CHAPTER 2 – Self and Personality

Class- XII
Subject – Psychology

Assertion Reasoning, Case Based and HOTS Assignment

ASSERTION AND REASON BASED Assignment:

Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of

Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Q.1. Assertion (A): People behave differently in similar situations.

Reason (R): Self and personality characteristics make people different from each other.
Ans. Option (A) is correct.

Q. 2. Assertion (A): There is one guna present in every person.

Reason (R): The dominance of one guna leads to a particular type of behaviour.
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Explanation: All the three gunas are present in every person different degrees. The dominance of particular
guna leads to a particular type of behaviour.

Q.3. Assertion (A): Each one of us has the capacity choose and create.
Reason (R): Every individual suffers from the feeling of adequacy and ego, i.e., superiority
complex, which arise from childhood.
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: Every individual suffers from the feeling of inadequacy and guilt, inferiority complex, which
arise from childhood.

Q.4. Assertion (A): Strong sense of self-efficacy allows people to select, influence, and even construct the
circumstances of their own life,
Reason (R): Society, parents and their own positive experiences can help in the development of a
strong sense of self-efficacy by presenting positive models during the formative years of children.
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: These are characteristics of self- efficacy but are not cause and effect.

Q.5. Assertion (A): Interview is . commonly used method for assessing personality.
Reason (R): Diagnostic interviewing generally involves basic interviewing which seeks to go
beyond the replies given by the person.
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: Diagnostic interviewing generally involves in-depth interviewing which seeks to
go beyond the replies given by the person.

Q.6. Assertion (A): The Thematic Apperception Test Reason (TAT) was developed by Harmann Rorschach.
(R): It is a little more structured than the Inkblot test.
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Explanation: The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was developed by Morgan and Murray.

Q.7. Assertion (A): Sentence Completion Test makes use of a number of incomplete sentences.
(R): It is held that the type of endings used by the subjects reflect their attitudes, motivation and conflicts.
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
0.8. Assertion (A): Behavioural ratings are frequently used for personality assessment of individuals in an
educational or industrial settings.
Reason: Behavioural ratings are generally taken from the people who know the assessee intimately and have
interacted over a period of time.
Ans. Option (A) is correct.

Q.9. Assertion (A): Women are more likely to be affected by social and cultural factors than by biological
factors.
Assertion (R): Freud considered women as inferior.
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: The statements given by (A) and (R) are viewpoints of Karen Horney and Freud
respectively. The two statements are correct from their point of view but are not related to
each other.

Q. 10. Assertion (A): Use of Observation for a personality assessment is sophisticated procedure that cannot
be carried out by trained people.
Reason: Observation requires careful training observer and fairly detailed guidelines to carry out analysis to
use observations to assess personality.
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Explanation: The Observation is a sophisticated procedure and must be carried out only by
trained people.

CASE-BASED Assignment:

Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
I Thematic Apperception Test
The most widely known and used story telling technique is the TAT. It was developed by Morgan
and Murray (1935) in the belief that the content imagined stories would provide clues to the
underlying dynamics of . subject's interpersonal relationships and self-attitudes. As elaborated by
Murray (1943, 1971) and Bellak (1993), TAT data are expected to reveal the hierarchy of a person's
needs and the nature of his or her dominant emotions and conflicts. The TAT iS widely used projective test
for the assessment of children and adults. It is designed to reveal an individual's perception of interpersonal
relationships.
Thirty one picture cards serve as stimuli for stories and descriptions about relationships or social
situations. Cards include specific subsets for boys, girls, men, and women.
The test is useful as part of a comprehensive study of in personality and in the interpretation of behaviour
disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, neuroses, and psychoses.
.

Q.1. Which of these is not considered as a part of the TAT card subset? Why?
(A) Boys
(B) Rabbit
(C) Girls
(D) Women

Q2. Is TAT a projective test? Why are projective tests used for assessing personality?
.

II Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from
another. They are relatively stable over time and is generally consistent across situations. Their strengths and
combination vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality. Allport mentioned two
types of traits; common traits and personal traits. Common Traits are the traits found in the majority of
persons living in a society or culture. Thus, people of a society or culture can be compared on that trait.
For example, If X shows a trait of cooperativeness in his behaviours in various situations, and if similar
behaviours are obtained in a large number of persons from that community or culture, his
trait will be considered as a common Trait.
Common traits thus are those which are reflected in the behaviour of most of the persons in a society or a
community or culture.
Personal Traits-This refers to the unique characteristics of a person and not shared by other members of the
society or community or culture. Such a personal trait is not comparable with those of others in that culture.
These traits are inculcated by a person more in the process of socialisation and thus many of the of do's and
don'ts of the parents or caregivers become part of the personality and these traits are unique to this
individual. Another important aspect is that these traits are highly consistent and can be seen in almost all
behaviours of this individual irrespective of the situation concerned. To give an example, the trait of
parsimony is something which an individual will show in almost every aspect of his behaviour whether he is
at home or office or school or anywhere. He will for example put off the lights to economise on electricity
consumption whether at office or at home.
Allport further divided personal traits into three subcategories: (A) Cardinal dispositions, (B) Central
dispositions, and (C) Secondary dispositions.

Q1. How many traits have been propounded by Allport? Explain the trait around which one’s life revolves.

Q2. How can it be differentiated from secondary trait?

IlI. Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Trait Approaches
These theories . mainly concerned with the description or characterisation of basic components
of personality. They try to discover the building blocks' of personality. Human beings display wide range of
variations in psychological attributes, yet is possible to club them into smaller number of personality traits.
Trait approach very similar to our common experience everyday life. For example, when we come to know
that a person is sociable, we assume that s/he will not only be
cooperative, friendly and helping, but also engage in behaviours that involve other social components. Thus,
trait approach attempts to identify primary characteristics of people. A trait is considered as a relatively
enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They include a range of possible
behaviours that are activated according to the demands of the situation.
To summarise,
(A) Traits are relatively stable over time,
(B) they are generally consistent across situations, and
(C) their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in
personality.

Q.1.Name the psychologists who have given theories on Trait Approach.

Q.2. What do the traits approach theories aim at discovering while doing psychological analysis? Discuss.

Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:

IV. Anandita lurches across her bed to switch off the alarm clock as it rings obnoxiously. Its 7 am
and time to get up and get ready for online classes. However, an urge (say A) pushes her to return to
immediate gratification of immediate sleep. Another aspect of her (say B) points out that she must
attend classes since she hasn’t been able to follow some of the concepts covered in the class from the
textbook on her own. Again an urge (A) prompts her to lie down and dream about her favourite
actor. Just as she begins to relax, her conscience (say C) jumps into fray. It tries to make her feel
guilty about all the money her parents are spending on her education despite losses in business due to
pandemic. Anandita hasn’t even gotten out of bed yet, there’s already a pitched battle in her psyche.

i) Explain the approach to personality which best describes the above case?
ii) Identify “B” and “C” aspects of personality in the above case.
HOTS Assignment

1. If a professional psychologist is evaluating you by asking your responses to ink blots, which form of
assessment is the psychologist using? List any 2 features of this form of assessment.
2. Suggest the different techniques of self regulation that you would use while preparing for your board
exams.
OR
3. Anita regularly abstains from food for religious reasons. Which aspect of the self is she displaying?
Suggest the psychological techniques that will help her abstain from food.

4. Using Allport’s theory, identify the various traits in the following situation and explain them in
detail.
“Supriya is a very warm and friendly girl who is often known as the ‘FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE’
of her class. She is a very traditional girl who always prefers to wear Indian or ethnic clothes. She
hates the western culture especially the trend of going to parties and discotheque.”

5. Mother Teresa believed that she had a mission to fulfil and did what came natural to her, loving
others and serving them. Identify the trait being referred to here by Gordon Allport and how it
affects a person's behaviour. Distinguish it from other traits given by him.

6. Explain the most widely used self-report measure for career guidance. What are the limitations of
self-report measures?
7. . Suresh is aspiring to head his company. He is very motivated and works hard. However, he is
unable to relax and feels he is always short on time. Which type of personality he belongs to? Briefly
explain this type of personality.
8. ‘Projective techniques were developed to assess unconscious motives and feelings’. Elaborate the
statement and explain TWO such techniques.
9. A 5 years old child has been advised to go for educational assessment so that a proper diagnosis can
be made. Suggest some indirect measures of personality assessment which can be done on the child.
10. Identify the defence mechanisms:
a. Asmita is terminally ill and the doctors have advised her for complete rest but she feels she is
fine and can do her daily chores on her own and does not need anybody’s help.
b. An individual who is rejected in a job interview claims his present job is better and he did not
really want the new job. He is using……….
c. B’s increasing absenteeism could lead to low grades according to his friends. B claims
everything is under control and that he is absolutely fine.
d. Rohit exhibits strong aggressive tendencies but often complains of other people acting in an
excessively aggressive way
e. When Aryan was a small child, his parents adopted a little girl. Aryan promptly “Forgot” that he
was toilet trained and began wetting the bed. As an adult, Aryan cannot remember that he did
this, despite what his parents tell him. This is an example of
a) Projection c) Rationalisation