MICRO PROJECT REPORT

“Reinforced concrete Design”

2024-2025
This Micro-Project Award Work Submitted In Partial Fulfilment
of Requirement for the of Diploma In
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY

Roll No Name Of Students Enrollment Sign

. No .
31 Lokesh Kalidas Narule 23310230082

GUIDED BY
Mr. G. B. Kondaagorla

(Lecturer in Civil dept.)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC GADCHIROLI
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, GADCHIROLI

SUBMISSION
We are the students of second year of the course Diploma Civil Engineering
humbly submitted that we have completed project work " Reinforced
concrete Design " as describes in this report by our own skills and study
between the period 2024-2025 as per the guidance of Mr.G.B.Kondaagorla
and that the following students were associated this work.

SUBMITED BY

Roll No Name Of Students Enrollment

. No .
31 Lokesh Kalidas Narule 23310230082
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,
GADCHIROLI

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that satisfactorily Completed the Micro project of work

“Reinforced concrete Design” . during the academic year 2024-2025 for
the partial full fill ment of Diploma in Civil Engineering .

GUIDED BY HOD

Mr.G.B.Kondaagorla Mr. V. A. Dahikar sir

(Lecturer in Civil dept.) ( Civil department)
Govt. Poly. Gadchiroli Govt. Poly. Gadchiroli
 Annexure-I

Micro-Project Proposal
“Reinforced concrete Design ".

1. Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project Project:

: Reinforced concrete Design.

• Benefits :
1. Reinforced concrete has a high compressive strength compared to other
building materials

2. Due to the provided reinforcement, reinforced concrete can also

withstand a good amount tensile stress.

3. The reinforced concrete building system is more durable than any other
building system

4. Reinforced concrete, as a fluid material, in the beginning, can be

economically molded into a dearly limitless range of shapes.

5. The maintenance cost of reinforced concrete is very low.

2.Outcomes Addressed:

: Reinforced Concrete is a concrete member that contains steel

reinforcement To increase its strength.

Proposed Methodology
First of all I discuss with my Group members about this micro project then
go to college library and find this topic related book. Finally I find book then
I collect relevant information for my project but not sufficient information. I
want to more information collect about this topic then I went to Net cafe. I
used google for more information collection.
3 Action plan
Sr. Details of activity Planned Planned Name of
No Start Finish Responsible
date date Team
Members
1. Select the Topic 10/08/2024 17/08/2024

2. Discussion on project 19/08/2024 01/09/2024

with guide Lokesh K. Narule

3. Collect data 05/09/2024 20/09/2024

4. Working on project 25/9/2024 01/11/2024

6. Working on drafting 10/11/2024 15/11/2024

4 Resources Required

Sr. Name of Resource/material Specifications Quantity Remarks

No.

1. A Computer Dell 1

2. Internet For Search Engine 1

3. Structural subject studies Books 1

 Annexure-II

Micro-Project Report
“Reinforced concrete Design”

1. Rationale

“Reinforced concrete is one of the most widely used building

materials in the construction industry. It is a combination of concrete
and steel reinforcement that creates a durable, strong and versatile
material for building structures. Reinforced concrete has a rich
history dating back to the 19th century. Over the years, it has been
developed and improved to become one of the most popular building
materials today.”

2. Aims/Benefits of the Micro-

Project: Reinforced concrete
Design
: Benefits
o Reinforced concrete has a high compressive strength compared to
other building materials.

o Due to the provided reinforcement, reinforced concrete can also

withstand a good amount tensile stress.

o The reinforced concrete building system is more durable than any

other building system.

o Reinforced concrete, as a fluid material, in the beginning, can be

economically molded into a dearly limitless range of shapes.

o The maintenance cost of reinforced concrete is very low.

3. Course outcomes Archived : Reinforced Concrete is a concrete

member that contains steel reinforcement To increase its strength.
 4. Literature Review:

Introduction:

What is Reinforced Concrete?

Reinforced Concrete is the common term given to a concrete member (or slab) that
contains steel reinforcement (usually in the form of steel bars) to increase the strength of the
structure. The material that results from the combination of concrete and reinforcing bars is called
Reinforced Concrete (RC). During construction, the reinforcement steel is placed in the formwork
first, either in the form of a prefabricated steel cage or steel rebars that are fastened together and
wired in-situ. Then concrete is poured into the formwork and vibrated using adequate devices so as
to guarantee a high level of collaboration between the two materials.

Figure 1: Rectangular concrete beam, with steel rebar, is an example of a reinforced

concrete Member.

Why is Reinforcement in Concrete Important?

One of the main disadvantages of concrete is its very low tensile strength that is practically exceeded
at low levels of load. This results in cracking of the concrete surfaces that in turn leads to aesthetical
problems (large deflection of beams or slabs) for the serviceability limit state as well as structural
integrity problems at the ultimate limit state. On the other hand, reinforcing steel has rather high
tensile strength and a symmetrical material constitutive law under tension and compression.
However, rebar alone that is subjected to compression fails prematurely due to buckling.
For these reasons, the use of reinforcement in an RC section leads to effective structural behavior as
reinforcing steelworks effectively under tension and concrete works effectively under compression
and confines the compression reinforcement. Figure 1 shows the Bending Moment Diagram of a
continuous beam under vertical loads as well as the locations where reinforcing steel should be
placed.

Figure 2:-span continuous beam under uniform loading: (a) Bending Moment Diagram
and (b) Main reinforcement locations.

It is important to note that the collaboration between concrete and reinforcing steel is facilitated by
the fact that both materials have the same thermal expansion coefficient, which means that
temperature variation does not cause additional internal stresses in the concrete-rebar interface.

Where is Reinforced Concrete Used?

Nowadays, Reinforced Concrete is commonly used in modern construction, mainly for

buildings and bridges. Such projects may include a great variety of members, such as:

 Plate-type members: horizontal plates (slabs, bridge deck slabs, and raft foundation
slabs) or vertical (e.g. shear walls and core walls around staircases or elevators)
 Line-type members: such as beams, columns, or piles.

Under vertical loading plate-type members offer stiffness and strength in more than one direction
within the member’s plan, while line-type members confer strength and stiffness primarily in one
direction.

Reinforced concrete is a composite building material made up of concrete and steel reinforcement.
The steel reinforcement is placed within the concrete to provide additional strength and stability to
the structure, particularly under tension. Compared to concrete alone, the combination of concrete
and steel reinforcement offers improved durability and resistance to cracking and other types of
structural damage.
 Reinforced concrete: Types

Reinforced concrete structures come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and configurations, and are used
in many different applications. Some common types of reinforced concrete structures include:

1. Building structures: This includes residential and commercial buildings, high-rise

structures, and multi-story structures.
2. Bridges: Reinforced concrete bridges can be designed for both short and long spans and are
used for a variety of transportation modes, including cars, trains, and pedestrian traffic.
3. Dams: Reinforced concrete dams are used for water storage, hydropower generation,
and flood control.
4. Industrial structures: This includes silos, tanks, and chimneys.
5. Retaining walls: These are used to hold back soil or water and can be designed for a
variety of purposes, including preventing landslides, supporting roads or bridges, and
creating terraced landscapes.
6. Parking structures: Reinforced concrete is commonly used for the construction of
multi-level parking garages, both above and below ground.
7. Marine structures: Reinforced concrete is used for the construction of harbour walls,
jetties, and breakwaters.

Reinforced concrete: Design and analysis

Reinforced concrete design and analysis is a field of structural engineering concerned with the design
and construction of reinforced concrete structures. The goal of reinforced concrete design is to create
structures that are safe, efficient, and economical. This is achieved by combining concrete and
reinforcement steel in a way that takes advantage of the strengths of each material.

The design process for reinforced concrete structures typically involves several steps:

1. Load and resistance factor design (LRFD): This involves determining the loads that the
structure will be subjected to and using these loads to determine the required strength of the
reinforcement steel and concrete.
2. Material selection: The type and properties of the concrete and reinforcement steel used in
the structure must be chosen based on the required strength and other design considerations.
3. Structural analysis: A structural analysis is performed to determine the behaviour of the
structure under the loads that it will be subjected to. This typically involves creating a
mathematical model of the structure and solving for the forces and deformations that occur.
4. Design of reinforcement: Based on the results of the structural analysis, the design of the
reinforcement is developed. This involves determining the size, shape, and placement of the
reinforcement steel required to ensure that the structure will have the desired strength and
stiffness.
5. Detailing: Detailing involves creating detailed drawings and specifications for the
reinforcement and concrete components of the structure. This includes specifications for the
size, shape, and spacing of the reinforcement steel and the mix design for the concrete.
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use.

The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced
in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not
been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so
we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this
book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming,
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the
publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access
www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
(CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization
that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted
a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Figure:3
Cement, in its various forms, has a surprisingly long history that spans back to prehistoric times. In
contrast, the development of reinforced concrete is relatively recent. It is interesting to note that
manure, clay, stone, timber, and metal were used “as is” in building. It took human creativity to put
metal and concrete together to give it special properties and to invent or reinvent ways of using it to
serve society. Invention in reinforced concrete started in the mid-nineteenth century with Joseph
Lambot’s boat and continues to our day.
The brief view of the history of reinforced concrete in this chapter is intended to emphasize to the
student that there is still room for creativity in uses of reinforced concrete. Lambot’s main interest
was agriculture. That was why his commercial product in reinforced concrete was a container for
oranges. The next notable inventor in reinforced concrete was another agriculturist, Joseph Monier,
who also started experimenting with reinforced concrete containers in 1867. In 1868, he projected
his concept to pipes. After having tried precast panels for architectural facades in 1872, in 1873 he
expanded his container concept to build a large silo to hold cement. His success with the silo inspired
him to build a bridge in 1875 at the Château de Chazelet, France. The bridge led him to patent the
concept of the reinforced concrete beam.

His contribution was a series of pragmatic inventions that appeared to be the product of cut-and-try
thinking. Franco is Hennebique, inspired by Monier’s successes, developed a scientic approach to the
proportioning of reinforced concrete elements to obtain a patent in 1879, one that was denied to him
in favor of Monier seven years later. The Hennebique construction company helped make reinforced
concrete a serious construction material in Europe. Hennebique’s signal triumph was the initiation of
a technical journal on reinforced concrete in 1896. Hennebique’s attempts at providing an intellectual
underpinning for design attracted German engineers to consider reinforced concrete. Ritter (1899)
recognized the nonlinearity of concrete at higher stresses and was the rst to visualize a reinforced
concrete beam not as it is, but as a truss. His ideas were further developed by Moersch (1902).

The initial attraction for using reinforced concrete in building construction may have been its re
resistance, but its increasing popularity was due to the creativity of engineers who kept extending its
limits of application. The French engineer Francois Coignet expanded the use of reinforced concrete
in European buildings. In the United States, William E. Ward built the landmark building structure in
reinforced concrete in Port Chester, New York It did not take very long for enterprising engineers in the
United States to push the limit to 15 stories or 210 ft. In the same year, C. A. P. Turner built his rst -at slab that
popularized the construction of reinforced concrete buildings throughout the world because of its phenomenal
economy and convenience (Soven and Siess, 1963). The next important height achievement was in Chicago’s
Executive House Hotel that reached 371 ft, completed in 1958.
 Figure:4

Convenient access to 6000 psi concrete and the concept of the -at plate (derived from the -at slab) enabled
William Schmidt to conceive the proportions of the Lake Point Tower (645 ft) in 1964, which was noteworthy
not only because of its height, but also because of its low cost . The height of Lake Point Tower was topped by
the White Castle, also in Chicago, which reached 961 ft. The next notable jumps were to 1476 ft in the Petronas
Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and 2684 ft in the Burj Khalifa building in United Arab Emirates.
Building height, also in-uenced by the state of the economy, is a good, if incomplete, indicator of the advances in
building technology . Reinforced concrete became a successful building medium because of continual
improvements in its strength, its economy, its durability, its re resistance, and its beauty .

The Monier and Hennebique experiments with bridges in reinforced concrete introduced the other aspect of
reinforced concrete: its “plasticity” in encouraging elegance in the hands of engineering artists such as Robert
Maillart of Switzerland and Eduardo Torroja of Spain. In the United States, creativity of the builders in
reinforced concrete was supported by research in U.S. laboratories. As opposed to conceptual developments in
Europe in-uenced strongly by the theory of elasticity, A. N. Talbot developed design methods based primarily
on observation.
Convenient access to 6000 psi concrete and the concept of the -at plate (derived from the -at slab) enabled
William Schmidt to conceive the proportions of the Lake Point Tower (645 ft) in 1964, which was noteworthy
not only because of its height, but also because of its low cost . The height of Lake Point Tower was topped by
the White Castle, also in Chicago, which reached 961 ft. The next notable jumps were to 1476 ft in the Petronas
Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and 2684 ft in the Burj Khalifa building in United Arab Emirates.
Building height, also in-uenced by the state of the economy, is a good, if incomplete, indicator of the advances in
building technology . Reinforced concrete became a successful building medium because of continual
improvements in its strength, its economy, its durability, its re resistance, and its beauty .

The Monier and Hennebique experiments with bridges in reinforced concrete introduced the other aspect of
reinforced concrete: its “plasticity” in encouraging elegance in the hands of engineering artists such as Robert
Maillart of Switzerland and Eduardo Torroja of Spain. In the United States, creativity of the builders in
reinforced concrete was supported by research in U.S. laboratories. As opposed to conceptual developments in
Europe in-uenced strongly by the theory of elasticity, A. N. Talbot developed design methods based primarily
on observation.
concrete strength was discovered by Duff Abrams in the early twentieth century. In a project sponsored
by the membership of the American Concrete Institute, the foundations for consistent design of
reinforced concrete columns were developed by F. E. Richart, who made durable contributions to many
aspects of design. Hardy Cross worked on arches and frames to invent methods that enabled engineers
to deal with continuity, an essential requirement for designing reinforced concrete structures. Cross’s
creation of the moment-distribution method popularized the use of reinforced concrete structures.
However, he is reported to have said that his method was too exact for inexact structures.

Figure:5
He thought that knowing the conditions of equilibrium and developing a sense of de-ected shapes of
structural elements would sufce for proportioning of continuous frames. All young engineers would
benet immensely from reading Chapter 2 of the Cross–Morgan opus on continuous frames (Cross and
Morgan, 1932). Westergaard was successful in simplifying plate theory for use in design. N. M.
Newmark and C. P. Siess took the lead in developing simple design methods for reinforced concrete
structures subjected to dynamic loads such as earthquake and blast and for prestressed concrete
buildings and bridges. Creativity in reinforced concrete was also observed in the construction arena.
Slip-form construction was rst used to build silos.

Figure:6
 This was matched by developments in precast construction. Because concrete has a tendency to
change its volume with time, methods had to be developed to control negative effects of such changes,
especially in massive concrete structures such as dams. The Bureau of Reclamation in Denver,
Colorado, provided the intellectual underpinnings for the achievement of such magnicent projects as
the successful construction of Boulder and Grand Coulee Dams in the 1930s. Reinforced concrete
continues to be improved. During the last decade of the twentieth century, the compressive strength
of concrete moved well above 10,000 psi from a typical 4000 psi. Self-consolidating concrete made
casting of complicated shapes an easy task. Every aspect of the short history of reinforced concrete
indicates that the inventions will continue.

The design and detailing of reinforced concrete frames is a complex process that requires intensive
real-time information exchange between various design tasks. The monolithic behavior of concrete,
differences in the geometric representation of structural members during the analysis and design
stages, and design code requirements throughout the process add new dimensions to the problem.
Additionally, especially in large projects, reinforced concrete structures are designed and detailed by
several engineers simultaneously. These complexities can be resolved and the overall quality of the
design can be improved by identifying information requirements for managing the design
information between the design and detailing tasks and thus between structural engineers.

Figure7
In this paper, requirements for managing information for multiuser design and detailing of
reinforced concrete frames are identified and a prototype information model has been implemented
based on existing literature. The means of performing design computations on a standard basis and
the requirements of a multiuser design have also been integrated into the abstraction of objects in the
library. Definition of high-level classes that integrate multiple structural components, parametric
relationship between components, and separating shear and flexural design tasks were determined as
the main requirements for such a model.

Figure:8
 4) Conclusion:
The material that results from the combination of concrete and reinforcing bars is
called Reinforced Concrete (RC). During construction, the reinforcement steel is
placed in the formwork first, either in the form of a prefabricated steel cage or
steel rebars that are fastened together and wired in-situ.

5) Reference

Bansal R.K., “Study of structures”, 5th Edition, 2013.

https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.
1943- 5487.0000174.

Punmia B.C., “Study of rienforcement”, 2011.

https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=reinforced+concrete+design+infor
mation&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart.

Subramanian R., “structural reinforcementof concrte 2010.

https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=C0LdkLJlahQC&oi
=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=reinforced+concrete+design