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1. By the late 20th century, the patterns of disease 5. Researchers in the 1890s — the atom as a
in the US ---- so dramatically that the major homogeneous sphere of positive charge inside
causes of death ---- from infectious diseases to of which there — tiny negatively charged
chronic diseases. electrons.
A) had visualized / have been

A) changed / will have shifted B) will visualize / are

B) change / were shifting C) were visualizing / would have been

C) had changed / shifted D) have visualized / had been

D) are changing / had shifted E) visualized / were

E) have changed / would have shifted

6. If Australian conservationists ---- an extensive
preservation campaign back in the 1960s, the
population of saltwater crocodiles of the north ---
2. Investigators — various methods over the years - even less than the present number of 100.
to search for genes that — to intelligence, which A) have not implemented / is
is a so-called quantitative trait.
B) would not implement / would have been
A) are using / should contributed
C) weren’t implementing / will have been,
B) have used / might contribute
D) weren’t implemented / will, be
C) use / will contribute
E) had not implemented / would be
D) may use / contributed
E) would use / are going to contribute
7. Theatre is thought to have emerged --- rituals
and ceremonies whose actions together with
their rehearsals and repetitions paved the way --
3. A British scientific agency ---- that all red blood - theatre.
cells given as transfusions to children under the A) behind / to B) along / at
age of 13 ---- to remove any microbes that cause C) across / on D) within / by
serious diseases.
E) from / for
A) used to state / would be filtered
B) has stated / should be filtered
8. Much of the current concern ---- climate change
C) stated / will have been filtered centres ---- the greenhouse effect, which is
D) will state / were filtered causing global warming and making our planet
E) would state / have been filtered warmer year by year.
A) with / from B) at / upon
C) into / through D) over / around

4. New animal trials — hope that a cure based on E) by / towards

transplanting stem cells — a reality for 9. ---- the substance causing the allergy has been
patients with Parkinson's in the future. identified, avoiding it and applying some simple
A) will give / have become treatments will be enough to overcome skin
reactions such as itching and scaling.
B) have given / became
A) As if B) While
C) could have given / will become
C) Even though D) Whether
D) give / could become
E) Once
E) gave / becomes
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10. More than 350,000 people in the UK (25,000 of 16. In social terms, ---- membership in a particular
them children) suffer from Type I diabetes, an society ---- behaviour such as crime is sufficient
auto-immune condition that is ---- by a variety of to define a subculture.
largely unknown genetic and environmental
factors. A) both / also B)neither / nor
A) taken part in B) brought about C) so / that D)less / than
C) cut down on D) done away with
E) got over E) even / more

11. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, 85,000 baby 17. According to new research by US biologists, the
teeth were collected ---- children in the fearsome roars of lions and tigers are ---- the
Midwestern US as part of a study of a possible unusual shape of their vocal chords.
link ---- the testing of atomic bombs and human
health. A) in terms of B) rather than
A) around / beside B) with / from C) on behalf of D) due to
C) inside / throughout D) from / between
E) as well as
E) under / among

12. Evidence clearly shows there is a preventive 18 . ------ electric cars are a welcome development,
effect ---- aspirin and other anti-inflammatory they are neither as useful nor as green as their
drugs ---- colorectal cancer.
supporters claim.
A) after / with B) on / to
C) of / on D) without / by A) Before B) Just as C) Although
E) between / beside D) Since E) Because

13. Philosophers have debated the relation ---- 19. Our memory for emotions is highly selective,
thought and emotions ---- at least two millennia.
and we tend to remember how good the good
A) from / over B) over / in
times were, — the memories of the bad times
C) between / for D) in / by fade more quickly.
E) through / to
A) even B) as if C) whenever
D) whereas E) likewise
14. Memory often works best when we have a visual
representation of past events, -- this mental 20. Ankara University was established in 1925, and
picture will help us bring out many details. many faculties, institutes and schools have
since been set up within it, the first of — was
A) as B) although
the Faculty of Law.
C)whereas D) otherwise
A) which B) those C) that
E) but
D) some E) it
D) just as E) in case

21. Thanks to a newly developed battery-charging

16. What you say about the problem may be true in device called “the Charge pod,” we will no longer
theory, ---- in practice it does not contribute to have to use different chargers ---- recharge different
the solution of the problem. mobile gadgets, like cell phones and iPods.
A) when B) so that A) with reference to B) due to
C) although D) for C) in order to D) with regard to
E) because E) according to
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22. Scientists recently completed the largest-ever 28. In less-developed parts of the world, there are
astronomical survey of the sky, during ---- they few modern urban water networks, ---- the people
retained images that are expected to help them living in these areas do not have access to safe
drinking water.
understand the origins of galaxies.
A) so B) even if C) because
A) whose B) that C) when
D) while E) though
D) whom E) which

29. Every year, more than 15,000 scuba dives are

23. Today, spam mail constitutes more than 90 per performed off the coral reefs of Cayman Islands,
---- these sites can actually support only 5,000
cent ---- all e-mail traffic ---- the world. dives per year without any damage to the reefs.
A) with / through B) to / across A) since B) but C) if
C) at / around D) by / within
E) of / over 30. The French sociologist Emile Durkheim argued
that human beings are ---- individuals ---- social
beings that exist in society.
24. Some types of microscopic organisms, called
hyperthermophilic bacteria, can survive ---- A) not only/as well B) other/than
extremely high temperatures, sometimes even --- C) such/that D) as much/also
- 100°C. E) both/and
A) under / for B) on / with
C) in / by D) at / above
31. Animals such as raccoons and foxes eat almost
E) within / as anything edible that they come across ----
25. Inhabitants of a nation generally possess a specializing in one type of food.
common history, geographical place and
language; ----, a nation-state may be thought of A) just as B) as regards
as a place in which people follow the same C) rather than D) owing to
cultural and social patterns. E) in terms of

A) though B) otherwise 32. Ancient Pompeii, destroyed in A.D. 79 ---- an

C) in contrast D) therefore eruption of Vesuvius, lay buried ---- rock and ash
E) still until the 18th century.
26. Ear disorders prevent you from detecting certain
A) by / under B) at / for
sounds from your environment ---- affecting
your sense of balance. C) with / below D) in / on
E) through / over
A) as well as B) as if
C) much as D) with regard to
E) due to 33. During the second half of the 20th century, the
fracture rates among high-risk European
populations grew higher, ---- this increase was
27. ----- compared to their butter-loving American modest compared with that of the urbanized
counterparts, Italians consume 24 times the
amount of olive oil per person. populations in Southern Asia.

A) As though B) Until A) in case B) because

C) When D) Unless C) unless D) but
E) Just as E) now that
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34. Every Turkish citizen over the age of 25 is eligible 38. Though wind power certainly has the advantage
to be a deputy in Parliament ---- he or she has of being a clean source of energy, ----.
completed primary education and has not been A) it was increasingly used in many countries with
convicted of a serious crime. relatively stable weather patterns
A) with the idea that B) it can hardly be a reliable one as weather
B) from the point of view that conditions are so changeable
C) despite the fact that C) many governments are investing in wind power
D) by the fact that projects in greater amounts

E) on condition that D) wind turbines are not too costly to produce

E) changes in weather can be predicted, which
makes it possible to take timely precautions
35. The number of frauds in the US ---- the criminal
uses someone else’s credit card number doubled
to 162,000 cases in 2002. 39. If the global desertification process continues at
A) in which B) by whom its current rate, ----.

C) of which D) which A) the effects of the environmental changes of the

past few decades have been dramatic
E) with whom
B) more than 60,000 square kilometres of
productive land is being lost every year
36. Unlike many other European nations, Finland has C) the world will lose much of its arable land
not been the destination of large groups of to barren desert
foreign workers, ---- has it ever been a colonial
power. D) 26% of the Earth’s land surface is classified as
severely degraded
A) and B) nor C) or
E) reforestation programs are being initiated by
D) also E) not governments in a number of countries

37. Although it is not known exactly when pottery- 40. ----, yet there are also rare penguin species that
making began in Cappadocia, ----. inhabit warmer regions of the Earth.
A) early pottery was generally shaped by the A) Most penguins are black on the back and white
wrapping-rolling method in front and seldom have any other colour
B) it is still agreed that the art originated in B) Most penguins are flightless birds that live in the
Mesopotamia cold waters of the Southern Hemisphere
C) it dates back at least to Hittite times C) Penguins live in crowded colonies with
D) most archaeologists are keenly interested in the populations ranging from hundreds of
excavations that are going on thousands to several million
E) pottery belonging to other cultures has been D) In the 19th and 20th centuries, penguins were
found in the townships of Hacıbektaş and threatened by hunters and the penguin oil
Güzelyurt industry
E) The features of the life cycle vary with the body
size of the specific penguin species
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41. Whereas life forms in the world’s cold and

icylands are scarce, ----.
A) the ice sheet of Antarctica contains about 30
million cubic kilometres of ice
B) Antarctica supports only a few species of cold-
adapted land plants and animals
C) marine life in the seas surrounding Antarctica is
rich and diverse
D) Antarctica is fifth in size among the world’s
continents
E) the geologic evolution of Antarctica has
followed a course similar to those of the other
southern continents

42. Home to more than 400 types of coral, over 1,500

fish species, and 200 types of birds, ----
A) they are known to constitute the fauna of the
Great Barrier Reef of Australia
B) climate change and environmental pollution
pose a serious threat to the Great Barrier Reef
C) the /Australian government spends huge
amounts of money on preserving the Great
Barrier Reef
D) oceanographers are still trying to map the
currents in the Great Barrier Reef
E) Australia’s Great Barrier Reef accommodates a
astonishing diversity of life

43. ----, but now scientists know that some cells in

the eye can detect light even when the eyes are
closed.
A) Until recently, little was known about why
sleeping people feel alert in brightly-lit rooms
B) Sleep has always been a mysterious state of
mind for psychologists
C) Hormonal imbalances are known to cause sleep
disorders
D) Light travels faster than sound in both the
atmosphere and in water
E) The eye is a complex structure enabling the
organism to visually perceive its surroundings