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Practice Exercises - Answers

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25 views3 pages

Practice Exercises - Answers

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amboytread3
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Practice Exercises

1. Determine whether the given set is a vector space. If not, give at least one axiom that is
not satisfied. Unless otherwise stated, assume that vector addition and scalar multiplication
are

the ordinary operations defined on the set.

(a) The set of vectors {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2 ∶ 𝑏 = 3𝑎 + 1}

Answer: This is not a vector space. It does not contain the zero vector,
and is not closed under either addition or scalar multiplication.

(b) The set of vectors {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2 } with scalar multiplication defined by 𝑘(𝑎, 𝑏) =
(𝑘𝑎, 𝑏)
Answer: This is not a vector space. The scalar multiplication defined
above does not distribute over the usual addition of vectors.
(r + s)(a, b) = ((r + s)a, b) = (ra + sa, b)
but r(a, b) + s(a, b) = (ra, b) + (sa, b) = (ra + sa, 2b)

(c) The set of vectors {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2 } with scalar multiplication defined by 𝑘(𝑎, 𝑏) =
(𝑘𝑎, 0)

Answer: This is not a vector space. It does not obey the identity property
of scalar

multiplication because 1(a, b) = (1a, 0) = (a, 0) ≠ (a, b).

(d) The set of real numbers, with addition defined by 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑦

Answer: This is not a vector space. This method of vector addition is


neither associative nor commutative.

(e) The set ℝ3 , with the vector addition operation ⨁ defined by


(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 )⨁(𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 ) = (𝑎1 + 𝑏1 + 5, 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 7, 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 1)
and the scalar multiplication defined by ⨀
𝐶⨀(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ) = (𝑎1 + 𝑏1 + 5, 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 7, 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 1)

Answer: This is a vector space. The zero vector is (−5, 7, −1).

2. Two forces of magnitude 6N and 10N are inclined at an angle of 60° with each other.
Calculate the magnitude of resultant and the angle made by resultant with 6N force.

Solution:

Let P and Q be two forces wih magnitude 6N and 10N respectively and θ be angle between
them. Let R be the resultant force.

So, P = 6N, Q = 10N and θ = 60°

We have,

which is the required magnitude

Let ø be the angle between P and R. Then,


which is the required angle.

3. Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition Proof

Answer:

OC2 = OD2 + DC2

⇒ OC2 = (OA + AD)2 + DC2 --- (1)

In the right triangle CAD, we have

cos θ = AD/AC and sin θ = DC/AC

⇒ AD = AC cos θ and DC = AC sin θ

⇒ AD = Q cos θ and DC = Q sin θ --- (2)

Substituting values from (2) in (1), we have

R2 = (P + Q cos θ)2 + (Q sin θ)2

⇒ R2 = P2 + Q2cos2θ + 2PQ cos θ + Q2sin2θ

⇒ R2 = P2 + 2PQ cos θ + Q2(cos2θ + sin2θ)

⇒ R2 = P2 + 2PQ cos θ + Q2 [cos2θ + sin2θ = 1]

⇒ R = √(P2 + 2PQ cos θ + Q2) → Magnitude of the resultant vector R

Next, we will determine the direction of the resultant vector. We have in right triangle ODC,

tan β = DC/OD

⇒ tan β = Q sin θ/(OA + AD) [From (2)]

⇒ tan β = Q sin θ/(P + Q cos θ) [From (2)]

⇒ β = tan-1[(Q sin θ)/(P + Q cos θ)] → Direction of the resultant vector R

4. Prove that if the vector 𝑥 emanates from the origin of the Euclidean Plane and terminates
at the point with coordinates (𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ), then the vector 𝑡𝑥 that emanates from the origin
terminates at the point with coordinates (𝑡𝑎1 , 𝑡𝑎2 )
Answer:
𝑥⃗ = (𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ) − (0,0) = (𝑎1 , 𝑎2 )
Vector 𝑡𝑥⃗ is then:
𝑡𝑥⃗ = 𝑡(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ) = (𝑡𝑎1 , 𝑡𝑎2 )
We also know that 𝑡𝑥⃗ emanates from the origin which means that he ends at:
(𝑡𝑎1 , 𝑡𝑎2 ) + (0,0) = (𝑡𝑎1 , 𝑡𝑎2 )

5. True or False
(a) Every Vector space contains a zero vector. T
(b) A vector space may have more than one zero vector. F
(c) In any vector space 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏𝑥 implies that 𝑎 = 𝑏. F
(d) In any vector space 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 implies that 𝑥 = 𝑦. F
Practice Exercises
1. The vector equation of line passing through two points A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 )
Answer: 𝒓⃗⃗ = 𝒂 ⃗⃗ − 𝒂
⃗⃗ + 𝝀(𝒃 ⃗⃗)

2. Show that the midpoint of the line segment joining the points (𝑎, 𝑏) and (𝑐, 𝑑) is
𝑎+𝑐 𝑏+𝑑
( , )
2 2
Answer:
3. Let u = (0, 0, −8, 1) and v = (1, −8, 0, 7). Find w such that 2u + v − 3w = 0.
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟖 𝟏𝟔
Answer: 𝒘 = 𝟑 𝒖 + 𝟑 𝒗 = 𝟑 (𝟎, 𝟎, −𝟖, 𝟏) + 𝟑 (𝟏, −𝟖, 𝟎, 𝟕) = (𝟑 , − 𝟑 , − , 𝟑)
𝟑

4. Let u = (2, 4, 6, 8) and v = (1, 3, 5, 7). Find w such that 5u + v − 2w = 0.


5. Let A and B be points have coordinates (-5,6,4) and (4,5,3) respectively. Solve for
the equation of the line and find the arbitrary point using t = 5.

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