −
Example: Express 2𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 13 in 2
the form 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + 𝑞
2
3 2 5
2𝑞 + 𝑟 = 7 ∴ 2 (− ) + 𝑟 = 7 ∴ 𝑟 =
𝐴 = 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 13 2 2
𝐴 13 3 2 5
= 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7 = 2 (𝑥 − ) +
2 2 2 2
𝐴 13
= (𝑥 − 2)2 − 4 −
2 2
𝐴 21
= (𝑥 − 2)2 −
2 2
TASK 1
𝐴 = 2(𝑥 − 2)2 − 21

Question
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Solution
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ii. Using the midpoint of two x-intercepts or any other two symmetrical points

0,25+1 5 3+5
𝑥= 2
=8 𝑥= 2
=4

−𝑏
iii. Using 𝑥 = 2𝑎

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
+
2𝑎 2𝑎
−𝑏 − 𝑏
𝑠𝑢𝑚 2𝑎 = − 𝑏
𝑥𝑇𝑝𝑡 = =
2 2 2𝑎

iv. Using the derivative(Calculus)- Will deal with this when we revise Calculus.
c. Intercepts with axes.
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d. the effect on the graph if values of a, b, c, p and q in the equations

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 and 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + 𝑞

Summary: Effect of a(Arms and Turning Point)

(1) Arms

If a increases in magnitude, then the arms move closer/tighter.

(2) Turning Point

𝑏
𝑥 = − 2𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

If a increases (positive or negative), the turning point shifts horizontally left and
vertically up.

If a decreases (positive or negative), then the turning point shifts horizontally right and
vertically down.

Use Geogebra to show above

Summary: Effect of b(Turning Point)
𝑏
𝑥=−
2𝑎
If a is positive and b increases then 𝑥𝑡𝑝𝑡 decreases. (Horizontal left shift)

If a is negative and b increases then 𝑥𝑡𝑝𝑡 increases.( Horizontal right shift)

𝑏2
𝑦=𝑐−
4𝑎
If a is positive and b increases in magnitude 𝑦𝑡𝑝𝑡 decreases. (Vertical shift down)

If a is negative and b increases in magnitude then 𝑦𝑡𝑝𝑡 increases.( Vertical shift Up)

2
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥point
If a increases(positive or negative), the turning + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐horizontally left and vertically
shifts
up. 𝑦 𝑏 𝑐
= 𝑥2 + 𝑥 +
If a decreases(positive or negative), then 𝑎the turning𝑎 point𝑎 shifts horizontally right and
vertically down. 𝑦 𝑏 2 𝑏2 𝑐
= (𝑥 + ) − 2 +
𝑎 2𝑎 4𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 2 𝑏2
𝑦 = 𝑎 (𝑥 + ) − +𝑐
2𝑎 4𝑎

Summary: Effect of changing c (y-intercept)

If c increases the graph shifts vertically up.

If c decreases the graph shifts vertically down.

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Summary: Effect of changing p (horizontal shift) 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + 𝑞

If p increases the graph shifts horizontally to the right.

Summary: Effect of changing q (vertical shift) 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + 𝑞

If q increases the graph shifts vertically up.

Example 2:

Given: 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

Sketch separate graphs for each of the conditions below:

(a) 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 > 0

𝑏
(b) 2𝑎
< 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 < 0(The answer below shows two possibilities)
y
𝑏 +
(a) 𝑥 = − 2𝑎 = − + = −
𝑏
(a) (b) (b) 𝑥 = − >0
2𝑎

O x

(b)

Example 3:

Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1

(a) Sketch both graphs on the same set of axes. Label clearly all intercepts with axes, turning
points and axes of symmetry.
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(b) Determine the co-ordinates of the point(s) of intersection of the two graphs.
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(c) Use the graphs to solve the following:

(1) 𝑓(𝑥) > 0; y>0 ; -3<x<1
(2) 𝑦 ≤ 0; -1<x<1
(3) 𝑓(𝑥) × 𝑔(𝑥) ≥ 0; -3<x<-1
(4) 𝑓(𝑥) < 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑦𝑓 < 𝑦𝑔 x<-2 or x>1 Task 2:

Question
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Solution
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Determining the equation of a parabola

2. Determine the equation of a parabola given anyone of the following scenarios:
a. Given turning point

Example 4:

The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 3 is given alongside. Determine a and b.

𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + 𝑞

1 2 25
𝑦 = 𝑎 (𝑥 − ) +
4 8
Subs(0;3)

1 2 25
3 = 𝑎 (0 − ) +
4 8
1 25
3= 𝑎+
16 8
𝑎 = −2

𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 3
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b. Given x-intercepts

Example 5:

The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑝)2 + 𝑞 is sketched alongside:

Determine the values of a, p and q

𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 0)
Subs(2;36)
36 = 𝑎(2 + 4)(2 − 0)
a=3

𝑦 = 3(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 0)

𝑦 = 3(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥

𝑦
= 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = (𝑥 − 2)2 − 4
3
𝑦 = 3(𝑥 − 2)2 − 12

c. Given arbitrary points on the parabola

Example6:

Giben: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

The points (1;-8) and (-2;7) lie on the curve.

Determine the coordinates of the turning point of the curve.

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
2
−8 = 1 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 … … . 𝑎 + 𝑏 = −9
7 = (−2)2 − 2𝑎 + 𝑏 … … … − 2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 3
Top – Bottom: 3a=-12 a=-4 -4+b=-9 b=-5
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5
𝑏 −4
𝑥=− =− = −2
2𝑎 2(1)
𝑦 = (−2)2 − 4(−2) − 5 = 7
Tpt(-2;7)

Task 3:
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Solution
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