Active Learning on Routing

Protocols: AODV and DSR

AGENDA
1.Introduction to Ad hoc Networks

2.Characteristics of Ad hoc Networks

3.Significance of Routing Protocols in Ad hoc Networks

4.Overview of AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) Protocol

5.Mechanics of AODV: Route Discovery

6.Mechanics of ODV: Route Maintenance

7.Overview of DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) Protocol

8.Mechanics of DSR: Route Discovery Process

9.Mechanics of DSR: Route Maintenance Process

10.Comparative Analysis: AODV vs. DSR

11.Strengths and Weaknesses of AODV and DSR

12.Conclusion: Insights and Future Directions in Ad hoc Networks

Introduction to Ad hoc Networks

Definition, Characteristics, Decentralization, and Communication Dynamics

• Definition of Ad hoc Networks: Ad hoc networks are temporary, self-organizing systems that consist of
wireless devices (nodes) communicating directly, allowing for ad-hoc collaboration without preexisting
infrastructure.

• Decentralization and Peer-to-Peer Communication: These networks rely on direct inter-node

communication, leveraging decentralized architecture to enhance collaboration and adaptability in
communication protocols.

• Dynamic Topologies: The ever-changing arrangement of nodes results from device mobility, creating a
dynamic environment that requires adaptive communication strategies to maintain network integrity.
Characteristics of Ad hoc Networks

Dynamic Node Participation and Adaptive Routing

• Dynamic Node Participation • No Fixed Infrastructure

Nodes in an ad hoc network can freely join The absence of fixed infrastructure allows
and leave, resulting in a flexible network for greater adaptability in varying
structure, which creates both opportunities environments, enabling field
for enhanced interaction and challenges for communication in disaster recovery,
maintaining stability. military operations, and more.

• Multi-hop Communication
Nodes communicate indirectly through
intermediate nodes, allowing data to traverse
through multiple paths, which provides
resilience and adaptability in the network.
Significance of Routing Protocols in Ad hoc Networks
Dynamic Routing and Network Scalability

• Dynamic Routing: Routing protocols are critical in reactive

networks to dynamically establish and maintain paths
between nodes, ensuring robust communication under
changing conditions.

• Efficiency in Topology Changes: Effective routing adapts to

frequent topology changes, optimizing data transmission and
minimizing delays without centralized control.

•Network Scalability: Routing protocols enable efficient management of network growth, ensuring
communication remains effective as nodes increase or decrease, preserving network integrity.
 Overview of AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)Protocol

Reactive Routing Mechanism

Reactive Routing Structure

AODV operates on a reactive model, where routes are

established on an as-needed basis rather than being
constantly maintained, thereby conserving bandwidth.

Route Discovery Process

This begins when a node requires a route by broadcasting a Route

Request (RREQ) to discover available paths towards the target node or
destination.

ute On-Demand Characteristics

By only establishing routes when needed, AODV

minimizes overhead and controls resource consumption
more effectively than protocols that maintain persistent
routes.
Mechanics of AODV: Route Discovery
Route Establishment through Broadcasting

Broadcasting Route Requests (RREQ): When a node requires a route, it broadcasts an RREQ,
enabling neighboring nodes to participate in the discovery process, which creates a collaborative
network approach.

Forwarding Mechanism: As nodes receive theRREQ, they incrementally propagate it across the
network until the destination node is reached or an existing route is found, establishing effective
communication.

Destination Node Communication: Once the RREQ reaches the destination node, a Route Reply
(RREP) is sent back, solidifying the communication pathway and ensuring the origin node can
now transmit data.
Mechanics of AODV: Route Maintenance
Ensuring Connectivity and Reliability

Dynamic Route Updates

Link Breakage Detection
Upon receiving RERR messages, nodes
When a link between two nodes breaks,
can actively update their routing tables,
the affected node generates a Route
dropping invalid routes and identifying
Error (RERR)message to indicate the
alternative pathways to preserve
connectivity loss and notify other nodes.
connectivity.

Ensuring Network Reliability

Constant maintenance and adjustment of routes in
response to changes bolster the reliability of ad hoc
networks, minimizing communication breakdowns.
Overview of DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) Protocol
Implementing Source Routing Principles
Source Routing Technique

In DSR, source routing allows the originating node to determine the

route taken by including the complete route information in the packet
header itself.

Comprehensive Packet Header

This approach instills detail-rich packet headers that empower each node to know the exact path the
packet should take, fostering efficient data delivery.

Route Management

Entities in the DSR network can dynamically adapt their routing paths, managing changes through a
built-in mechanism for route discovery and maintenance.
Mechanics of DSR: Route Discovery Process
Uncovering Efficient Paths

• Broadcasting Route Requests • Utilization of Route Cache • Intermediate Node Engagement

When a node seeks a route, Each node maintains a cache Throughout the RREQ
it sends out an RREQ. The of routes, which can be broadcast, intermediate nodes
first node to recognize a leveraged to expedite the can engage and contribute
valid route responds with a discovery process by their route knowledge to help
RREP, establishing the eliminating unnecessary establish an optimal
communication path. broadcasts. communication path swiftly.
Mechanics of DSR: Route Maintenance Process
Sustaining Network Efficiency

• Route Error Messaging (RERR): If a link failure occurs, the involved node dispatches an RERR, notifying
others of the invalid route and facilitating adjustments to their internal tables.

• Updating the Route Cache: Nodes utilize the receipt of RERR messages to update or delete routes from
their caching mechanisms, ensuring outdated pathways are not used.

• Link Failure Management: DSR manages packet integrity by dynamically shifting to alternative routes
stored in the cache, allowing for rapid recovery from failures.
Comparative Analysis: AODV vs. DSR
Routing Strategies and Performance Metrics

Routing Strategy Differentiation Control Overhead Comparison Performance Metrics Analysis

AODV employs a hop-by-hop AODV typically shows lower control In larger networks, AODV
routing strategy, while DSR utilizes overhead due to fewer information generally indicates superior
source routing, resulting in requirements, whereas DSR incurs performance due to on-
distinctive operational behaviors higher overhead from comprehensive demand routing, while DSR
and efficiencies. packet headers. tends to excel in smaller
networks with stable nodes.
Strengths and Weaknesses of AODV and DSR
Evaluating Network Suitability

• Strengths of AODV: AODV can efficiently manage • Weaknesses of AODV: During route discovery,
larger networks and reduce control overhead, proving latency may increase, leading to delays in data
advantageous in expansive scenarios; it adapts flexibly transmission when the network is highly
to changes in topology. dynamic.

• Strengths of DSR: DSR excels in providing efficient • Weaknesses of DSR: The reliance on source
route management through caching, which reduces routing can lead to larger packet sizes, which
the need for frequent route discoveries. may result in network congestion in high-
traffic scenarios.
Conclusion: Insights and Future Directions in Ad hoc
Networks
Key Learnings and Research Opportunities

Key Learning Points Future Trends

Understanding the operational Innovations in routing protocols,
principles of AODV and DSR machine learning applications,
positions researchers and and enhanced security measures
practitioners to extract maximum will define the next phase of ad
efficiency from ad hoc networks. hoc network evolution.
Research Opportunities
Further exploration into hybrid
protocol development and
performance optimization
strategies can dramatically
enhance ad hoc network
capabilities.
Presentation By : K.NIHARIKA - AP22110010027
V.SREEMANTH - AP22110010048
K.BHARGAV - AP22110010051
CH.D.V.GANESH - AP22110010058