RMI

Report
2022
Summary
RMI Report 2022
Summary
 Table of Contents

About RMF 6 Key findings

The Responsible Mining Foundation (RMF) is an independent research organisation
that encourages continuous improvement in responsible extractive value chains, by 8 Geographic and company scope
developing tools and frameworks, sharing public interest research results and data,
and enabling informed and constructive engagement between companies and other 10 Ten observations
stakeholders. The Foundation supports the principle that responsible extractive value
chains should benefit the economies, improve the lives of peoples and respect the 16 Recommendations
environments of producing countries, while also benefiting companies in a fair and
viable way. The Foundation’s work and research reflect what society at large can
reasonably expect from extractive sector companies on economic, environmental,
social and governance matters. As an independent foundation, RMF does not accept 19 Overall results
funding or other contributions from the extractive industry.

20 Economic Development
About the RMI Report 2022
The RMI Report 2022 is an evidence-based assessment of 40 large mining
22 Business Conduct
companies’ policies and practices on economic, environmental, social and
governance issues, with a separate assessment of 250 mine sites. This summary 24 Lifecycle Management
report provides some overall results and extracts from the RMI Report 2022.
The full results and individual company and mine-site reports are available at 26 Community Wellbeing
www.responsibleminingindex.org.
28 Working Conditions
Acknowledgements
The Responsible Mining Foundation would like to thank all those who provided 30 Environmental Responsibility
comments and recommendations subsequent to the earlier RMI Reports including
mining-affected community members, representatives of local community 32 Human Rights
associations, people’s movements, national and international NGOs, government
Harm prevention

bodies, industry associations, mining companies, multi-stakeholder initiatives, 34 Harm Prevention

multilateral organisations, investors, academics, expert consultants and others.
36 Gender
RMF Expert Review Committee
Climate change

• Sonia Balcazar 38 Climate Change

• Fritz Brugger
• Li Li
• Glen Mpufane
• Prabindra Shakya
• Ingrid Watson 41 Mine site results
• Luc Zandvliet

External Review Panel

• Britt Banks
• Afshin Mehrpouya 47 Leading practices
• François Mercier
• Luc Zandvliet

Funders
The RMF wishes to thank its funders: 53 Annex
• Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs
• The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs 54 Learning tools in the RMI Report 2022
• Triodos Foundation

Report design
• Omdat Ontwerp, The Netherlands

4 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 5

 Key findings
Mine-site evidence conspicuously missing Figure 1 Overall results of the mine site assessment

The vast majority of the 250 assessed mine sites across 53 countries cannot demonstrate that 0% 50% 100%
they are informing and engaging with host communities and workers on basic risk factors such as
environmental impacts, safety issues or grievances. Some 94% of the mine sites score an average of
less than 20% on the fifteen basic ESG issues assessed (see Figure 1). At the same time, a few mine
sites show better practices on some of these issues, proving ‘it can be done’. It is at mine-site level that 16 sites 150 sites 14 sites No site
these issues matter most – for local stakeholders who risk exposure to harmful impacts, for investors score score between score between scores
0% 1% and 9% 20% and 29% 50% or more
who need to know about asset-level risks, for Board members and senior executives to know if risks
69 sites 2 sites
are being well managed, and for companies seeking to show respect for their neighbours and host score between score between
communities. All companies are encouraged to move beyond consolidated reporting and aggregate 10% and 19% 30% and 49%

figures to meet stakeholders’ needs for relevant information and meaningful engagement.

Some improvement at corporate level Figure 2 Improvements in corporate results, 2020 to 2022

While the results on corporate policies and practices remain low on many issues, companies show
an overall average improvement of 11% over the RMI 2020 results. Marked improvements have 100% Society Expectations
been achieved by some lower performing companies (see Figure 2) who are to be acknowledged for
their efforts to strengthen their ESG practices and transparency. In addition, 37 of the 40 assessed 90%
Tier 3
companies show up among the best performers on at least one indicator, offering better practice Average increase

models for their peers. These are encouraging signs of continued movement on ESG issues, 80% 41%
Tier 2
of notable progress in setting basic measures in place, and of widespread good practice models Average increase

across the different issues. There are now ample opportunities for industry-wide learning on ESG 70% 22%
Tier 1
performance. All companies across the industry can use the learning tools embedded in the Average increase

RMI 2022 digital report to further improve their responsible mining practices. 60% 8%

50%

Slowing momentum among leading companies 40%

Most of the stronger performing companies show limited evidence of improvement in their responsible 30%
policies and practices at corporate level since 2020. The 8% average improvement among the
first-tier performers contrasts with the 22% and 41% average improvements seen among companies 20%
in the second and third tiers, respectively (see Figure 2). The remaining gaps seen among the
first-tier companies include a lack of corporate measures on a wide range of key issues. There is a risk 10%
of stalling of momentum among the leaders on ESG issues, even as the industry announces ambitious
plans on technical issues, such as emissions reductions or efficiency gains. Applying the same level 0%
of effort and leadership to, for example, social performance issues or the management and disclosure
Companies' overall scores in RMI Report 2020
of local environmental impacts, would do much to help the industry meet society expectations on
Companies' overall scores in RMI Report 2022
these critical issues. Companies are encouraged to use the RMI framework and results as a guide to
prioritise areas for improvement. HOW TO READ THIS
This graph shows the performances of the 37 companies that
were assessed in both the RMI Reports 2020 and 2022. The
companies are grouped into three tiers to highlight the differences
in relative improvement levels from the first to third tiers.

6 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 7

 Geographic and company scope

Companies assessed

Anglo American
AngloGold Ashanti
Antofagasta
ArcelorMittal
Banpu
Barrick
BHP
Boliden
Buenaventura
Bumi Resources
China Shenhua
Coal India
CODELCO
ERG
Evraz
Exxaro
First Quantum
Fortescue
Freeport-McMoRan
Glencore
Gold Fields
Grupo México
Peñoles
KGHM
MMG
Navoi MMC
Newcrest
Newmont
NMDC
Nordgold
OCP Group
Orano
Polymetal
Rio Tinto
Home countries, where companies are headquartered
RUSAL
Producing countries, where companies have mining operations Sibanye-Stillwater
Teck
Mine sites selected for mine-site-level assessment
Vale
Other operational mine sites Vedanta
Closed or suspended mine sites (known) Zijin

8 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 9

 Ten observations
1 Commitment–Effectiveness gap still large 2 Corporate systems not evident at mine sites

The assessment findings have demonstrated that formal ESG commitments are There is little correlation between the existence of corporate systems on specific ESG issues and
evidence of mine-site action on these same issues. For example, most companies show some level
becoming the norm. The Collective Best Score for commitment indicators, i.e.,
of corporate protocols for their operations to engage with other water users on water management and
the sum of the best scores seen on all commitment indicators, stands at 94%. to engage with worker representatives on occupational health and safety. However only a minority
It is clearly within every company’s reach to meet society expectations on ESG of the 250 assessed mine sites show any evidence of having implemented these requirements.
policy commitments (see Figure 3). In contrast, companies’ results are much Without evidence that corporate systems are being implemented at mine-site level, the credibility of
weaker on effectiveness indicators, which assess companies’ efforts to track and these systems will be limited.
improve their performance on particular ESG issues. As long as performance
monitoring remains weak, companies will find it difficult to demonstrate that their
commitments are making a difference to their management of ESG issues. 3 Slow adoption of good practices

There is a wide gap between the overall average performance seen across the 40 companies and
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by the Collective Best Score (see Figure 4). The Collective Best Score for a given thematic area is
Fre

Figure 3 Commitments largely in place, focus on effective actions less evident an aggregate measure of the best results seen among all the companies across all the indicators
in that area. There is much scope for companies to improve their responsible policies and practices
by adopting the good examples shown by their peers. This wide gap between average scores and
100% 100% 100% Collective Best Scores has been a feature since the first RMI Report in 2018, showing that, overall,
90% 90% 90%
the uptake of existing good practices has been moving slowly.

80% 80% 80%

Wide gap between average performances and what companies are collectively

70% 70% 70% Figure 4
proving possible
60% 60% 60%

50% 50% 50%

Economic
40% 40% 40%
Development
100%

30% 30% 30% 80%

20% 20% 20% Environmental 60% Business

Responsibility Conduct
40%
10% 10% 10%

20%

0% 0% 0%

Commitment Action Effectiveness

Working Lifecycle
Note: Each bar on the charts represents one company (total of 40 companies)
Conditions Management

Collective Best Score

Average Score

Community
Wellbeing

Collective Best Score

Average Score

10 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 11

 4 Some notable improvements 5 Inconsistent efforts across different issues

Encouragingly, nearly one-quarter of the companies have increased their scores by 30% or more over Many companies show a wide range of performance levels across the different thematic areas,
the last two years (see Table 1). Most of the strongest improvements seen have come from some with their weakest scores often less than 50% of their strongest scores (see Figure 5). This generally
of the lower-performing companies, which are beginning to catch up by putting in place policies and high level of inconsistency suggests that many companies are selective in which types of ESG issues
practices on a range of ESG issues, while increasing their transparency. This includes for example they choose to address.
establishing formal commitments to respect human rights and prevent bribery and corruption,
improving accountability for ESG performance, conducting due diligence on ESG supply chain risks,
and publicly disclosing payments to governments and workplace safety incidents. Importantly, some
of these companies have also stepped up their performance monitoring to track and review the
effectiveness of some of their ESG measures.

Table 1 Improvements in company performance Most companies show widely varying performance levels across the different

Figure 5
thematic areas

Percentage improvement Percentage improvement Thematic Area

scores
Companies* compared to performance Companies* compared to performance
in the RMI Report 2020 in the RMI Report 2020 100% Society Expectations

Navoi MMC 182% ERG 10% 90%

Nordgold 104% First Quantum 10%
Zijin 79% Freeport-McMoRan 10% 80%

Grupo México 78% Vedanta Resources 9%

70%
Buenaventura 56% CODELCO 8%
Peñoles 37% ArcelorMittal 8% 60%
Fortescue 35% RUSAL 8%
Orano 35% Newmont Mining 8% 50%

Sibanye-Stillwater 30% Gold Fields 7%

40%
China Shenhua 24% MMG 6%
Polymetal 21% BHP 6%
30%
Vale 19% Teck 6%
Bumi Resources 16% Rio Tinto 6% 20%

Exxaro 15% Newcrest 5%

10%
Glencore 14% Anglo American 5%
Coal India 14% AngloGold Ashanti 4%
0%
Antofagasta 13% Barrick 0%

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* Boliden, KGHM and OCP Group are excluded as they were not included in the RMI Report 2020.
**  The decrease in NMDC’s score is due to a lack of updated data related to tracking the implementation or effectiveness of
several ESG measures. HOW TO READ THIS
The length of each bar represents, for each company, the level of variation in its
thematic area scores. The position of the top of the bar shows the company's best
thematic area score and that of the bottom of the bar its worst thematic area score.

12 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 13

 6 Targets key for performance tracking 9 Newer issues await leadership

As part of regular reviews of the RMI Report assessment process, additional requirements were included In order to align with evolving society expectations of mining companies, this assessment includes
this time to a number of effectiveness indicators, in order to assess the extent to which companies track new indicators on for example preparedness for pandemics, assessing the implications for workers of
their performance against specific targets. These newly-added targets relate for example to tracking the move to more automation, protecting the deep sea, and reducing waste through circular materials
the implementation of progressive rehabilitation, the functioning of grievance mechanisms, and the management. The results on these new indicators were surprisingly low, and reflect poorly on the
management of noise and vibration levels. The evidence for these targets was extremely weak with industry’s ability to keep pace with emerging expectations on these issues.
practically no cases of companies setting targets on these issues, despite the fact that the mining industry
is familiar with using targets for tracking other issues, such as greenhouse gas emissions or the gender
balance of boards. Given the importance of targets for driving improvement and tracking progress,
it is important that companies set specific targets for the full range of their ESG-related initiatives.
10 Positive influence of external requirements

A small number of issues have shown quite widespread improvement in company practices over
the last six years. Movement on these issues, which include for example, anti-bribery and corruption,
7 Good reporting requires detail and substance human rights, responsible sourcing and disclosure of payments to governments, can be attributed
at least in part to external drivers as the issues have become integrated into legislation, requirements
Companies are making many more documents publicly available – some 6,550 documents were and/or reporting frameworks. By contrast, there is a lack of evidence that voluntary measures such as
covered in the assessment (and scrutinised by analysts without the use of Artificial Intelligence) – non-binding expectations have an impact on company practices.
this is an increase of over 70% on the number of public domain documents available for the RMI
Report 2020. While this increase in transparency is to be welcomed, it is a poor indication of the
substance of companies’ ESG-related policies and practices. Indeed, there is very little correlation
between increases in public reporting and increases in company results, suggesting the need for more
substantive reporting on ESG issues. More meaningful reporting does not require greater volumes
of documentation. For example, one spreadsheet of detailed, mine-site-disaggregated ESG data
(as published by a few companies) can provide much more useful information than lengthy reports
focused on individual case studies and company-wide statistics.

8 Well-established issues need attention

Some issues, which have been a core part of RMI Report assessments over the last six years,
have consistently shown extremely weak results. These issues include for example:
• Disclosing financial surety arrangements for closure-related socio-economic liabilities;
• Disclosing financial assurance for disaster management and recovery;
• Tracking, and acting to improve, the quality of community-company relations;
• Assessing and addressing gender impacts in affected communities;
• Assessing and addressing mining-related impacts on health in affected communities; and
• Ensuring that workers’ salaries meet or exceed living wage levels.

These issues are clearly not registering with companies as priority elements of their ESG strategies.
While these issues are highly salient to the wellbeing of local mining-affected people, they are still
rarely addressed by external requirements or reporting frameworks, and seemingly not noted as
significant by ESG investors.

14 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 15

 Recommendations
The main objective of the RMI Reports is to encourage continuous improvement in responsible mining Track mine site action
with the aim that mining benefits the economies, improves the lives of peoples and respects the By tracking the extent to which corporate systems (guidelines, requirements, management standards,
environments of producing countries, while also benefiting companies in a fair and viable way. In order etc,) are being implemented across all mine sites, companies can more readily identify any gaps to be
to encourage continuous improvement industry-wide, the digital RMI Report includes a set of learning addressed.
tools that can be used by any mining company to inform its ESG efforts (see Annex for an introduction
to these learning tools).
Normalise social impact assessments
In addition, the findings of the RMI assessments over the last six years have shown the key Companies can extend beyond the regulatory requirements for impact assessment to regularly check
measures that companies can take to significantly improve their ability to meet society expectations. for any adverse impacts of their operations on, for example, the health of affected communities and
These measures are outlined here. the general wellbeing of both men and women in affected communities as well as specific stakeholder
groups (such as youth, children, persons with disabilities). Knowing of any adverse impacts will enable
companies to develop appropriate mitigation strategies.
Properly resource Sustainability departments
If company leadership is serious about ESG and Sustainability, these departments need to be
provided with the finances, people, agency and respect required to ensure effective management of Take systematic action on gender
ESG issues. In addition, companies can bring Sustainability into the C-suite for stronger governance, To meet society expectations on gender equality, companies can develop a strategic approach that
accountability and signalling. covers mining-related issues especially pertinent to women both in the workplace and in affected
communities.

Assign high-level responsibility for ESG performance

Companies can show their commitment to responsible practices by designating specific Board Set targets and share progress
members and senior executives as responsible and accountable for the companies’ ESG performance. Companies can show leadership and ensure more robust performance tracking by systematically
Remuneration of senior managers can integrate ESG criteria, which are publicly disclosed. setting targets for their management of each ESG issue. Publicly reporting their progress against
these targets on a regular basis demonstrates an open and trustworthy approach towards ESG
management.
Avoid harmful impacts
Companies can avoid harmful impacts by ensuring that ESG risk management systems are
implemented consistently across all operations and are addressing all salient risks relevant to specific Provide mine-site-disaggregated data
contexts and jurisdictions. See full set of recommendations in the report on Harmful Impacts of Mining. Rather than aggregating ESG data from their operations to show only company-wide statistics in their
public reporting, companies can more usefully provide the mine-site-specific data to meet the needs
of stakeholders including affected communities, workers, investors and others interested in site-level
Align with the SDGs risks and performances.
Companies can apply SDG-supportive practices consistently across their operations, learning from
the good practices of their peers and amplifying good examples from within their own portfolios.
Companies can avoid the risk of perceived SDG-washing by proactively reporting data on any negative Follow open data principles
impacts and explanations of mitigation measures, in addition to sharing positive contributions and To make their public reporting more meaningful and useful, companies can align their disclosures
success stories. See full set of recommendations in report on Mining and the SDGs. with the open data principles. This includes, for example, showing several years’ data in the same
document to enable comparisons over time, providing data as absolute numbers rather than relative
rates, providing contextual information alongside the data (such as highlighting where and when
Show, don’t just tell pollutant levels exceeded regulatory limits), and making data as up-to-date as possible.
Companies can publicly disclose full versions of their corporate commitments, management systems,
guidelines, and reports of initiatives such as reviews or gap analyses on specific ESG issues, without
risking release of sensitive information. Making these documents available, rather than just mentioning Use the RMI Framework
their existence, enables such corporate efforts to be recognised and allows other companies to learn Companies can make use of the RMI Framework as a guide for strengthening their ESG strategies.
from these models. The Framework offers practical guidance on the responsible measures companies can take, and the
kinds of evidence that companies can provide to demonstrate responsible practices.

16 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 17

 Overall results

18 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 19

 For full results, visit www.responsibleminingindex.org

Economic Development

EXAMPLES OF DETAILED RESULTS

Economic development indicators assess the extent to which companies are Collaborative R&D
taking steps to ensure that their activities catalyse broad-based economic For most of the indicators in this thematic area, a small number of companies demonstrate good practices,
development in producing countries, beyond the immediate vicinity of their mining providing models for other companies. This is the case for example on the issue of collaborative R&D.
One company, in this case Vale, performs well as it shows evidence of collaborating with producing country
operations. By addressing issues such as skills development and procurement at institutions on R&D for ESG issues in mining (see scoring spectrum below).
the national level, companies are more likely to be able to leave a positive legacy
in the countries where they operate – and help ensure a just transition in mining- A.03.1
dependent countries, in the context of climate change and the trend towards less B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO

labour-intensive mining. Collaborative planning of socio-economic development

There is very little evidence of companies considering national socio-economic development plans when
making their investment decisions in the countries where they operate. However, a handful of companies
The assessment results reveal that while many companies are addressing some aspects of these do show efforts to collaborate with sub-national (e.g., district or provincial) governments on socio-economic
wider economic development issues, comprehensive action is still largely missing. This is reflected development planning in producing countries (see score spectrum below). Most of the evidence is limited to
in the overall average of only 23%. However, collectively, the companies show that significant country-specific cases rather than company-wide systems; no company can demonstrate that it systematically
improvement is well within their reach. The Collective Best Score for this thematic area (i.e., the sum engages with sub-national governments on socio-economic development planning.
of the best scores seen across all indicators and across all companies) show that the companies
could already achieve a score of 81% by adopting the good practices demonstrated by their peers. A.01.2

0Bscore
C D E F G H Full
I Jscore
K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO

TRENDS

Economic Development results Consideration of wider economic development issues still not the norm
Overall, company performance in this thematic area has not changed much over the last three assessments
100% Society Expectations (covering companies’ public reporting in 2016-2021). The average score for Economic Development, 20% in
the RMI Report 2018, stands at 23% in this current report. A focus on national-level economic development
90% issues (as opposed to local-level economic benefits) is still the exception to the norm and there is practically
no evidence of companies considering supra-national issues in their socio-economic development planning
80% Collective Best Score or their procurement practices. The results are somewhat stronger on efforts to build the national skills base
and undertake collaborative R&D on mining-related ESG issues in producing countries.
70%

EXAMPLE OF LEADING PRACTICE

60%
Supporting national skills development
50% In 2019 ERG supported the launch of an ‘Atlas of New Professions’, a tool developed by the International
Labour Organization and the Russian Agency for Strategic Initiatives to identify and develop the most
40% critical professions for the future. ERG undertook the first pilot study using the Atlas methodology, which
led to a number of management actions including for example the decision to fund a new course at a local
30% college to train operators of unmanned aerial vehicles. ERG has since rolled out the same approach to all
its operations in Kazakhstan and plans to collaborate with the country’s Ministry of Education and Science
Average to adapt its recruitment and training practices and target its support to specialist educational institutions and
20%
qualifications.
10%

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20 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 21

 For full results, visit www.responsibleminingindex.org

Business Conduct

EXAMPLES OF DETAILED RESULTS

Business conduct indicators assess the extent to which companies have adopted Responsible sourcing
ethical business practices to ensure good corporate governance and transparency. Given the various industry and international initiatives on responsible sourcing, it is not surprising to see that
The basic measures, on issues such as bribery and corruption, accountability this is one of the issues on which company performance is relatively strong (see scoring spectrum below).
Companies score on average 43% on evidence of systems to assess human rights, labour and environmental
for ESG performance, and public disclosure of taxes and other payments, are risks associated with their supply chains.
fundamental to supporting good governance and the transparency of mineral
revenues. This is an area where regulations and external requirements are B.08.1

playing an increasingly important role and it is in companies' interests to be able B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO

to demonstrate proactive and concerted action. Contracts disclosure

For some years now, contract transparency has been widely regarded as key to responsible mineral
governance and accountability. Yet it is only recently that requirements have been put in place to mandate
Company performance on these basic issues is relatively high, with an average of 35% for this
public disclosure of mining contracts, by for example the EITI Standard that since 2021 requires implementing
thematic area (the highest among all thematic areas) and a Collective Best Score of 77%, indicating countries to disclose new or amended contracts. Company performances on this issue are currently very
that a score of this level is possible if companies adopt the good practices demonstrated by their peers. weak (see score spectrum below), with only a slight improvement seen over recent years. Two companies,
The strongest results are seen for commitments to prevent bribery and corruption – the vast majority of Orano and Rio Tinto, stand out as they publish contracts and agreements for some of their operations, in
companies have made formal public commitments on this issue. In contrast, the weakest results relate dedicated documents on their company websites. Progress is expected on this issue, as other companies
follow suit. ICMM companies, for example, have committed to publish, from 2021 onwards, all new or
to contracts disclosure; transparency of contracts is still very much the exception to the norm.
amended contracts.

B.03.1

0Bscore
C D E F G H I
Full Jscore
K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO

Business Conduct results

100% Society Expectations TRENDS
More companies are addressing these basic responsible business issues
90%
There has been considerable movement on some issues in this thematic area over the last three
assessments (covering companies’ public reporting in 2016-2021). For example, commitments to prohibit
80%
Collective Best Score all forms of bribery and corruption have become much more common. In the RMI Report 2018 only eight
companies showed evidence of having made a formal commitment on this issue with assigned responsibilities
70% and resources to operationalise the commitment. In this year’s assessment, some 21 companies have shown
similar evidence. And disclosure of payments to governments is gradually becoming more widespread. In the
60% RMI Report 2018, only eight companies publicly disclosed the payments made to national and sub-national
governments, including project-disaggregated data. This year’s assessment found 12 companies now making
50% such disclosures.

40%
Average EXAMPLE OF LEADING PRACTICE
30% Improving whistleblowing mechanism
Whistleblowing mechanism. In 2020, following its review of the effectiveness of its whistleblowing mechanism,
20%
AngloGold Ashanti rolled out refresher training for investigators of allegations received through this
mechanism. The training aimed to strengthen the whistleblowing investigations process and underline the
10% need for investigators to conduct their work with the highest level of integrity.

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Commitment Action Effectiveness

22 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 23

 For full results, visit www.responsibleminingindex.org

Lifecycle Management EXAMPLES OF DETAILED RESULTS

Planning for a just transition
Uneven performance levels are evident on the issue of planning for a just transition following closure of
a mining operation. While this is an issue that is getting increased attention, particularly in the context of
the energy transition and coal mine closures, it is clearly not yet standard practice. Only one company
can fully demonstrate that it has a system for developing post-closure transition management plans,
Lifecycle management indicators assess the extent to which companies are taking in collaboration with other actors (see scoring spectrum below).
a life-of-mine perspective to their management of economic, environmental, social,
and governance issues. Given that the lifespan of a mine can be decades long and C.05.2

the impacts of the mining activity can persist long after closure, it is critical for B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO

companies to adopt a lifecycle approach from the earliest stage possible to ensure Preparedness for pandemics
good post-closure outcomes for local communities, workers and environments. The Covid-19 pandemic has brought a sharp focus on the capability of companies to help mitigate the worst
impacts on workers and mining-affected communities. WHO has indicated for some time that the incidence
of epidemics is increasing, and companies can be expected to have protocols in place to ensure a rapid
The assessment results indicate that this is still an emerging issue for many companies. The overall
response if and when needed. Nonetheless company performances on pandemic preparedness are very
average result of 19% is one of the weakest among all thematic areas. Performance levels are very weak. Beyond evidence of specific measures taken to reduce the impact of Covid-19 in their workforce and
uneven, with one company, Anglo American, showing considerably stronger results than its peers. within mining-affected communities, barely any companies could show they have established pre-existing
Collectively the companies have shown that significant improvement is within their reach, if they adopt systems to respond to pandemics or outbreaks of high-burden diseases relevant to their operations (see
the good practices demonstrated by their peers (as shown by the Collective Best Score of 73% – scoring spectrum below). One company, Rio Tinto, shows evidence of a management standard for addressing
health impacts associated with outbreaks of vector-borne and infectious diseases, such as malaria, HIV/AIDS
the sum of all best scores seen across all Lifecycle Management indicators).
and tuberculosis.

C.03.2
B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO
0 score Full score

TRENDS
Small pockets of progress on lifecycle management
Lifecycle Management results
Public recognition of the need for a lifecycle approach has been gradually growing among mining companies.
100% Society Expectations Average scores on formal commitments to adopt such an approach have increased by 33% since the RMI
Report 2018. Beyond this commitment, there has been little sign of progress on most issues, such as tracking
90% progressive rehabilitation or integrating ESG issues in decision-making related to mergers, acquisitions and
disposals. Nonetheless slight improvements have been seen in post-closure planning that considers the
80%
impacts on affected communities. While performances are generally low, seven companies now score 75%
or more on this issue (no companies achieved this score in the RMI Report 2018).
Collective Best Score
70%

EXAMPLE OF LEADING PRACTICE

60%
Social aspects of mine closure
50% Mine closure. Buenaventura is one of a handful of companies to show evidence of a mine closure
management standard that integrates social issues into the requirements in a detailed and specific manner.
40% The 2020 standard (in the form of a detailed manual) requires operations to assess, at the earliest possible
stage, the socio-economic impacts of closure on affected communities and to undertake a participatory
30% process to plan for the mitigation of these impacts. As well as detailing the mitigation measures to consider
(such as job retraining or entrepreneurship skills development), the standard requires targets to be set for
social closure objectives to assist later tracking.
20% Average

10%
LINK TO MINE-SITE ACTION

0% Collaborative post-closure planning

The mine site assessment, which covers 250 mine sites, found very little evidence of companies keeping
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affected communities informed of the closure timeframe and of involving affected communities in post-closure
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planning. Only two of the 250 mine sites could fully demonstrate action on these issues, despite the fact that
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eight of the 40 companies have formal management systems that require collaborative post-closure planning
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with affected communities.

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Commitment Action Effectiveness

24 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 25

 For full results, visit www.responsibleminingindex.org

Community Wellbeing EXAMPLES OF DETAILED RESULTS

Impacts of resettlement
One issue for which there is relatively widespread evidence is the management of impacts related to
involuntary displacement. Most companies show some degree of measures to assess and address
the impacts of such displacement in collaboration with those affected (see scoring spectrum below).
Community wellbeing indicators assess the extent to which companies are taking
D.10.1
measures to show respect for mining-affected communities and other groups.
The issues covered include for example human rights, stakeholder engagement, B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO

local economic benefits, and risk assessment. The social performance of Community health
companies is of critical importance to the prevention of harmful impacts and to Mining activities can impact community health in various ways, such as through exposure to noise from
blasting or contaminants in air, water or soil. While corporate reporting on community health tends to focus
the maintenance of a stable context for mining activities. on the positive support provided to the health sector in producing countries, the assessment results show a
generalised lack of attention to potential impacts on local communities’ health. Only a small minority of the
Community wellbeing shows the lowest overall average of all thematic areas, at only 18%. assessed companies can demonstrate they are assessing their impacts on community health and developing
This may seem surprising given the level of community development activities that companies plans to address these impacts (see scoring spectrum below). And no company provides evidence of tracking
typically undertake. However, many of these activities can be best categorised as philanthropic-type the implementation of plans to address these impacts.
initiatives, whereas the assessment here focuses on the extent to which companies are systematically
addressing socio-economic impacts, both positive and negative. Nonetheless, collectively the D.01.1
companies have demonstrated that significant improvement in this thematic area is well within their B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO
0 score Full score
reach. The best scores seen across all indicators show that the companies could already achieve a
score of 66% by adopting the good practices demonstrated by their peers (as shown by the Collective
Best Score on the chart – the sum of all best scores seen across all Community Wellbeing indicators). TRENDS
Some improvements, but community wellbeing still weakest area
This year again, community wellbeing is the thematic area with the weakest performances overall.
Nonetheless, progress has been noted on several issues. Human rights due diligence, for example, is
becoming a more widespread practice – company performances have improved from a 22% average in the
RMI Report 2018 to a 28% average in this current report. And companies are increasingly showing evidence
Community Wellbeing results of having protocols in place to assess and address the potential impacts of any resettlement – average results
have increased from 27% in the RMI Report 2018 to 38% in this current report.
100% Society Expectations

90%
EXAMPLE OF LEADING PRACTICE

80% Supporting women farmers

Supporting women farmers. OCP Group runs support activities for women farmers in Morocco, providing
70% technical support and training for individual farmers as well as professional women working in agricultural
Collective Best Score cooperatives. Capacity building covers technical, business, and soft skills development. These agricultural
60% support activities are part of the company’s broader community development programme, Act4Community,
under which each employee can dedicate four paid weeks per year to volunteering for community-based
entrepreneurship and sociocultural initiatives.
50%

40%
LINK TO MINE-SITE ACTION

30% Local procurement

Local procurement is one of the key ways in which companies can generate economic benefit for mining-
20%
Average affected communities and regions. Most companies demonstrate some level of effort to develop local
procurement opportunities, and a few formal management systems on local procurement are in evidence.
10% However, for 70% of the 250 mine sites, no public domain data was found on their local procurement spend.
Only a few companies provide mine-site-level data on local procurement covering all their operations.
0%
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Commitment Action Effectiveness

26 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 27

 For full results, visit www.responsibleminingindex.org

Working Conditions EXAMPLES OF DETAILED RESULTS

Child labour and forced labour
Most companies can show that they assess the risk of child labour and forced labour in their operations
or supply chains, and develop plans to address this risk. However only a handful of companies can
demonstrate that they are tracking the implementation of these plans, information that is important not only
for accountability but also for the companies’ continuous improvement efforts. Here legislation is having an
Working conditions indicators assess the extent to which companies are ensuring impact as those companies subject to Modern Slavery regulations tend to perform better than their peers.
a safe and healthy workplace, respect for workers’ rights, and the elimination of The overall results on this issue are quite mixed, because of this widespread lack of implementation tracking
unfair or abusive labour practices. Many of the issues assessed are embedded in (see scoring spectrum below).

international labour standards, as set out in ILO Conventions, and have been long E.02.1
recognised as essential elements of responsible mining.
B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO

Living wage
The assessment results show that while the overall average performance is only 30%, the companies
could already achieve a score of 74% by adopting the good practices demonstrated by their peers While mining salaries may often be assumed to be relatively high compared to local wages in many producing
countries, it is important for companies to verify that all their workers are being paid a decent wage.
(as shown by the Collective Best Score on the chart – the sum of all best scores seen across all The assessment shows that this is rarely done. No company can fully demonstrate that it is tracking,
Working Conditions indicators). The strongest performance relates to the formal commitments, made disclosing and reviewing worker wages against living wage standards, although slight movement has been
by the vast majority of companies, to provide safe and healthy working conditions. Safety is obviously seen over the last few years. A couple of companies are now showing some evidence of having conducted
a major challenge for mining companies, as underscored by the 507 worker deaths reported by living wage assessments.
these 40 companies in the two most recent reporting years, 2019 and 2021 (this figure includes the
242 workers who died in the Brumadinho tailings dam failure in Brazil in January 2019). On other E.05.1
issues, such as the prevention of discriminatory practices or the use of child labour and forced labour, 0Bscore
C D E F G H Full
I Jscore
K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO
company performances are very mixed with one or two companies providing good practice models
for their peers.
TRENDS
Improvements on some aspects of working conditions
Beyond continued progress on the number of companies with formal and operational commitments to provide
Working Conditions results safe and healthy working conditions, there has been little movement on most of the issues covered in this
thematic area. The two main exceptions are: (1) public reporting of fatalities, serious injuries and incidents,
100% Society Expectations
an issue on which company performances have improved by 25% over the last two years; and (2) measures
to ensure non-discriminatory recruitment and employment practices – company performances on this issue
90% have improved by nearly 90% over the last two years, although the average result across all companies is still
under 30%.
80%

Collective Best Score

70% EXAMPLE OF LEADING PRACTICE
Supporting diversity in recruitment
60%
In 2020 Newmont analysed the outcomes and impacts of a 15-month trial of specific interventions to improve
50%
diversity through its recruitment process. The trial tested whether approaches such as blind resumes, more
inclusive language in job advertisements, ensuring diverse hiring pools and diverse interview panels, could
counter unconscious biases within the recruitment process. The findings were positive, and Newmont has
40%
begun implementing them across the business.

30% Average
LINK TO MINE-SITE ACTION
20%
Reporting of worker fatalities
10% The public reporting of fatalities and serious injuries and incidents is becoming the norm, with companies
scoring on average 65% on this issue. However, in most cases safety data is limited to aggregated, company-
0% wide statistics with little or no information on the locations of these harmful impacts. This is underlined by the
mine-site assessment results which show that information on employee fatalities is not available for over 60%
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of the 250 mine sites. Mine-site data on contract worker fatalities is even less common, although statistics
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show that contract workers are generally exposed to greater safety risks than employees. Tellingly, one
An CO

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company noted that nearly 90% of the injuries and fatalities within its workforce concerned contract workers.
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Commitment Action Effectiveness

28 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 29

 For full results, visit www.responsibleminingindex.org

Environmental Responsibility EXAMPLES OF DETAILED RESULTS

Deep-sea mining
Commitments to prevent impacts on marine environments show striking contrasts. Most companies have
publicly committed to respect marine (and wetland and terrestrial) protected areas, yet only a few companies
have publicly committed not to use marine (or riverine or lake) disposal of tailings. And only one company,
OCP Group, has publicly committed not to engage in deep seabed exploration or mining (see scoring
Environmental responsibility indicators assess the extent to which companies spectrum below).
have put in place systematic measures to prevent, avoid and mitigate the impact
of their operations on natural resources, biodiversity and ecosystems. Many of the F.05.1.c
topics assessed, such as impact assessment, tailings safety, the use of hazardous B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO

materials, and the management of water quality and quantity, are compliance Water management
issues for mining companies, covered by regulations as well as industry standards While mining can adversely affect both water quality and quantity, companies show marked differences in
and reporting frameworks, so companies can be expected to be able how they address these two issues (see scoring spectra below). Companies score on average 28% on
tracking, reporting and acting to reduce their water consumption, but an average of only 8% on tracking,
to demonstrate responsible and transparent practices in this thematic area. reporting and acting to reduce their impacts on water quality downstream of their operations.

Water quantity
The assessment results show that while the overall average performance is only 29%, the companies
could already achieve a score of 69% by adopting the good practices demonstrated by their peers F.03.2
(as shown by the Collective Best Score on the chart – the sum of all best scores seen across all
B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO
Environmental Responsibility indicators). Some environmental issues are evidently getting much Water quality
more attention than others. Action and disclosure on tailings safety is of course a material topic for
companies, given the recent disasters and the industry- and investor-led initiatives on tailings, and F.03.3
there is widespread evidence of companies disclosing information about the location and safety of B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO
their tailings storage facilities. In contrast, action is much less evident on issues such as water quality 0 score Full score
or noise and vibration in and around mining operations.

TRENDS
Environmental Responsibility results
Scarcely any movement on environmentally responsible practices
100% Society Expectations There have been barely any significant shifts in average performances in this thematic area. Very small
improvements are seen on a few issues, such as commitments to manage environmental impacts based on
90% a mitigation hierarchy approach, or performance monitoring on the management of biodiversity impacts.
The strongest performances are seen on the disclosure of tailings-related information – disclosures driven by
80% the investor-led initiative on tailings safety. There has been a very small improvement on this issue over the
last two years.
70% Collective Best Score

60% EXAMPLE OF LEADING PRACTICE

Tailings safety
50%
Glencore is implementing a satellite monitoring program for more than half of its TSFs, prioritising those
with most severe consequences expected in case of failure. The satellite monitoring measures the TSFs’
40% surface movements every 11 days. The results are made available for rapid decision-making in the event
of unexpected movements and for independent oversight by auditors of TSF safety.
30% Average

20% LINK TO MINE-SITE ACTION

Water quality data
10%
Public reporting on water quality shows a similar pattern to that seen for fatality reporting. Companies that do
track and disclose data on water quality downstream of their operations generally provide only aggregated,
0%
company-wide statistics. It is rare to find detailed data, from specific monitoring points in the vicinity of
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mining operations – information that is of key importance to populations living near mine sites. The mine site
on

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assessment shows that 39 of the 250 mine sites provide this detailed data and two companies, Coal India and
al
Am

V
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Polymetal, stand out as they make this data available for all their assessed mine sites. More commonly, those
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companies that report mine-site data on water quality do so for only some of their mine sites, presumably
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because of regulations or requirements linked to these particular operations.

Commitment Action Effectiveness

30 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 31

 For full results, visit www.responsibleminingindex.org

Human Rights EXAMPLES OF DETAILED RESULTS

FPIC
The assessment results reveal that while a few companies have made formal commitments to respect the
rights of Indigenous Peoples to FPIC, none have extended this commitment to other affected people (see
scoring spectrum below). Indeed, this is one of the lowest-scoring commitment indicators in the assessment.
Human rights indicators assess the extent to which companies are assessing and
D.09.1
addressing the risks of human rights violations from their own activities or those of
their supply chain partners. The topics covered by this transversal issue include
B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO

for example, labour rights, Indigenous Peoples’ rights, and the rights of affected Human rights defenders
communities and groups to access natural resources such as water and land. Mining is one of the deadliest sectors for human and land rights defenders and companies can be expected
The responsibility of companies, to respect human rights and provide for remedy to promote respect for defenders. A few companies – Anglo American, Glencore, Newmont and Teck – have
taken the step of establishing formal commitments to respect the rights of human and land defenders. (Anglo
where rights are violated, is well established with ten years since the adoption of American has also reported plans to develop a protocol for the protection of human rights defenders, following
the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. engagement with relevant NGOs.) These commitments have been put in place over the last couple of years,
providing models for other companies to follow. While a few other companies have publicly stated that they
would not tolerate threats against defenders, so far none of the other assessed companies have made formal
commitments to respect defenders’ rights.
The assessment results show that overall performance on human rights issues is low, with an average
score of only 22%. Encouragingly, about one-quarter of the companies score 75% or more on their
D.01.4
measures to assess and address specific risks related to issues such as water rights, Indigenous
Peoples’ rights, land rights, workers’ rights, or child labour. However, no company shows systematic 0Bscore
C D E
F G H I
Full J K
score L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO

action on all these issues and there is virtually no evidence of measures on a number of other
issues such as efforts to ensure the right of workers to a living wage or efforts to track and improve
the performance of grievance mechanisms. If companies were to adopt the good practices already TRENDS
demonstrated by their peers, they would achieve a score of 70% (noted on the chart as the Collective Gradual improvements on several fronts, overall performance still low
Best Score). Evidence of policies and practices on human rights has increased steadily over the last three assessments
(covering companies’ public reporting in 2016-2021). All but one of the 40 companies now refers to human
rights somewhere in their public reporting and 70% of the companies have made formal commitments to
Human Rights results respect human rights, in accordance with the UN Guiding Principles on Business & Human Rights. The use of
human rights due diligence is increasing, but from a low base – companies now score on average 28% on this
100% Society Expectations
issue. Significant improvements are also seen on some specific issues, including for example the existence of
corporate systems to respect the rights of Indigenous Peoples.
90%

80%
EXAMPLE OF LEADING PRACTICE

70% Collective Best Score

Transparency of worker grievance mechanisms
CODELCO and Polymetal are among the very few companies to provide mine-site-disaggregated data on
60% the functioning and uptake of their worker grievance mechanisms. Both companies report for each mine
site the number and types of grievances raised – for example, on safety issues, living conditions, or sexual
50%
harassment. CODELCO provides further information on the outcomes of the investigations of grievances
(including for example the numbers of allegations that were confirmed, rejected or dismissed due to lack
of evidence).
40%

30%
LINK TO MINE-SITE ACTION

20%
Average Community grievance mechanisms
Companies can build trust in their community grievance mechanisms by disclosing information on how these
10% mechanisms are being used: the issues raised, any actions taken and any remedy provided. Companies
score an average of 30% on tracking and publicly reporting company-wide information on these aspects of
0% their community grievance mechanisms, and 12 of the 40 companies disclose no such information. Mine-site-
level information on community grievance mechanisms is considerably rarer. Only 12% of the 250 assessed
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mine sites disclose data on the number and types of grievances registered through these mechanisms.
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32 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 33

 Harm prevention
For full results, visit www.responsibleminingindex.org

Harm Prevention EXAMPLES OF DETAILED RESULTS

Board and senior management responsibility
As a necessary step towards a company-wide focus on harm prevention, responsibility for ESG issues
needs to be assigned to senior members of the company’s governance and leadership teams. The results
on this issue are very mixed, with very few companies being able to show that responsibility for sound ESG
management has been assigned to individual Board members and senior managers, that competency
The Harm Prevention indicators assess the extent to which companies have put requirements have been set for these positions, and that those occupying the positions are held accountable
in place ESG risk management systems to prevent their operations or business for ESG performance.
relationships causing, or contributing to, harm to people or environments. A lack of
B.02.1
adequate risk management measures is by far the most common cause of mining-
related harmful impacts, as evidenced by a recent RMF report on the subject. B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO

Preventing human rights abuses by security providers

The topics covered by this transversal issue include for example, emergency
While security providers employed or hired by mining companies can help maintain stability and safeguard
preparedness and planning, rehabilitation, human rights due diligence, and efforts the rule of law at mine sites, there is a risk that a lack of awareness and understanding of human rights may
to minimise ESG impacts related to resettlement, health and safety, water quality lead to rights violations by these service providers. Mining companies can be expected to demonstrate that
they are taking steps to minimise such risks. The assessment results show that only a couple of companies
and quantity, resettlement, etc. can fully show that they systematically review the background of security providers to ensure they do not
engage individuals who have been implicated in human rights abuses in the past.
The assessment results show that there is limited evidence of such prevention measures, with
an average score of only 19%. However, the best scores seen across all Harm Prevention metric D.02.1.a
questions show that the companies could already achieve a score of 67% by adopting the good
0Bscore
C D E F G H Full
I Jscore
K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO
practices demonstrated by their peers.

TRENDS
Progress on risks from business decisions, not from operations’ impacts
Significant progress has been made on integrating the consideration of ESG risks into business decisions.
For example, the average performance levels have more than doubled, to 43%, on the issue of assessing
Harm Prevention results human rights, labour and environmental risks associated with companies’ supply chains. However, there
is much less evidence of progress on efforts to assess and address ESG risks within companies’ own
100% Society Expectations operations. While the use of human rights due diligence is starting to become more widespread, there is still
barely any evidence of corporate measures to ensure that operations assess specific risks they may pose to
90% community health, to women, or to land access for local communities.

80%
EXAMPLE OF LEADING PRACTICE
70% Managing land-use impacts
Collective Best Score
AngloGold Ashanti has developed management standards to assess and address its impacts on land use
60% and land access. The standards require operations to regularly identify areas that are no longer required for
operational activities, which can be made available for progressive (concurrent) rehabilitation. Operations
50% are also required to develop post-mining land-use objectives in consultation with affected communities and
government authorities.
40%

30% LINK TO MINE-SITE ACTION

Engaging local stakeholders in emergency planning
20% Average While nearly all companies can demonstrate that they require their operations to develop emergency
preparedness and response plans, less than half of the companies can show they require operations to
10%
engage with local stakeholders in the design and testing of emergency response plans. Without such
engagement, there is a real risk that the plans will be ineffective in protecting local communities and other
0% affected groups. This apparent lack of attention to local engagement is underscored by the mine-site
assessment results. Only two mine sites show evidence of having involved local communities in the testing
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communities of what to do in the case of a mining-related emergency.

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34 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 35

 For full results, visit www.responsibleminingindex.org

Gender EXAMPLES OF DETAILED RESULTS

Sexual harassment and assault
Evidence is very limited on corporate measures to protect women workers from intimidation, sexual
harassment and gender-based violence (see scoring spectrum below). This is a major gap in companies’
harm prevention strategies, particularly as these risks have been shown to be commonplace in mining
workplaces (see for example evidence in RMF’s recent report on Harmful Impacts of Mining).
Gender indicators assess the extent to which companies are addressing gender
equality issues through targeted measures at different levels: in their governance E.01.3
and leadership structures, in their workforce and in affected communities around B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO
their mine sites. As is now widely recognised, women are often at a disadvantage
compared to men in accessing the benefits of mining (e.g., through employment Gender impact assessments
There is very little evidence of companies having systems to regularly assess the impacts of their operations
and business support) and in being exposed to negative impacts of mining on women in mining-affected communities, despite the many reports and webinars on gender impacts of
(such as sexual harassment and assault). Companies can be expected to mining and the guidance available on gender impact assessments in mining. Only three companies make
demonstrate that they are addressing risks borne disproportionately by women even minimal reference to including gender aspects in social impact assessments (see scoring spectrum
below) and no evidence was seen of gender impact assessments having taken place.
and supporting equal opportunity in labour practices and local benefit-sharing.
D.04.3
The gender-related results show that this is the transversal issue with the weakest performance
0Bscore
C D E F G H Full
I Jscore
K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO
overall, with an average score of only 11%. There is not only a lack of evidence of systematic
measures on gender equality, but also very limited evidence of any action on gender, even on an
ad hoc basis. Gender-aware practices still lag far behind the global narrative on gender in mining. TRENDS
However, collectively, the companies show that significant improvement is well within their reach. Very limited progress on gender equality issues
The best scores seen across all metric questions show that the companies could already achieve
As in previous assessments, there is very little evidence of companies taking action on gender equality either
a score of 66% by adopting the good practices demonstrated by their peers. within their workforce or in the context of mining-affected communities. The overall average performance
increased by only two percentage points over the last two years. The one topic where performance has
increased significantly is on ensuring gender balance within Boards of Directors and senior management
teams; most companies show some level of effort to improve gender balance within their leadership and
Gender results governance structures and the 40 companies average 18% on this issue. In contrast, only a minority of
companies show evidence of measures to ensure women have access to local procurement support
100% Society Expectations programmes or to protect women workers from gender-based violence.

90%

EXAMPLE OF LEADING PRACTICE

80%
Gender-appropriate PPE
70% BHP has been working with its main supplier to redesign PPE and workwear to ensure it is fit-for-purpose for
Collective Best Score all workers, including women. The supplier undertook a series of consultations across all of BHP’s Australian
operations to discuss improvements required to the clothing range. A maternity wear workshop was held
60%
to hear from pregnant women workers about necessary modifications to the existing clothing range. In all,
72 changes and improvements have been made so far to accommodate the needs of women workers, for
50%
example to the size of socks and female boots and the size and weight of helmets, garments and headlamps.

40%

LINK TO MINE-SITE ACTION

30%
Link to mine-site action
20% Gender issues are integrated in the mine-site assessment, with nearly all of the 15 topics including a gender-
specific question. The results on these questions are extremely low, with virtually no evidence of operating
10% Average companies taking action to, for example, involve women from affected communities in the development of
local procurement programmes or in discussions on managing access to shared water resources. Similarly
on workplace issues, there was very scant evidence of operating companies ensuring women workers
0%
have access to fit-for-purpose PPE or separate and safe sanitation facilities, and practically no evidence of
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programmes to protect women workers from sexual harassment and gender-based violence. No more than a
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handful of mine sites demonstrate any level of action on these basic issues.
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36 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 37

 Climate change
For full results, visit www.responsibleminingindex.org

Climate Change EXAMPLES OF DETAILED RESULTS

Tailings safety
Despite the strong evidence that climate change is increasing the risk of tailings dam failures, companies show
very mixed results on ensuring effective management of their TSF risks. Only a handful of the companies
show any evidence of having conducted third-party audits or reviews on the effectiveness of their measures to
address potential risks related to their tailings facilities, including seepage and tailings dam failure.
The Climate Change indicators assess the extent to which mining companies are
working to reduce their overall impact on climate change (including Scope 1, 2 F.02.3.b
and 3 emissions) and address climate-related issues such as water, biodiversity, B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO
health, and tailings safety. Another important topic assessed is the extent to which
companies are addressing how climate change can exacerbate any negative Performance tracking on greenhouse gas emissions
Public reporting on greenhouse gas emissions has become standard practice. Nearly all of the assessed
impacts of their activities on local communities, workers and environments.
companies publicly disclose at least some data on their emissions and 14 companies track and report on
Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions against reduction targets (see scoring spectrum below). However, companies
The assessment results show that broad-based action on climate is by no means the norm. The overall show much less evidence of having reviewed the effectiveness of their emissions reduction measures
performance averages at only 20%, and many companies’ climate-related results are limited largely and having taken actions to improve their performance on this issue, scoring an average of 7% on these
to tracking and reporting of their emissions data. The evidence of action on other climate-related continuous improvement efforts.
issues such as water, tailings safety, health and biodiversity, is generally weak. At the same time,
the companies have collectively shown that significant improvement is within their reach if they adopt F.06.3.a
the good practices demonstrated by their peers, as shown by the Collective Best Score of 68%.
0Bscore
C D E
F G H I
Full J K
score L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO

TRENDS
Still a narrow focus for climate action
While more companies are now tracking and reporting on their greenhouse gas emissions, including most
recently Scope 3 emissions, evidence is still very weak on other measures to address climate-related issues.
For example while many companies are assessing climate change risks to their operations, there has been no
improvement in the extent of companies’ efforts to assess and address how climate change may exacerbate
Climate Change results their operations’ impacts on communities, workers or the environment. Indeed, there is virtually no evidence
of such risk assessment taking place; companies score an average of only 5% on this issue.
100% Society Expectations

90%
EXAMPLE OF LEADING PRACTICE

80% Assessing climate risks beyond the business

Gold Fields is one of the few companies that demonstrates a broader perspective in its climate risk analysis.
70% The company’s 2020 Climate Change report mentions risks not only to its business but also to local
Collective Best Score
communities and workers, citing for example increased vulnerability to disease and water insecurity. The CEO
60% has publicly stated that “A key consideration for all our future strategies will be to address the impact of the
rapidly changing climate on our business, our employees, our host communities and the natural environment
50%
in which we operate.”

40%
LINK TO MINE-SITE ACTION

30% Climate-critical mine sites

Over 60% of the 250 assessed mine sites produce minerals essential for the energy transition. These climate-
20% Average critical mine sites perform no better than the other assessed sites, which fail to demonstrate respect for local
stakeholders, scoring an average of only 9% on informing and engaging with communities and workers on
10% basic issues such as environmental impacts, local content, safety, and grievances. This raises serious
concerns over how the much-needed switch to renewables can live up to its ‘green’ label. It is vitally important
0%
that the increased demand for transition minerals does not translate into increased harm for mining-affected
people and environments.
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38 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 39

 Mine site results

40 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 41

 For full results, visit https://2022.responsibleminingindex.org/en/mine-sites-results

Mine site results

Many aspects of responsible mining are local and mine-site specific, including for example the Positive signs. It is encouraging to see some Table 2 Mine Site Scores
management of environmental matters, health and safety, and engagement with communities and progress on a few mine-site-specific issues
workers. One of the challenges that companies face is to ensure that corporate-level ESG policies that had been left unaddressed for many Average mine site
Companies
and standards are implemented across their operations, for consistent and effective performance. To years, such as ensuring a decent living wage score
oversee and verify this, Board members and senior executives need mine-site-disaggregated ESG to all workers or disclosing the exact location Polymetal 24%
data. The same locally-specific data is important for local stakeholders who risk exposure to harmful of tailings facilities. On other issues, such as Glencore 20%
impacts, and for investors who need to know about asset-level risks. involving communities in discussions on closure OCP Group 19%
planning or in decisions on water management, CODELCO 16%
Results weak overall. The mine-site assessment reveals that the vast majority of the 250 assessed one or two mine sites are demonstrating good Teck 16%
sites across 53 countries cannot demonstrate that they are publicly reporting, or engaging with practice that can be adopted more widely. A few Orano 16%
communities and workers, on basic ESG risk factors and public interest issues. Indeed, some 97% examples of mine-site leading practices are
BHP 14%
of the 250 mine sites score an average of less than 25% on the assessment – meaning they show outlined on page 53.
Newmont 13%
little evidence of disclosure and engagement on issues such as local procurement, air and water
MMG 13%
management, occupational health and safety, Transparency builds trust. There is much
and grievances. This generalised lack of mine- scope for companies to improve their public Freeport-McMoRan 13%
site evidence has been a consistent finding A note on the mine-site assessment reporting of mine-site-disaggregated data AngloGold Ashanti 12%
across the RMI reports for 2018, 2020, and on these basic ESG issues. Companies that Gold Fields 12%
2022. In addition to the company-wide indicators, the already have internal reporting mechanisms Rio Tinto 12%
RMI assessment also includes a smaller set of to collect site-specific ESG data for their Anglo American 11%
Gender issues neglected. Evidence is very indicators to assess mine-site level actions and corporate reporting can readily strengthen Vale 11%
weak on gender-aware practices at mine-site disclosures, based on the fifteen basic indicators their transparency by making public the site- Newcrest 10%
level, such as disclosing gender-disaggregated included in the Mine Site Assessment Tool. disaggregated data rather than providing only
Barrick 10%
employment data, ensuring women in affected corporate-level aggregate figures. Local-level
Buenaventura 9%
communities can participate in discussions Although not included in the corporate-level data and evidence of action will not only improve
and decision-making, and protecting women results, these mine-site indicators help to assess accountability but will also help companies to Coal India 9%
workers from sexual harassment and assault. the extent to which companies are consistently show respect for the interests and concerns of Bumi Resources 7%
Some 86% of the mine sites show no evidence sharing disaggregated information and engaging mining-affected stakeholders and demonstrate Antofagasta 7%
on any of the 14 gender-related issues, and only with local stakeholders on public interest issues good risk management to investors and Grupo México 7%
two sites score an average of more than 25%. across their operations. financiers. Nordgold 7%
Vedanta Resources 6%
Energy transition: on a responsible A total of 250 mine sites are included in the The average mine-site scores achieved by all Banpu 6%
foundation? Over 60% of the assessed mine assessment, approximately six or seven sites assessed companies are ranked in Table 2. First Quantum 6%
sites produce energy transition commodities. per company, across 53 producing countries.
NMDC 5%
These sites show the same overall low level The mine site results per indicator are shown
ArcelorMittal 5%
of performance as the rest of the sample. A gender component is integrated across 14 overleaf.
While operations underpinning the energy of the 15 mine-site indicators – with metrics on Peñoles 5%
transition cannot demonstrate responsible inclusive decision-making processes and the Boliden 5%
and transparent action on basic ESG issues, specific needs of women workers and women in Exxaro 4%
it will be difficult for the industry to show that affected communities. Sibanye-Stillwater 3%
the transition-led demand for more minerals Zijin 3%
will be achieved through responsible mining. The mine-site assessment covers the same Evraz 3%
Renewable energy supply chain actors, and timeframe as the company-wide assessment: KGHM 2%
indeed society as a whole, need to be able to mid-2019 to mid-2021, and is similarly based on Fortescue 2%
see demonstrable mine-site action on issues public domain data. Research was conducted in
ERG 1%
such as air and water quality or emergency multiple languages (Chinese, English, French,
Navoi MMC 1%
planning to avoid the real risk that the energy Indonesian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, and
transition will result in more harm to local Swedish). China Shenhua 1%
stakeholders and environments. RUSAL 0%

42 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 43

 Mine site results per indicator

These charts show the results for each mine-site indicator, Full score 4
across the 251 mine sites (each dot representing one mine site). 3,5
The majority of mine sites score zero for most of the indicators, 3
as shown by the grey dots. This reflects the fact that most mining
2,5
operations cannot demonstrate that they are publicly reporting or
engaging with communities and workers on these important issues.
2
1,5
1
0,5
0 score 0

Exception Exeption
Tailings Safety of Communities Community Complaints &
Grievances

Local Employment
MS.01 Local Procurement
MS.02 AirMS.03
Quality Safety & Health of Workers Women Workers Workplace Deaths & Injuries

Water Quality
MS.04 Water Quantity
MS.05 Rehabilitation & Training of Workers Decent Living Wage Worker Complaints &
Post-Closure Grievances

44 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 45

 Leading practices

46 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 47

 Leading practices
Economic Development Lifecycle Management (continued)

Supporting national skills development Social aspects of mine closure

In 2019 ERG supported the launch of an ‘Atlas of New Professions’, a tool developed by the Buenaventura is one of a handful of companies to show evidence of a mine closure management
International Labour Organization and the Russian Agency for Strategic Initiatives to identify standard that integrates social issues into the requirements. The 2020 standard (in the form of a
and develop the most critical professions for the future. ERG undertook the first pilot study using detailed manual) requires operations to assess, at the earliest possible stage, the socio-economic
the Atlas methodology, which led to a number of management actions including for example the impacts of closure on affected communities and to undertake a participatory process to plan for the
decision to fund a new course at a local college to train operators of unmanned aerial vehicles. mitigation of these impacts. As well as detailing the mitigation measures to consider (such as job
ERG has since rolled out the same approach to all its operations in Kazakhstan and plans to retraining or entrepreneurship skills development), the standard requires targets to be set for social
collaborate with the country’s Ministry of Education and Science to adapt its recruitment and closure objectives to assist later tracking.
training practices and target its support to specialist educational institutions and qualifications.
ESG issues in mergers, acquisitions and disposals
Vedanta has developed a management standard for the integration of ESG considerations into
decisions around acquisitions, divestments and Joint Venture arrangements. The standard
Business Conduct requires due diligence around ESG-related liabilities, such as health and safety, water, biodiversity,
greenhouse gas emissions, human rights, and cultural heritage. A detailed checklist of specific
Improving whistleblowing mechanism issues is provided and a process is established for identifying and assessing these liabilities and
In 2020, following its review of the effectiveness of its whistleblowing mechanism, AngloGold incorporating them into the decision-making including, as one possible option, the identification of
Ashanti rolled out refresher training for investigators of allegations received through this ‘deal breaking’ liabilities.
mechanism. The training aimed to strengthen the whistleblowing investigations process and
underline the need for investigators to conduct their work with the highest level of integrity.
Community Wellbeing
Contract disclosure
Rio Tinto makes publicly available, on its company website, the contracts for some of its
operations. The company publishes copies of the original agreements and provides a summary Supporting women farmers
table showing the term and party for each contract. Orano provides links on its company website to OCP Group runs support activities for women farmers in Morocco, providing technical support and
contracts, licences, permits and other agreements for some of its operations. training for individual farmers as well as professional women working in agricultural cooperatives.
Capacity building covers technical, business, and soft skills development. These agricultural
support activities are part of the company’s broader community development programme,
Act4Community, under which each employee can dedicate four paid weeks per year to
Lifecycle Management volunteering for community-based entrepreneurship and sociocultural initiatives.

Circular materials management Managing land-use impacts

Teck has taken extensive measures to reduce waste and improve the recycling of materials used AngloGold Ashanti has developed management standards to assess and address its impacts on
in its mining operations. The company has set an overall target of zero industrial waste disposal land use and land access. The standards require operations to regularly identify areas that are no
by 2040, with an objective to set site-based goals for industrial waste reduction following site-level longer required for operational activities, which can be made available for progressive (concurrent)
inventories and plans, established by 2025, to turn waste into useful and appropriate products. In rehabilitation. Operations are also required to develop post-mining land-use objectives in
addition, the company’s Material Stewardship Committee oversees its work to reduce the waste consultation with affected communities and government authorities.
associated with its own products, commissioning and conducting customer assessments on the
safe use and circular management of these products. Assessing impacts on community health
Anglo American’s Social Way Toolkit (updated in 2020) requires all operations to conduct Health
Infectious disease control Impact Assessments (HIA). It defines a HIA as a combination of procedures, methods and tools
Rio Tinto has developed a management standard for addressing health impacts associated with that systematically assess the (potential) impacts of site activities on the health of a population,
outbreaks of vector-borne and infectious diseases, such as malaria, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. the distribution of impacts within the population, and appropriate actions to manage such impacts.
The standard sets out requirements for operations to undertake risk assessments and measures Where potential and/or actual mining-related impacts and risks are significant, it requires sites to
to prevent and manage these diseases to protect workers and, for some diseases, their families. develop a Management Plan to continuously manage and monitor impacts.

48 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 49

 Working Conditions Environmental Responsibility
Gender-appropriate PPE Satellite monitoring of tailings
BHP has been working with its main supplier to redesign PPE and workwear to ensure it is Glencore is implementing a satellite monitoring program for more than half of its TSFs, prioritising
fit-for-purpose for all workers, including women. The supplier undertook a series of consultations those with most severe consequences expected in case of failure. The satellite monitoring
across all of BHP’s Australian operations to discuss improvements required to the clothing range. measures the TSFs’ surface movements every 11 days. The results are made available for rapid
A maternity wear workshop was held to hear from pregnant women workers about necessary decision-making in the event of unexpected movements and for independent oversight by auditors
modifications to the existing clothing range. In all, 72 changes and improvements have been made of TSF safety.
so far to accommodate the needs of women workers, for example to the size of socks and female
boots and the size and weight of helmets, garments and headlamps. Capacity building for tailings safety
Glencore has established an online Tailings Manager Academy to strengthen the capacity of
Promoting ethnic and racial diversity relevant employees for decision-making on the design, construction, operation, monitoring and
In 2020 Vale launched a working group of employees, known as the Ethic-Racial Equity Affinity maintenance of TSFs. The learning modules cover issues related to technical and governance
Group, with the aim to promote discussions and propose practical actions on these aspects of matters as well as stakeholder engagement aspects. The program is tailored to three different
diversity. Activities envisaged include an online learning tool to reduce stereotyping, events to raise management levels ranging from operators and technicians to responsible persons and engineers
awareness about inequalities, engagement with Vale’s leadership on this issue, and considering to dam owners, managers and accountable executives.
ethnic and racial inclusion and diversity in the company’s recruitment, career progression and
talent development programmes. Assessing climate risks beyond the business
Gold Fields is one of the few companies that demonstrates a broader perspective in its climate risk
Supporting diversity in recruitment analysis. The company’s 2020 Climate Change report mentions risks not only to its business but
In 2020 Newmont analysed the outcomes and impacts of a 15-month trial of specific interventions also to local communities and workers, citing for example increased vulnerability to disease and
to improve diversity through its recruitment process. The trial tested whether approaches such as water insecurity. The CEO has publicly stated that “A key consideration for all our future strategies
blind resumes, more inclusive language in job advertisements, ensuring diverse hiring pools and will be to address the impact of the rapidly changing climate on our business, our employees, our
diverse interview panels, could counter unconscious biases within the recruitment process. The host communities and the natural environment in which we operate.”
findings were positive, and Newmont has begun implementing them across the business.

Living wage assessments Mine-site assessment

In 2021 Freeport McMoRan partnered with a sustainability-focused organisation to conduct a living
wage assessment for full-time and part-time employees at 14 of its operating and processing sites Mine-site disaggregated water quality data
in the US, Chile, Peru and Indonesia. The benchmark used exceeds the national minimum wage in AngloGold Ashanti provides detailed water quality data for several of its mine sites. The company’s
all locations. The company plans to roll out the same exercise for all its employees and to integrate Cuiaba mine complex in Brazil publicly discloses monthly readings of specific pollutants in water
the assessment into its annual compensation review process across its operations. The company bodies in and around the mining areas, showing clearly where levels exceeded regulatory limits.
states that the assessments so far have found that the benchmark has been met, and that it will Similarly, the company’s Geita mine in Tanzania publishes detailed results of its water quality
seek to extend its living wage commitment to its on-site contractors in the future. monitoring programme, which covers 44 surface water, 30 wastewater and 50 groundwater
sampling locations in and around the mining concession.
Living wage assessments
In 2020 Teck conducted a living wage review for all its employees in Canada, the US and Chile, Public disclosure of areas at risk from tailings failure
where its operations are located. The review was conducted by comparing the hourly rate of Polymetal publishes an annual report on its tailings facilities, with satellite images of each facility,
the lowest paid employee in each jurisdiction to the living wage information available for these clearly marking the location of the TSF (with geographic coordinates), any worker settlements and
locations. The company states that these salaries are above the living wage in all three countries, the distance to the nearest village(s) or town(s). The images also show the location and scale of the
and provides the calculations and benchmarks used in the assessments. potentially impacted area in the case of a failure of the TSF. The report provides detailed information
on each TSF, in the format of responses to the investor-led disclosure request on tailings safety.
Transparency of worker grievance mechanisms
CODELCO and Polymetal are among the very few companies to provide mine-site-disaggregated Public disclosure of community fatalities and injuries
data on the functioning of their worker grievance mechanisms. Both companies report for each AngloGold Ashanti publicly discloses data on community fatalities and injuries related to its mining
mine site the number and types of grievances raised – for example, on safety issues, living operations. The company publishes five years of data on any deaths and injuries connected to
conditions, or sexual harassment. CODELCO provides further information on the outcomes of the security management and, separately, deaths and injuries of ASM workers not connected to
investigations of grievances (including for example the numbers of allegations that were confirmed, security management. The company also discloses information on the relevant incidents, outlining
rejected or dismissed due to lack of evidence). the nature of any disputes that led to fatalities or injuries of community members or ASM workers.

50 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 51

 Annex

52 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 53

 Learning tools in the RMI Report 2022

The full results of the RMI Report 2022 are available online at: https://2022.responsibleminingindex.org/.
The website contains much more information than this summary report, including individual result
pages for the 40 companies and for the 250 mine sites assessed. Many additional resources are also
available on the website, including the learning tools introduced here. Companies are encouraged to
make use of these tools to help inform and guide their ESG strategies and actions.

Which companies show

better practices?

The overall results on each

indicator highlight the maximum
score achieved and the name
of the company/companies
achieving this score. Users
can then click on the company What is the raw data How are companies What documentary
name(s) to be directed to behind the results? assessed on each issue? evidence was used
their results page(s) for more in the assessment?
information. Raw data files are provided to A Scoring Framework shows
show all indicator-level scores the specific criteria used to An interactive library of the 6,550
for the 40 companies and 250 assess each metric question, pieces of documentary evidence
mine sites, as well as each to show the open and robust used in the assessment provides
company’s thematic area and nature of the assessment and a rich resource for companies
measurement area scores. to enable companies to see the to use to see, for example,
What leading practices The overall average score and detailed basis for their scores. what a top-scoring mine closure
have been identified? Collective Best Scores for each Go to the Scoring Framework. standard or human rights due
thematic area and transversal diligence report looks like.
Summary descriptions are issue are also provided, and Documents are available in
provided of nearly 90 examples the contextual data relating to multiple languages and are
of leading practices, identified in each company and mine site directly downloadable from the
the three RMI Reports published assessed. Go to the Raw Data RMI Report website. Go to the
to date. The summaries enable section. Document Library.
users to learn about the issue
addressed, the context, the main
actions taken and, wherever
possible, the outcomes achieved.
Go to the Leading Practices.

54 RMI Report 2022 | Summary RMI Report 2022 | Summary 55

 Disclaimer

The findings, conclusions and interpretations within this In this respect, the results of the low-scoring companies
Responsible Mining Index (RMI) Report 2022 do not do not necessarily reflect a lack of relevant policies
necessarily represent the views of funders, trustees, and and practices, as they may be due to a lack of public
employees of the Responsible Mining Foundation (RMF), reporting by the companies and/or limitations in accessing
and others who participated in consultations and as information.
advisors to the report.
Country borders or names on maps do not reflect an
This report is intended to be for information purposes only official position of the RMF or anyone involved in its
and is not intended as promotional material in any respect. governance, employees or in service providers. Maps
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tax or investment advice or recommendations, neither is it the expression of any opinion on the part of the RMF,
intended as an offer or solicitation for the purchase or sale concerning the legal status of any country or territory or
of any financial instrument. In order to fully understand concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries.
the methodology of the RMI Report 2022, the respective Where needed, approaches used by the UN to present
sections on the website should be consulted. borders were followed.

The RMI assessment seeks evidence of companies’ Although every effort has been made to verify the
policies and practices on economic, environmental, social accuracy of translations, the English language version
and governance (EESG) issues, but does not seek to should be taken as the definitive version. RMF reserves
measure the actual outcomes achieved on EESG issues. the right to publish corrigenda on the RMI Report 2022
Results are based only on evidence sourced from the web page, and readers of the RMI Report 2022 should
public domain or provided by companies as open data. consult the web page for corrections or clarifications.
Whilst this information is believed to be reliable, no www.responsibleminingindex.org
guarantee can be given that it is accurate or complete, nor
does it preclude the possibility that policies and practices
may exist, but which have not been able to be considered
for purposes of assessment.

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Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0
International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Users are free to share and adapt the material but must
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indicate if changes were made. The licensed material
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Report 2022.” Images, photographs, and video content
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except where noted.

56 RMI Report 2022 | Summary

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