INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

(Autonomous)
Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043

Lab Manual:

Aerospace Structural Dynamics Laboratory(AAEC45)

Prepared by

Mr G Shiva Krishna (IARE11001)

Department Of Aeronautical Engineering

Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
October 1, 2024
 Contents

Content iv

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Student Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Responsibilities of Faculty Teaching the Lab Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.3 Laboratory In-charge Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.4 Course Coordinator Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Lab Policy and Grading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Course Goals and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Use of Laboratory Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4.1 Instrument Protection Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Data Recording and Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5.1 The Laboratory Notebook: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5.2 The Laboratory Worksheets: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 LAB-1 GOVERNING 6
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Prelab Preparation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 Prelab Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5 In Lab Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5.1 Equipment needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.6 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.7 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.8 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.9 Observation Table: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.10 Precautions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.11 Results: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.12 PostLab Preperation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.12.1 Viva Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.12.2 Further Probing Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3 LAB-2 Gyroscope 10
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 Prelab Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 Prelab Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5 In Lab Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.5.1 Equipment needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.6 Theory; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.7 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.8 Observation Table: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

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 3.9 Calculations: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.10 Results: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.11 PostLab Preperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.11.1 Viva Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.11.2 Furthur Probing Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4 LAB-3 Static force Analysis 13

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2 Prelab Preparation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.4 Prelab Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.5 In Lab Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.5.1 Equipment needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.6 Description: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.7 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.8 observation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.9 NOMENCLATURE: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.10 Precautions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.11 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.12 PostLab Preperation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.12.1 Viva Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.12.2 Furthur Probing Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5 LAB-4 Dynamic force Analysis 17

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.2 Prelab Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.3 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.4 Prelab Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.5 In Lab Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.5.1 Equipment needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.6 THEORY: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.7 DESCRIPTION: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.8 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.9 observation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.10 NOMENCLATURE: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.11 Precautions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.12 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.13 PostLab Preperation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.13.1 Viva Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.13.2 Furthur Probing Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

6 LAB-5 Balancing 21
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.2 Prelab Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.3 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.4 Prelab Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.5 In Lab Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.5.1 Equipment needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.6 Theory: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.7 SPECIFICATIONS: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.8 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.9 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

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 6.10 TYPICAL CALCULATION: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.11 Observations: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.12 Results: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.13 PostLab Preperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.13.1 Viva Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.13.2 Furthur Probing Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

7 LAB-6 LONGITUDINAL VIBRATION 26

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.2 Prelab Preparation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.3 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.4 Prelab Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.5 PreLab Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.5.1 Equipment needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.6 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.7 Obsercation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.8 Nomenclature: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.9 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.10 PostLab Preperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.10.1 Viva Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.10.2 Furthur Probing Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

8 LAB-7 VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF SHAFT 28

8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
8.2 Prelab Preparation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
8.3 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
8.3.1 Prelab Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
8.4 Equipment needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
8.5 Theory: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
8.6 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8.7 Precatutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
8.8 TYPICAL TEST OBSERVATION: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
8.9 Results: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8.10 PostLab Preperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8.10.1 Viva Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8.10.2 Furthur Probing Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

9 LAB-8 MECHANISM 32
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9.2 Prelab Preparation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9.3 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9.4 Prelab Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9.5 In Lab Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9.5.1 Equipment needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9.6 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
9.7 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.8 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.9 PostLab Preperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.9.1 Viva Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.9.2 Furthur Probing Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

10 LAB-9 GEAR BOX 37

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 10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
10.2 Prelab Preparation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
10.3 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
10.4 Prelab Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
10.5 In Lab Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
10.5.1 Equipment needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
10.6 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
10.7 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
10.8 Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
10.9 PostLab Preperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
10.9.1 Viva Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
10.9.2 Furthur Probing Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

11 LAB-10 FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION OF CANTILEVER BEAM 46

11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
11.2 Prelab Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
11.3 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
11.4 Prelab Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
11.5 In Lab Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
11.5.1 Equipment needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
11.6 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
11.7 GRAPH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
11.8 OBSERVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
11.9 Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
11.10Results: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
11.11PostLab Preperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
11.11.1 Viva Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
11.11.2 Furthur Probing Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

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INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
This course is intended to enhance the learning experience of the student in topics encountered in
Engineering Physics Course AHSC03.In this lab, students are expected to develop the practical
skills required to do the experiments and gain experience in using the basic measuring devices
used in Computer Science Engineering. Students also learn to interpret the experimental results
in terms of the concepts introduced in the Engineering Physics course.How the student performs
in the lab depends on his/her preparation and participation. Each student must participate in
all aspectsof the lab to ensure a thorough understanding of the equipment and concepts. The
student, Faculty teachingthe lab course, Laboratory In-charge and faculty coordinator all have
certain responsibilities towards successful completion of the lab’s goals and objectives.

1.1.1 Student Responsibilities

The student is expected tocome prepared for each lab.Lab preparation includes understanding
the labexperiment from the lab manual and reading the related textbook material.
Students have to write the allotted experiment for that particular week in the work sheets
given and carry them to the Lab. In case of any questions or problems with the preparation,
students can contact the Faculty Teaching the Lab course, but in a timely manner.
Students have to be in formal dress code, wear shoes and lab coat for the Laboratory Class.
After the demonstration of experiment by the faculty, student has to perform the experiment
individually. They have to note down the observations in the observation Tables drawn in work
sheets, do the calculations and analyze the results.
Active participation by each student in lab activities is expected. The student is expected
to ask the Faculty any questions they may have related to the experiment.
The student should remain alert and use commonsense while performing the lab experi-
ment.They are also responsible for keeping a professional and accurate record of the labexperi-
ments in the files provided.

1.1.2 Responsibilities of Faculty Teaching the Lab Course

The Faculty shall be completely familiar with each labprior to the laboratory. He/She shall pro-
vide the students with details regarding the syllabus and safety review during the first week.Lab
experiments should be checked in advance to make sure that everything is in working order.The
Faculty should demonstrate and explain the experiment and answer any questions posed by the
students.Faculty have to supervise the students while they perform the lab experiments. The
Faculty is expected to evaluate the lab worksheets and grade them based on their practical skills
and understanding of the experiment by taking Viva Voce. Evaluation of work sheets has to
be done in a fair and timely manner to enable the students, for uploading them online through
their CMS login within the stipulated time.

1
1.1.3 Laboratory In-charge Responsibilities
The Laboratory In-charge should ensure that the laboratory is properly equipped, i.e., the
Faculty teaching the lab receive any equipment/components necessary to perform the experi-
ments.He/She is responsible for ensuring that all the necessary equipment for the lab is available
and in working condition. The Laboratory In-charge is responsible for resolving any problems
that are identified by the teaching Faculty or the students.

1.1.4 Course Coordinator Responsibilities

The course coordinator is responsible fo rmaking any necessary corrections in Course Description
and lab manual. He/She has to ensure that it is continually updated and available to the students
in the CMS learning Portal.

1.2 Lab Policy and Grading

The student should understand the following policy:

ATTENDANCE: Attendance is mandatory as per the academic regulations.

LAB RECORD’s: The student must:

1. Write the work sheets for the allotted experiment and keep them ready before the beginning
of eachlab.

2. Keep all work in preparation of and obtained during lab.

3. Perform the experiment and record the observations in the worksheets.

4. Analyze the resultsand get the work sheets evaluated by the Faculty.

5. Upload the evaluated reports online from CMS LOGIN within the stipulated time.

Grading Policy:
The final grade of this course is awarded using the criterion detailed in the academic regula-
tions. A large portion of the student’s grade is determined in the comprehensive final exam of
the Laboratory course (SEE PRACTICALS),resulting in a requirement of understanding the
concepts and procedure of each lab experiment for successful completion of the lab course.

Pre-Requistes and Co-Requisties:

The lab course is to be taken during the samesemester as AHSC03, but receives a separate
grade. Students are required to have completed both AHSC03 and AHSC05 with minimum
passing grade or better grade in each.

1.3 Course Goals and Objectives

The Physics Laboratory course is designed as a foundation course to provide the student with
the knowledge to understand the basic concepts in Physics which have lot of applications in the
field of Engineering.
The experiments are designed to complement the concepts introduced in AHSC03. In addi-
tion, the student should learn how to record experimental results effectively and present these

2
results in a written report.

More explicitly, the class objectives are:

1. To gain proficiency in the use of common measuring instruments.

2. To enhance understanding of theoretical concepts including:

ˆ Carrier concentration in semiconducting materials

ˆ Waves in one Dimension
ˆ Magnetic Induction
ˆ Hysteresis losses.
ˆ Energy Gap in a semiconductor.
ˆ Photo Diode and its working Principle
ˆ Numerical Aperture and Acceptance angle of an Optical Fiber.
ˆ Diffraction due to N Slits
ˆ Planck’s constant
ˆ Light Emitting Diode and its Working Principle
ˆ Interference in thin Films
ˆ Diffraction due to Single slit

3. To develop communication skills through:

ˆ Verbal interchanges with the Faculty and other students.

ˆ Preparation of succinct but complete laboratory reports.
ˆ Maintenance of laboratory worksheets aspermanent, written descriptions of proce-
dures, analysis and results.

4. To compare theoretical predictions with experimental results and to determine the source
of any apparent errors.

1.4 Use of Laboratory Instruments

One of the major goals of this lab is to familiarize the student with the proper equipment
andtechniques for conducting experiments. Some understanding of the lab instruments is neces-
saryto avoid personal or equipment damage.By understanding the device’s purpose and following
a fewsimple rules, costly mistakes can be avoided.
The following rules provide a guideline for instrument protection.

1.4.1 Instrument Protection Rules

1. New students must receive an orientation on lab operating procedures before working in
a lab.

2. Students shall publish a safety checklist for equipment for which they are responsible.

3. Students must read the safety checklist for each piece of equipment before operating it.

4. Ensure you know the location of the emergency stop button before starting equipment.

5. Always depressurize accumulators or pneumatic reservoirs before working on fluid power

apparatus.

3
 6. Check the application pressure, system pressure, and component pressure before connect-
ing a system to a pump or pressure source. The maximum operating pressures are listed
on equipment labels or published on manufacturer websites.

7. Periodically check hoses for leakage, cracks, kinks, or breaks.

8. Test your equipment for leaks at low pressure before raising the pressure to the operating
pressure.

9. All components shall operate within manufacturer’s specifications.

10. Equipment shall incorporate an emergency stop or emergency return control, whichever
provides maximum safety.

11. Emergency stops shall be readily accessible under all conditions of working and shall
operate immediately.

12. Equipment shall be designed so that loss of electrical, pneumatic and/or hydraulic power
shall not cause a hazard.

13. Pump inlet temperatures should not exceed 600C when maximum ambient temperatures
exist.

14. Rotating parts shall be guarded to provide adequate protection against hazard.

15. Flexible hoses shall only be used where necessary. Their length shall be minimized and they
shall be protected from abrasion. If failure causes a hazard, the hose shall be restrained
or shielded.

1.5 Data Recording and Reports

1.5.1 The Laboratory Notebook:
Students must record their experimental values in the provided tables in this laboratory manual
and reproduce them in the lab reports. Reports are integral to recording the methodology and
results of an experiment. In engineering practice, the laboratory notebook serves as an invalu-
able reference to the technique used in the lab and is essential when trying to duplicate a result
or write a report. Therefore, it is important to learn to keep accurate data. Make plots of data
and sketches when these are appropriate in the recording and analysis of observations. Note
that the data collected will be an accurate and permanent record of the data obtained during
the experiment and the analysis of the results. You will need this record when you are ready to
prepare a lab report.

1.5.2 The Laboratory Worksheets:

Reports are the primary means of communicating your experience and conclusions to other pro-
fessionals. In this course you will use the lab report to inform your LTA about what you did
and what you have learned from the experience. Engineering results are meaningless unless they
can be communicated to others. You will be directed by your LTA to prepare a lab report on
a few selected lab experiments during the semester. Your assignment might be different from
your lab partner’s assignment.
Your laboratory report should be clear and concise. The lab report shall be typed on a word
processor. As a guide, use the format on the next page. Use tables, diagrams, sketches, and
plots, as necessary to show what you did, what was observed, and what conclusions you can draw

4
from this. Even though you will work with one or more lab partners, your report will be the
result of your individual effort in order to provide you with practice in technical communication.

CONCLUSIONS - The conclusion section should provide a take-home message summing

up what has been learned from the experiment:

1. Briefly restate the purpose of the experiment (the question it was seeking to answer)

2. Identify the main findings (answer to the research question)

3. Note the main limitations that are relevant to the interpretation of the results

4. Summarise what the experiment has contributed to your understanding of the problem.

5
LAB-1 GOVERNING

2.1 Introduction
In the first lab period, the students should become familiar with the location of equipment and
components in the lab, the course requirements, and the teaching instructor. Students should
also make sure that they have all of the co-requisites and pre-requisites for the course at this
time.

2.2 Prelab Preparation:

Read Appendix B and Appendix C of this manual, paying particular attention to the reason for
doing this lab. Prior to coming to lab class, need to follow the below objective and answer the
preLab Questions.

2.3 Objective
To familiarize the students with the lab facilities, equipment, standard operating procedures,
lab safety, and the course requirements.

2.4 Prelab Questions:

1. What is the function of a governor?

2. State the different types of governors.

3. What is the stability of a governor?

4. Define the Sensitiveness of governor.

2.5 In Lab Experiment

2.5.1 Equipment needed
1. Watt Governor Arrangement AMEB06 lab manual.(1 to 12 experiments list)

2.6 Procedure
1. During the first laboratory period, the instructor will provide the students with a general
idea of what is expected from them in this course. Each student will receive a copy of
the syllabus, stating the instructor’s contact information. In addition, the instructor will
review the safety concepts of the course.

6
 2. During this period, the instructor will briefly review the equipment which will be used
throughout the semester. The location of instruments, equipment, and components (e.g.
resistors, capacitors, connecting wiring) will be indicated. The guidelines for instrument
use will be reviewed.

3. The drive unit consists of a small electric motor. The optional governor mechanics can
be mounted on spindle. Precise speed control is afforded by the dimmer-stat. A counter
bolt is provided to measure the speed with tachometer (not in our scope of supply). A
graduated scale is fixed to the bracket and guided in vertical direction.

4. The center sleeve of the Porter and Proell governor incorporates a weight sleeve to which
weights can be added. The Hratnell governor provides means of varying spring rate and
initial compression level and mass of rotating weight. This enables the Hartnell Governor
to be operated as a stable or unstablegovernor.

5. The apparatus is designed to exhibit the characteristics of the spring-loaded governor and
dead weight governor.

6. A D. C. Motor drives the apparatus. The DC Motor is mounted on a steel base. The
apparatus can perform following experiments,
1) Watt, 2) Porter, 3) Proell, 4) Hartnelltype.

2.7 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

The control unit is switched on and the speed control slowly rotated, increasing the governor
speed until the center sleeve rises off the lower stop and aligns with the first division on the
graduated scale. The sleeve position and speed are then recorded. Speed may be determined
using hand tachometer on the spindle. The governor speed is then increased in steps to give
suitable sleeve movements, and readings repeated at each stage throughout the range of sleeve
movement possible.
The result may be plotted as curves of speed against sleeve position. Further tests are carried
out changing the value of one variable at a time to produce a family or curves.

2.8 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS:

For obtaining the graphs as mentioned above following instructions may be followed.

1. Arrange the set up as a Watt/ Porter, Proell Governor. This can be done by removing the
upper sleeves on the vertical spindle of the governor and using proper linkages provided
shows infig.

2. Make proper connections of themotor.

3. Increase the motor speed slowly andgradually.

4. Note the speed by tachometer and sleeve displacement on the scaleprovided.

5. Plot the graph of speed v/s sleeve displacement for watt, Porter, Proellgovernor.

6. Plot the graph of speed v/s governor height for Wattgovernor.

7. Plot the governor characteristic after doing the necessarycalculations.

7
2.9 Observation Table:
Sr.no Governor speed N Angular velocity Sleeve displacement (X) Height(H) COS α = H/L Radiu

Following graphs may than be plotted to study governor characteristics

1. Force v / s radius ofrotation.

2. Speed v / s Sleevedisplacement.

Figure 2.1: WATT GOVERNOR

2.10 Precautions:
1. Do not keep the mains “ON” when trial iscomplete.

2. Increase the speed gradually.

3. Take the sleeve displacement reading when the pointer remainssteady.

4. See that at higher speed the load on sleeve does not hit the upper sleeve of the governor.

5. While closing the test bring the dimmer to zero position and then switch “OFF” the motor.

8
2.11 Results:

2.12 PostLab Preperation:

2.12.1 Viva Questions:
1. What are the limitations of a Watt governor?

2. How does it differ from that of a flywheel?

3. Explain the term height of the governor.

2.12.2 Further Probing Experiments

1. Which of the governor is used to drive a gramophone?

2. What is the difference between centrifugal and inertia type governors?

9
LAB-2 Gyroscope

3.1 Introduction
AXIS OF SPIN:
If a body is revolving about an axis, the latter is known as axis of spin (Refer Fig.1, where OX
is the axis ofspin).

PRECESSION:
Precession means the rotation about the third axis OZ (Refer Fig. 1) that is perpendicular to
both the axis of spin OX and that of coupleOY.

AXIS OF PRECESSION: The third axis OZ is perpendicular to both the axis of spin
OX and that of couple OY is known as axis of precession.

GYROSCOPIC EFFECT: To a body revolving (or spinning) about an axis say OX,
(Refer Fig.1) if a couple represented by a vector OY perpendicular to OX is applied, then the
body tries to process about an axis OZ which is perpendicular both to OX and OY. Thus,
the couple is mutuallyperpendicular. The above combined effect is known as processional or
gyroscopic effect.

3.2 Prelab Preparation

Study the working principle and construction of Gyroscope
Read Appendix B and Appendix C of this manual, paying particular attention to the reason for
doing this lab. Prior to coming to lab class, need to follow the below objective and answer the
preLab Questions.

3.3 Objective
To study the gyroscopic effect of a rotating disc.

3.4 Prelab Questions:

1. Write a short note on gyroscope.

2. What do you understand by gyroscopic couple?

3. Derive a formula for its magnitude.

10
3.5 In Lab Experiment
3.5.1 Equipment needed
1. Gyroscopictestrig.

2. Stop watch

3. Tachometer

4. ElectricitySupply: Single Phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz 5-15 amp socket with earth connec-
tion, Bench Area Required: 1 m x 1m.

3.6 Theory;
Experimental justification of the equation T = I.ω.ωP . Couple by observation and measurement
of results for independent variation in applied couple T and precession ω.

3.7 Procedure
1. Set the rotor at zeroposition.

2. Start the motor with the help of rotaryswitch.

3. Increase the speed of rotor with dimmer stat & stable it & measure the R.P.M. with the
help oftachometer.

4. Put the weight on weight pan then yoke rotate atanticlockwise direction.

5. Measure the rotating angle (30o, 40o) with the help ofstopwatch.

6. Repeat the experiment for the various speeds andloads.

7. After the test is over set dimmer stat to zero position and switch off main supply.

3.8 Observation Table:

S. No. N (RPM) W (kg) dθ (degree) dt (sec)

11
3.9 Calculations:

3.10 Results:

3.11 PostLab Preperation

3.11.1 Viva Questions:
1. How do we calculate gyroscopic couple?

2. What are the applications of gyroscopic?

3. Explain the application of gyroscopic principles to air crafts.

3.11.2 Furthur Probing Experiments

1. What is the difference between theoretical gyroscopic couple and actual gyroscopic couple?

2. Discuss the effect of gyroscopic couple on a two wheeled vehicle while taking a turn?

12
LAB-3 Static force Analysis

4.1 Introduction
CONDITIONS FOR STATIC BALANCING:

If a shaft carries a number of unbalanced masses such that the center of mass of the system
lies on the axis of rotation, the system is said to staticallybalance.

BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES ROTATING IN DIFFERENTPLANES:

When several masses revolve in different planes, they may be transferred to a reference
plane (written as RP), which may be defined as the plane passing through a point on the axis of
rotation and perpendicular to it. The effect of transferring a revolving mass (in one plane) to a
reference plane is to cause a force of magnitude equal to centrifugal force of the revolving mass
to act in the reference plane, together with a couple of magnitude equal to the product of the
force and the distance between the plane of rotation and the reference plane. In order to have
a complete balance of the several revolving masses in different planes, the following conditions
must be satisfied:
1. The forces in the reference plane must balance, i.e. the resultant force must bezero.
2. The couple about the reference plane must balance, i.e. the resultant couple must be zero.
Let us now consider four masses m1, m2, m3 and m4 revolving in planes 1, 2, 3 and 4 shown in
fig. The relative angular positions of these masses are shown in the end view
Fig. The magnitude, angular position and position of the balancing mass m1in plane 1may be
obtained as discussed below:
1. Take one of the planes, say 1as the reference plane (R.P.). The distance of all the other planes
to the left of the reference plane may be regarded as negative, and those to the right aspositive.
2. Tabulate the data as in table. The planes are tabulated in the same order i.e. 1, 2, RP

4.2 Prelab Preparation:

Study about rotating balancing system
Read Appendix B and Appendix C of this manual, paying particular attention to the reason for
doing this lab. Prior to coming to lab class, need to follow the below objective and answer the
preLab Questions.

4.3 Objective
To balance the masses statically of a simple rotating mass system and to observe the effect of
unbalance in a rotating mass system.

13
4.4 Prelab Questions:
1. Write the importance of balancing?

2. Differentiate: static and dynamic balancing.

3. Define tractive force.

4.5 In Lab Experiment

4.5.1 Equipment needed
ˆ Rotating mass balancesystem.

ˆ Weights.

4.6 Description:
The apparatus consists of a steel shaft mounted in ball bearings in a stiff rectangular main
frame. A set of four blocks of different weights is provided and may be detached from the shaft.
A disc carrying a circular protractor scale is fitted to one side of the rectangular frame. A scale is
provided with the apparatus to adjust the longitudinal distance of the blocks on the shaft. The
circular protractor scale is provided to determine the exact angular position of each adjustable
block. The shaft is driven by electric motor mounted under the main frame, through a belt.
For static balancing of weights the main frame is suspended to support frame by chains then
rotate the shaft manually after fixing the blocks at their proper angles. It should be completely
balanced. In this position, the mo for dynamic balancing of the rotating mass system, the main
frame is suspended from the support frame by two short links such that the main frame and
the supporting frame are in the same plane. Rotate the statically balanced weights with the
help of motor. If they rotate smoothly and without vibrations, they are dynamically balanced
or driving belt should be removed.

4.7 Procedure
1. Insert all the weights in sequence 1- 2- 3 - 4 from pulleyside.

2. Fix the pointer and pulley onshaft.

3. Fix the pointer on θ o (θ2) on the circular protractorscale.

4. Fix the weight no. 1 in horizontalposition.

5. Rotate the shaft after loosening previous position of pointer and fix it onθ3.

6. Fix the weight no. 2 in horizontal position.

7. Loose the pointer and rotate the shaft to fix pointer onθ4.

8. Fix the weight no. 3 in horizontal position.

9. Loose the pointer and rotate the shaft to fix pointer onθ1.

10. Fix the weight no.4 in horizontal position.

11. Now the weights are mounted in correctposition.

14
 12. For static balancing, the system will remain steady in any angularposition.

13. Now put the belt on the pulleys of shaft and motor.

14. Supply the main power to the motor through dimmerstat.

15. Gradually increase the speed of the motor. If the system runs smoothly and without
vibrations, it shows that the system is dynamically balanced.

16. Gradually reduce the speed to minimum and then switch off the main supply to stop
thesystem.

4.8 observation:
S.no Plane Mass, m(gms) Angle from reference line () Distance (L)mm

CALCULATIONTABLE:
Plane Mass, m Mass movement (m) Couple (m)

4.9 NOMENCLATURE:
L = Distance between particular weight from weight 1, mm W = Mass of particular weight, kg
θ = Angle of particular weight from Reference Point, degree

4.10 Precautions:
ˆ Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts & above than230volts.

ˆ Increase the motor speed gradually.

ˆ Experimental set up should be tight properly before conductingexperiment.

ˆ Before starting the rotary switch, dimmer stat should be at zeroposition.

4.11 Results

4.12 PostLab Preperation:

4.12.1 Viva Questions:
1. What are the effects of hammer blow and swaying couple?

15
 2. Write the formula to calculate couple?

3. What is the condition for static balancing?

4.12.2 Furthur Probing Experiments

1. Can a single cylinder engine be fully balanced? Why?

2. Where do we use the static force balancing?

16
LAB-4 Dynamic force Analysis

5.1 Introduction
CONDITIONS FOR DYNAMICBALANCING:
If a shaft carries a number of unbalanced masses such that the center of mass of the system lies
on the axis of rotation, the system is said to statically balance. The resultant couple due to all
the inertia forces during rotation must bezero.
These two conditions together will give complete dynamic balancing. It is obvious that a dy-
namically – balanced system is also statically balanced, but the statically balanced system is
not dynamically balanced.

5.2 Prelab Preparation

This experiment is to be fusion of two pieces of metal by an electric arc between the pieces being
joined. So, the working of Arc welding machine and the components available for the machine
and procedure of the manufacture. So how the welding is been done can be studied on course
AMEB05 so before doing the experiment be prepared with the prelab preparation of welding
joining.

5.3 Objective
To balance the masses Statically & Dynamically of a simple rotating mass system and to observe
the effect of unbalance in a rotating mass system.

5.4 Prelab Questions:

1. Write the importance of balancing?

2. Differentiate: static and dynamic balancing?

3. What are the effects of hammer blow and swaying couple?

5.5 In Lab Experiment

5.5.1 Equipment needed
ˆ Rotating mass balancesystem.

ˆ Weights.

17
5.6 THEORY:
BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES ROTATING IN DIFFERENTPLANES:
When several masses revolve in different planes, they may be transferred to a reference plane
(written as RP), which may be defined as the plane passing through a point on the axis of
rotation and perpendicular to it. The effect of transferring a revolving mass (in one plane) to a
reference plane is to cause a force of magnitude equal to centrifugal force of the revolving mass
to act in the reference plane, together with a couple of magnitude equal to the product of the
force and the distance between the plane of rotation and the reference plane. In order to have
a complete balance of the several revolving masses in different planes, the following conditions
must be satisfied:
‘

1. The forces in the reference plane must balance, i.e. the resultant force must bezero.

2. The couple about the reference plane must balance, i.e. the resultant couple must be zero.

Let us now consider four masses m1, m2, m3 and m4 revolving in planes 1, 2, 3 and 4 shown in
fig. The relative angular positions of these masses are shown in the end view
Fig. The magnitude, angular position and position of the balancing mass m1in plane 1may be
obtained as discussed below:

1. Take one of the planes, say 1as the reference plane (R.P.). The distance of all the other
planes to the left of the reference plane may be regarded as negative, and those to the
right aspositive.

2. Tabulate the data as in table. The planes are tabulated in the same order i.e. 1, 2,3.RP

5.7 DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus consists of a steel shaft mounted in ball bearings in a stiff rectangular main
frame. A set of four blocks of different weights is provided and may be detached from the shaft.
A disc carrying a circular protractor scale is fitted to one side of the rectangular frame. A scale is
provided with the apparatus to adjust the longitudinal distance of the blocks on the shaft. The
circular protractor scale is provided to determine the exact angular position of each adjustable
block. The shaft is driven by electric motor mounted under the main frame, through a belt.
For static balancing of weights the main frame is suspended to support frame by chains then
rotate the shaft manually after fixing the blocks at their proper angles. It should be completely

18
balanced. In this position, the mo for dynamic balancing of the rotating mass system, the main
frame is suspended from the support frame by two short links such that themain frame and the
supporting frame are in the same plane. Rotate the statically balanced weights with the help
of motor. If they rotate smoothly and without vibrations, they are dynamically balanced or
driving belt should be removed.

5.8 Procedure
1. Insert all the weights in sequence 1- 2- 3 - 4 from pulleyside.
2. Fix the pointer and pulley onshaft.
3. Fix the pointer on θ o (θ2) on the circular protractorscale.
4. Fix the weight no. 1 in horizontalposition.
5. Rotate the shaft after loosening previous position of pointer and fix it onθ3.
6. Fix the weight no. 2 in horizontalposition.
7. Loose the pointer and rotate the shaft to fix pointer onθ4.
8. Fix the weight no. 3 in horizontalposition.
9. Loose the pointer and rotate the shaft to fix pointer onθ1.
10. Fix the weight no.4 in horizontalposition.
11. Now the weights are mounted in correctposition.
12. For static balancing, the system will remain steady in any angularposition.
13. Now put the belt on the pulleys of shaft andmotor.
14. Supply the main power to the motor throughdimmerstat.
15. Gradually increase the speed of the motor. If the system runs smoothly and without
vibrations, it shows that the system is dynamicallybalanced.
16. Gradually reduce the speed to minimum and then switch off the main
17. supply to stop the system.

5.9 observation:
S.no Plane Mass, m(gms) Angle from reference line () Distance (L)mm

CALCULATIONTABLE:
Plane Mass, m Mass movement (m) Couple (m)

19
5.10 NOMENCLATURE:
L = Distance between particular weight from weight 1, mm W = Mass of particular weight, kg
θ = Angle of particular weight from Reference Point, degree

5.11 Precautions:
ˆ Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts & above than230volts.

ˆ Increase the motor speed gradually.

ˆ Experimental set up should be tight properly before conductingexperiment.

ˆ Before starting the rotary switch, dimmer stat should be at zeroposition.

5.12 Results

5.13 PostLab Preperation:

5.13.1 Viva Questions:
1. Write the formula to calculate mass movement?

2. Define tractive force.

3. What is the condition for dynamic balancing?

5.13.2 Furthur Probing Experiments

1. Can a single cylinder engine be fully balanced? Why?

2. Where do we use the dynamic force analysis?

20
LAB-5 Balancing

6.1 Introduction
Objective: To determine the Some field pressure function agrees with the experimental pressure
curve within reasonable limits./ To study the pressure profile of lubricating conditions of load
and speed.

6.2 Prelab Preparation

Read Appendix B and Appendix C of this manual, paying particular attention to the reason for
doing this lab. Prior to coming to lab class, need to follow the below objective and answer the
preLab Questions.

6.3 Objective
To Determine the Balancing Forces and Reciprocating Masses

6.4 Prelab Questions:

1. The journal bearings are generally used in.

2. The basic type of motion of a body is not the translation motion only.

3. Coplanar forces are not easily simplified in the simplification of the force and couple system
in the calculations of forces in the journal bearings.

6.5 In Lab Experiment

6.5.1 Equipment needed
ˆ Reciprocating Masses Test rig

ˆ Balancing

6.6 Theory:
The Mathematical analysis of the behavior of journal in a bearing falls into two distinct cate-
gories as given in the appendix of this manual. They are,
1) Hydrodynamics of fluid flow between plates.
2) Journal bearing analysis where the motion of the journal in the oil film is considered.
According to equation the Somerfield pressure function (When the velocity of the eccentricity

21
and the whirl speed of the journal are both zero) is given by
Where P is the pressure of the oil film at the point measured clockwise from the line of common
centers (00¨) andP = P0 at θ = 0 and θ = π refer the fig.
Note: – Some books on lubrication give the Summerfield function with a negative sign for n.
This is true if it is measured from the point of minimum thickness of the oil film that is

h = δ(1 − nCosθ)

It is also proved in the analysis that maximum pressure occurs at

3m
Cosθm =
2 + n2

6.7 SPECIFICATIONS:
1. DiameterofJournal = ( A ) = 2R =55mm

2. Diameterofbearing = ( E ) = 2r = 70mm (With 16 radialtapings)

3. Bearingwidth = ( L ) =15mm

4. Weight of bearing withattachment= 1.7 kg

5. Weight ofbalancingload = ( J )=

6. Set of weights isprovided.

7. MotorD. C. = 0.5 HP, 1500 rpm. Variable speed.

8. Dimmer state is provided for speed variation.

9. Manometer board with 16 tubes and suitable height with suitable scales and adjustable
oil tank.

10. Recommendedoil = Lubricating oil SAE 20 or SAE30.

11. Supplyrequired = A. C., 1 HP, 230 V., 50 c/sec., stabilized.

6.8 Procedure
1. Fill the oil tank by using SAE 20 or SAE 30 lubricating oil under test and position the
tank at the desiredheight.

2. Drain out the air from all the tubes on the manometer and check level balance with supply
levelIndicator.

3. Check that some oil leakage is there. Some leakage of oil is necessary for cooling purpose.

4. Check the direction of rotation and increase the speed of the motorslowly.

5. Set the speed and let the journal run for about half an hour until the oil in the bearing is
warmed up and check the steady oil levels at varioustapings.

6. Add the required loads and keep the balancing rod in horizontal position by moving bal-
ancing weight ”J” on the rod and observe the steadylevels.

22
 7. When the manometer levels have settled down, take the pressure readings on 1 to 12
manometer tubes. For circumferential pressure distribution and A-B-12-C-D tubes for
axial pressuredistribution.

8. Repeat the experiment for various speeds and loads.

9. After the test is over set dimmer to zero position and switch off mainsupply.

10. Keep the oil tank at lower most position so that there will be no leakage in the idleperiod.

6.9 Graphs
1. Graph to be plotted for pressure head of oil above supply head in cm. of oil, at an-
gular intervals of 300 of oil film. The angular interval position are measured clockwise,
commencing with position marked ”1” inFig.

2. Graph is drawn for theoretical and experimental pressure curves for journal N1 = NRPM.

3. Graph is plotted for experimental pressure curves along the length of bearing at these
speeds.

6.10 TYPICAL CALCULATION:

These calculations are based on sample readings and will differ from actual results and calcula-
tions for different unit. Data used in calculation is not pertaining to the actual unit supplied.
The method of drawing the theoretical Somerfield pressure curve is as follows: Consider pressure
curve for N1 = N RPM.

ˆ Select two points A and B on the experimental pressure curve of equal pressure and
1800 apart.

ˆ Note that for any pressure curve there will be only one such pair of points is possible.
These two points A and B from the axisP –P0 = 0for the Somerfieldcurve.

ˆ Of these two points take the point which is maximum thickness of oil film and take θ = 0
to pass through thispoint.

ˆ From the graph determine the point of maximum pressure ( P – P0 ) max. in this
caseθ = 2060 = −3n/2 + n2 n = 0.8
−Ksin2060 (2 + 0.8Cos2060 )
Also 176 = k=24.5
1 + 0.8Cos2060

ˆ Now plot the curve P - P0 =(with B as origin)

Load on the bearing

Total vertical load on bearing at NRPM.
= Dry weight of Bearing + Weight added + Weight of balancing load.
= 1.375 + 2 x 0.150 + added weight nil.
= 1.675 Kg.
Referring to fig. the mean positive pressure head of the oil above supply head.
= (35.5 + 24 +18 + 12 + 8+ 5 + 2 + 60 + 177 + 130) /10.
= 45.5 cm.
Load carried by oil pressure on projected area of bearing

23
= 45.5 x Density of oil x (2 R) L.
= 45.5 x 0.8539 x 5.5 x 6.8.
= 1.450 kg.
The underlined figures are recorded from graph and balanced are practical result.
Maximum theoretical load on journal is Table 1:
Typical Results w. r. t. manometer tubes.

Sr.no Tube no. Pressure Head in cm.

Table 2: PRESSURE HEAD OF OIL FILM ABOVE HEAD = (P – Ps) cm.

Shaft speed= RPM.

Sr.no Tube no. Pressure Head in cm.

6.11 Observations:
The Somerfield pressure function agrees with the experimental pressure curve within reasonable
limits as indicated in Fig. Any deviations between the experimental and theoretical curves can

24
be due to –

1. Human error in taking readings, for example in deciding whether or not the oil levels in
the manometer are absolutely steady before takingreading.

2. The theoretical analysis is based on the assumption that the thickness of the oil film
h = δ + eCosθ which is true only if the radial clearance is very small. In practical journal
bearings this assumption is true but in this test rig θ= 2.5 mm. which is very large. This
has been purposely done so that the oil film profile is clearlyvisible.

3. The total weight of the bearing is = 1.375 Kg. It can be seen that the oil film in the
bearing does not carry this full weight, a part of weight appears to be taken by the seal,
and the flexible plastic tubes attached to thebearing.

6.12 Results:

6.13 PostLab Preperation

6.13.1 Viva Questions:
1. What is the formuale to calculate pressure head of oil film?

2. What are balancing forces?

3. write a short note on reciprocating masses?

6.13.2 Furthur Probing Experiments

1. The moment of the force is the product of the force and the perpendicular distance of the
axis and the point of action of the force. Is this also true for rolling?

2. Where we can find journal bearing in an automobile?

25
LAB-6 LONGITUDINAL VIBRATION

7.1 Introduction
One end of open coil spring is fixed to the nut having a hole which itself is mounted on a MS
strip fixed on one side of the main frame. The lower end of the spring is attached to the platform
carrying the weights. The stiffness of the spring can be finding out by varying the weights on
the platform and by measuring the deflection of the spring. The time period of vibrations can
be calculated by measuring the nos. of oscillation and time taken by them.

7.2 Prelab Preparation:

Get complete detail of Springs and there stiffness and also how test rig works.
Read Appendix B and Appendix C of this manual, paying particular attention to the reason for
doing this lab. Prior to coming to lab class, need to follow the below objective and answer the
preLab Questions.

7.3 Objective
To study the longitudinal vibration of helical spring and to determine the frequency and time
period of oscillation theoretically and actually by experiment.

7.4 Prelab Questions:

1. When a body is subjected to transverse vibrations, the stress induced in a body will be?

2. The ratio of the maximum displacement of the forced vibration to the deflection due to
the static force is known as.

3. The natural frequency (in Hz) of free longitudinal vibrations is equal to?

4. Define resonance.

7.5 PreLab Experiment

7.5.1 Equipment needed
Longitudinal Vibration of Helical Spring testrig

7.6 Procedure
1. Fix one end of the helical spring to upperscrew.

2. Determine freelength.

26
 3. Put some weight to platform and note down thedeflection.
4. Stretch the spring through some distance andrelease.
5. Count the time requiredin Sec. for say 10, 20 oscillations.
6. Determine the actualperiod.
7. Repeat the procedure for differentweights.

7.7 Obsercation:
CALCULATION TABLE - 1:

Sr. no Wt. Attached, W.kg Deflection in Spring cm. Stiffness K Kg/cm Mean Stiffness K Kg/cm

7.8 Nomenclature:
K = Stiffness of the spring
W = Weight applied
δ km = Deflection of the spring.
g = Acceleration due to gravity
n = No. of oscillations.
t = Time taken by ”n” oscillation
Tact = Actual time period
Ttheo = Theoretical time
fact = period Actual
ftheo = frequency Theoretical

7.9 Results

7.10 PostLab Preperation

7.10.1 Viva Questions:
1. Define transverse and longitudinal wave?
2. Define the frequency?
3. Define stiffness?

7.10.2 Furthur Probing Experiments

1. Define the number of degrees of freedom of a vibration system?
2. What is the unit of spring stiffness?

27
LAB-7 VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF SHAFT

8.1 Introduction
This apparatus is developed for the demonstration of whirling phenomenon. The shaft can be
tested for different end conditions.
The apparatus consists of a frame to support its driving motor, end fixing and sliding blocks
etc. A special design is provided to clear out the effects of bearings of motor spindle from those
of testing shafts. The special design features of this equipment are as follows.
A) Coupling – A flexible shaft is used to drive the test shaft from motor.
B) Ball Bearing Fixing Ends–
These ends fix the shafts while it rotates. The shaft can be replaced within short time with the
help of this unit. The fixing ends provide change of end fixing condition of the rotating shaft as
per the requirement.

8.2 Prelab Preparation:

Read Appendix B and Appendix C of this manual, paying particular attention to the reason for
doing this lab. Prior to coming to lab class, need to follow the below objective and answer the
preLab Questions.

8.3 Objective
To determine the frequency of different shafts.

8.3.1 Prelab Questions:

1. Define resonance.

2. Define Torsional viberation

3. Define longitudinal vibrations.

8.4 Equipment needed

Vibration Analysis of Shaft testrig.

8.5 Theory:
SHAFT SUPPLIED WITH THE EQUIPMENT:
Polishing spring steel shafts are supplied with the machine, the dimensions being as under,

28
 Shaft No. Diameter in mm Length in inch ( Approximately in cm)
1 4mm 35.5”, (90 cm)
2 6mm 35.5”, (90 cm)
3 8mm 35.5”, (90 cm)

8.6 Procedure
At motor end as well as tail end different bearing blocks can be fixed which are as follows,

1. Supported end condition – Make use of end block with single self aligningbearing.

2. Fixed end conditionx – Make use of end block with doublebearing.

3. Guards D1, D2 and D3 –

4. The guards can be fixed at any position on the supporting frame which fits on the side
supports. Rotating shafts are to be fitted in blocks in A and B stands.

5. SPEED CONTROL OF DRIVING MOTOR –

6. The driving motor is 240 volts, frictional HP, 5000 rpm, 50 Hz, and speed control unit is
a Dimmerstat of 240 volts, 2 Amp. 50Hz.

7. MEASUREMENT OF SPEED –

8. To measure the speed of the rotating shaft a simple Tachometer may be used (will not be
supplied with the equipment) on the opposite side of the shaft extension of the motor.

9. Whirling of elastic shaft –

10. If, L = Length of the shaft incm.

11. E = Young’s Modulus Gpa = 73 in torsion and 193Gpa in tension I = 2nd moment of
inertia of the shaft cm4.

12. W = Weight of the shaft per unit length Kg /cm. g = Acceleration due to gravity in m /
sec2 = 9.81

13. Then
√ the frequency of vibration for the various modes is given by the equation, f =
kx EIg

Sr.No. End Conditions Value of k

1st mode 2nd mode
1 Supported, Supported 1.57 6.28
2 Fixed, Supported 2.45 9.80
3 Fixed, Fixed 3.56 14.24

Sr. No. Shaft Dia. I =cm4 W =Kg/cm

1 3/16” = 0.47 cm. 25.39 x 10-4 0.15 x 10-2
2 1/4” = 0.64 cm. 79.91 x 10-4 0.28 x 10-2
3 5/16” = 0.79 cm. 194.78 x 10-4 0.424 x 10-2

29
8.7 Precatutions
1. If the revolution of an unloaded shaft are gradually increased it will be found that a
certain speed will be reached at which violent instability will occur, the shaft deflecting
into a single bow and whirling round like a skipping rope. If this speed is maintained the
deflection will become so large that shaft will be fractured, but if this speed is quickly run
through the shaft will become straight again and run true until at another higher speed
the same phenomenon will occur, the deflection now however, being in a double bow and
so on. Such speeds are called critical speeds of whirling.

2. It is advisable to increase the speed of shaft rapidly and pass through the critical speed first
rather than observing the 1st critical speed which increases the speed of rotation slowly.
In this process there is possibility that the amplitude of vibration will increase suddenly
bringing the failure of theshaft.

3. If however the shaft speed is taken to maximum first and then slowly reduced, ( thus not
allowing time to build-up the amplitude of vibration at resonance ) higher mode will be
observed first and the corresponding speed noted and then by reducing the speed further
the next mode of lower frequency can be observed without any danger of rise in amplitude
as the speed is being decreased and the inertia forces are smaller in comparison with the
bending spring forces hence possibility of build up dangerous amplitudes at resonance or
near resonance is avoided.

4. Thus it can be seen that it is a destructive test of shafts and it is observed that the elastic
behavior of the shaft material changes a little after testing it for a few times and it is
advisable therefore, to use fresh shaft samplesafterwards.

5. Fix the apparatus firmly on the suitablefoundation.

8.8 TYPICAL TEST OBSERVATION:

1. Both ends of shafts free (Support) 1st and 2nd mode of vibration can be observed on shafts
with 3/16”: dia. And ¼”dia.

2. One end of shaft fixed and the other free, 1st and 2nd mode of vibration can be observed
on the shaft with 3/16”dia.

3. Both ends of shaft fixed – 2nd mode of vibration cannot be observed on any of the shafts
as the speeds are very high and hence beyond the range of theapparatus.

4. There is difference between theoretical speed of whirling and actual speed observed, due
to following reasons:

(a) The end conditions are not as exact as assumed intheory.

(b) Pressure of damping at the endbearings.
(c) Assumptions made in theoreticalpredictions.
(d) Lack of knowledge of exact properties of shaftmaterial.
(e) A uniformly loaded shaft has, theoretically infinite no. of natural frequencies of
transverse vibration for fundamental mode observation of the first mode of whirling
is therefore not so defined and thus difficult 2nd can be very easilyobserved.

30
8.9 Results:

8.10 PostLab Preperation

8.10.1 Viva Questions:
1. Name different types of vibrations.

2. Name different types of free vibrations

3. What is the difference between a vibration isolator and a vibration absorber?

8.10.2 Furthur Probing Experiments

1. Define time period related to vibratory motion

2. Define time cycle related to vibratory motion

31
LAB-8 MECHANISM

9.1 Introduction
Geneva mechanism is commonly used indexing mechanism where an intermittent motion is
required. The Inverse Geneva mechanism, which is a variation of the Geneva mechanism, is
used where the wheel has to rotate in the same Direction as crank. It requires less radial space
and the locking device can be a circular segment attached to the crank that locks by wiping
against a built up rim on the periphery of the wheel.

9.2 Prelab Preparation:

This experiment is to be to study a progressive tool and perform blanking and piercing opera-
tions. To determine the punching force and blanking force theoretically and compare the same
with obtained readings. So, the working of Simple and compound machine and the components
available for the machine and procedure of the manufacture. So how the welding is been done
can be studied on course AMEB05 so before doing the experiment be prepared with the prelab
preparation of washers and other sheets punching at a single step.

9.3 Objective
The experiment is to study a progressive tool and perform blanking and piercing operations.
To determine the punching force and blanking force theoretically and compare the same with
obtained readings

9.4 Prelab Questions:

1. Define machine & structure.

2. Concept of kinematics links, pairs, chains & mechanism.

3. Grashofs criterion.

9.5 In Lab Experiment

9.5.1 Equipment needed
ˆ Double Slider CrankMechanism

ˆ Geneva Mechanism

32
9.6 Theory
DOUBLE SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM
Double Slider Crank Chain A four bar chain having two turning and two sliding pairs such that
two pairs of the same kind are adjacent is known as double slider crank chain.
Inversions of Double slider Crank chain: It consists of two sliding pairs and two turning pairs.
They are three important inversions of double slider crank chain. 1) Elliptical trammel. 2)
Scotch yoke mechanism. 3) Oldham s Coupling.
”
1. Elliptical Trammel:
This is an instrument for drawing ellipses. Here the slotted link is fixed. The sliding block A
and B in vertical and horizontal slots respectively. The end R generates an ellipse with the
displacement of sliders A and B.

The co-ordinates of the point R are x and y. From the fig. cosθ = x. OR and Sinθ = y.OQ
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii) we get
The equation is that of an ellipse, hence the instrument traces an ellipse. Path traced
2. Scotch yoke mechanism: This mechanism, the slider A is fixed. When AB rotates above
A, the slider B reciprocates in the vertical slot. The mechanism is used to convert rotary to
reciprocating mechanism. Consider fig a and b.
GENEVA MECHANISM
INTRODUCTION
The Geneva drive or Maltese cross is a gear mechanism that translates a continuous rotation
movement into intermittent rotary motion. The rotating drive wheel is usually equipped with
a pin that reaches into a slot located in the other wheel (driven wheel) that advances it by one
step at a time.

33
 CLASSIFICATION OF GENEVA MECHANISM

1. External Gear Mechanism

In this type of mechanism, the Geneva cross is connected with cam drive externally which is the
most popular and can withstand higher mechanical stresses. The driver grooves lock the driven
wheel pins during dwell. During movement, the driver pin with the driver-wheel slot.

2. Internal Gear Mechanism

In this type of mechanism the Geneva cross and cam drive are connected internally in the closed
box. The driver and driven wheel rotate in same direction. The duration of dwell I more the
180o of driver rotation.

34
 3. Spherical Geneva Mechanism
In this type of mechanism, the Geneva cross is in spherical shape and cam drive is connected
in externally, which is extremely rare. The driver and driven wheel are on perpendicular shafts.
The duration of dwell is exactly 180o of driven rotation.

Working of Geneva Mechanism

In the most common arrangement, the driven wheel has four slots and thus advances by one
step of 90 degree for each rotation of the drive wheel. If the driven wheel has n slots, it advances
by 360 degree per n full rotation of the drive wheel.
Geneva are also combined with variety of other mechanism, such as four bar linkages, clutch-
brake combination, Non- circular gears etc to modify the motion curves and dwell motion ratios
obtained from pure Geneva.
perpendicular shafts. The duration of dwell is exactly 180o of driven rotation.

35
 Advantages of Geneva Mechanism
a) Geneva Mechanism may be the simplest and least Expensive of all intermittent motion mech-
anism.
b) They come in a wide variety of sizes, ranging from those used in instrument, to those used
in machine tools to index spindle carriers weighing several tons.
c) They have good motion curves characteristics compared to ratchets, but exhibit more “jerk”
or instantaneous change in acceleration, than better cam systems.
Disadvantages of Geneva Mechanism
a) The Geneva is not a versatile mechanism and produce jerk.
b) The ratio of dwell period to motion is also established once the no of dwells per revolution
has been selected.
c) All Geneva acceleration curves start and end with finite acceleration and deceleration.
Application of Geneva Mechanism
ˆ It is applicable in the production industries and automobile industries for mass production.
ˆ Modern film projectors may also use an electronically controlled indexing mechanism or step-
per motor, which allows for fast-forwarding the film.
ˆ Geneva wheels having the form of the driven wheel were also used in mechanism watches, but
not in a drive, rather to limil the tension of the spring, such that it would operate only in the
range where its elastic force is nearly linear.
ˆ Indexing table in assembly lines, tool changers for CNC machine, and so on.

9.7 Procedure

9.8 Results

9.9 PostLab Preperation

9.9.1 Viva Questions:
1. Types & examples of constrained motion.

2. Classification & examples of all the kinematics links, pairs, chains & mechanism.

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages Geneva mechanisum?

9.9.2 Furthur Probing Experiments

1. What are the few applications of Geneva mechanisum?

2. What are the best mechanisums used in an mechanical industry?

36
LAB-9 GEAR BOX

10.1 Introduction
The gearbox is a mechanical device used to increase the output torque or to change the speed
(RPM) of a motor. The shaft of the motor is connected to one end of the gearbox and through
the internal configuration of gears of a gearbox, provides a given output torque and speed
determined by the gear ratio.

10.2 Prelab Preparation:

Need to have knowledge of gear rations and the purpose of Gearbox.
Read Appendix B and Appendix C of this manual, paying particular attention to the reason for
doing this lab. Prior to coming to lab class, need to follow the below objective and answer the
preLab Questions.

10.3 Objective
To study the Gear Box assembly

10.4 Prelab Questions:

1. Define addendum circle.

2. Define working depth.

3. State law of gearing.

10.5 In Lab Experiment

10.5.1 Equipment needed
Automobile gear box

10.6 Theory
FUNCTION OF TRANSMISSION BOX (GEAR BOX) IN AUTOMOBILE:
The transmission box which is also known as the gear box is the second element of the power
train in an automobile. It is used to change the speed and torque of vehicle according to vari-
ety of road and load conditions. Transmission box change the engine speed into torque when
climbing hills and when the vehicle required. Sometimes it is known as torque converter. Main
functions of a gear box are as follow:
1. Provide the torque needed to move the vehicle under a variety of road and load conditions.

37
It does this by changing the gear ratio between the engine crankshaft and vehicle drive wheels.
2. Be shifted into reverse so the vehicle can move backward.
3. Be shifted into neutral for starting the engine.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF A GEAR BOX:
In any device two or more component works together and full fills the required function. In a
transmission box four components are required to fulfil its function. These components are-

a) Counter shaft:
Counter shaft is a shaft which connects with the clutch shaft directly. It contains the gear which
connects it to the clutch shaft as well as the main shaft. It may be run at the engine speed or
at lower than engine speed according to gear ratio.

b) Main shaft:
It is the shaft which runs at the vehicle speed. It carries power from the counter shaft by use of
gears and according to the gear ratio, it runs at different speed and torque compares to counter
shaft. One end of this shaft is connects with the universal shaft.

c) Gears:
Gears are used to transmit the power from one shaft to another. They are most useful compo-
nent of gear box because the variation is torque of counter shaft and main shaft is depends on
the gear ratio. The gear ratio is the ratio of the driven gear teeth to the driving gear teeth. If
gear ratio is large than one, the main shaft revolves at lower speed than the counter shaft and
the torque of the main shaft is higher than the counter shaft. On other hand if the gear ratio
is less than one, than the main shaft revolves at higher speed than the counter shaft and the
torque of the main shaft is lower than the counter shaft. A small car gear box contains four
speed gear ratio and one reverse gear.

d) Bearings:
Whenever the rotary motion encounters, bearings are required to support the revolving part and
reduce the friction. In the gear box both counter and main shaft are supported by the bearing.

38
 WORKING OF A PRINCIPLE GEAR BOX:
In a gear box, the counter shaft is mashed to the clutch with a use of a couple of gears. So the
counter shaft is always in running condition. When the counter shaft is bring in contact with
the main shaft by use of meshing gears, the main shaft start to rotate according to the gear
ratio. When driver want to change the gear ratio, simply press the clutch pedal which discon-
nect the counter shaft with engine and connect the main shaft with counter shaft by another
gear ratio by use of gearshift lever. In an gear box, the gear teeth and other moving metal
must not touch. They must be continuously separated by a thin film of lubricant. This pre-
vents excessive wear and early failure. There for a gearbox runs partially filled with lubricant oil.

SELECTIVE TYPE GEAR BOX

It is the transmission in which any speed may be selected from the neutral position. In this type
of transmission neutral position has to be obtained before selecting any forward or reverse gear.
Some selective type gear boxes are,
1. Sliding mesh gear box
2. Constant mesh gear box with positive dog clutch.
3. Constant mesh gear box with synchromesh device.

1. SLIDING MESH GEAR BOX

a) It is the simplest and oldest type of gear box.
b) The clutch gear is rigidly fixed to the clutch shaft.
c) The clutch gear always remains connected to the drive gear of countershaft.
d) The other lay shaft gears are also rigidly fixed with it.
e) Two gears are mounted on the main shaft and can be sliding by shifter yoke when shifter is
operated.
f) One gear is second & top speed gear and the other is the first and reverse speed gears. All
gears used are spur gears.
g) A reverse idler gear is mounted on another shaft and always remains connected to reverse
gear of counter shaft.

First Gear
a) By operating gearshift lever, the larger gear on main shaft is made to slide and mesh with

39
first gear of countershaft.
b) The main shaft t urns in the same direction as clutch shaft in the ratio of 3:1.

Second Gear
a) By operating gear shift lever, the smaller gear on the main shaft is made to slide and mesh
with second gear of counter shaft.
b) A gear reduction of approximately 2:1 is obtained.

Top Gear
a) By operating gearshift lever, the combined second speed gear and top speed gear is forced
axially against clutch shaft gear.
b) External teeth on clutch gear mesh with internal teeth on top gear and the gear ratio is 1:1.

40
 Reverse Gear
a) By operating gearshift lever, the larger gear of main shaft is meshed with reverse idler gear.
b) The reverse idler gear is always on the mesh with counter shaft reverse gear. Interposing the
idler gear, between reverse and main shaft gear, the main shaft turns in a direction opposite to
clutch shaft.

Neutral Gear
a) When engine is running and the clutch is engaged, clutch shaft gear drives the drive gear of
the lay shaft and thus lay shaft also rotates.
b) But the main shaft remains stationary as no gears in main Shaft is engaged with lay shaft
gears.

CONSTANT MESH GEAR BOX

a) In this type of gearbox, all the gears of the main shaft arein constant mesh with corresponding

41
gears of the countershaft.
b) The gears on the main shaft which are bushed are free to rotate.
c) The dog clutches are provided on main shaft.
d) The gears on the lay shaft are, however, fixed.
e) When the left Dog clutch is slide to the left by means of the selector mechanism, its teeth are
engaged with those on the clutch gear and we get the direct gear.
f) The same dog clutch, however, when slide to right makes contact with the second gear and
second gear is obtained.
g) Similarly movement of the right dog clutch to the left results in low gear and towards right
in reverse gear. Usually the helical gears are used in constant mesh gearbox for smooth and
noiseless operation.

Advantage over sliding mesh gear box

ˆ Helical and herringbone gear can be used in these gear boxes and therefore, constant mesh
gearboxes are quieter.
ˆ Since the gears are engaged by dog clutches, if any damage occurs while engaging the gears,
the dog unit members get damaged and not the gear wheels.
Double declutching
ˆ Used for smooth downshifting.

2. SYNCHROMESH GEARBOX
This type of gearbox is similar to the constant mesh type gear box.
a) Instead of using dog clutches here synchronizers are used.
b) The modern cars use helical gears and synchromesh devices in gearboxes, that synchronize
the rotation of gears that are about to be meshed

42
 SYNCHRONIZERS
a) This type of gearbox is similar to the constant mesh type in that all the gears on the main
shaft are in constant mesh with the corresponding gears on the lay shaft.
b) The gears on the lay shaft are fixed to it while those on the main shaft are free to rotate on
the same.
c) Its working is also similar to the constant mesh type, but in the former there is one definite
improvement over the latter.
d) This is the provision of synchromesh device which avoids the necessity of double- declutching.
e) The parts that ultimately are to be engaged are first brought into frictional contact, which
equalizes their speed, after which these may be engaged smoothly.
f) Figure shows the construction and working of a synchromesh gearbox. In most of the cars,
however, the synchromesh devices are not fitted to all the gears as is shown in this figure.
g) They are fitted only on the high gears and on the low and reverse gears ordinary dog clutches
are only provided.
h) This is done to reduce the cost.
Note:-
The Model Gear Box Is Synchromesh Gear Box with 3 Forward and Single Reverse Gear.

43
Some Other Transmission Used In Modern Automobile
TRANSFER CASE

ˆ Normally used in 4 wheel drive vehicles.

ˆ Two speed transmission having ”low and high” rear ratios that can be engaged while in
neutral position.

ˆ Fixed after the gear box.

ˆ Enables engagement and disengagement of 4 wheel drive.

TRANSAXLE GEAR BOX

ˆ Have only 2 shafts.

ˆ Used in vehicle with engine and drive on some side.

– Font engine front wheel drive.

– Rear engine rear wheel drive.

ˆ Most commonly used.

ˆ Gear box and differential in same housing.

ˆ Combination of transmission and differential in one unit is called transaxle.

ˆ Transaxles are both automatic and manual.

44
10.7 Procedure
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
5. 5
6. 6

10.8 Result

10.9 PostLab Preperation

10.9.1 Viva Questions:
1. What is Reverted gear train?
2. Define speed ratio of gear device.
3. Where exactly gear box is used in machinary in convenction machine?

10.9.2 Furthur Probing Experiments

1. What exactly the purpose of gear box in mechanical machinary?
2. Why do we need Gear box in an automobile?

45
LAB-10 FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION OF CANTILEVER
BEAM

11.1 Introduction
In this experiment, a slightly heavy rectangular section bar is supported at both ends in truin-
ion fittings. Exciter unit with the weight platform can be clamped at any conventional position
along the beam. Exciter unit is connected to the damper. Which provides the necessary damp-
ing.

DAMPING ARRANGEMENT:
1. Close the one hole of damper for light damping.
2. Close the two holes of damper for medium damping.
3. Close all the three holes of damper for heavy damping.

11.2 Prelab Preparation

Need to have good knowledge in types of beam and types of viberations.
Read Appendix B and Appendix C of this manual, paying particular attention to the reason for
doing this lab. Prior to coming to lab class, need to follow the below objective and answer the
preLab Questions.

11.3 Objective
To study the forced vibration of the beam for different damping.

11.4 Prelab Questions:

1. Define free vibrations.
2. Define forced vibrations.
3. Define torsional vibrations.
4. Define longitudinal vibrations.

11.5 In Lab Experiment

11.5.1 Equipment needed
ˆ Vibration test rig
ˆ Cantilever Beam
ˆ Rubber hammer

46
11.6 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Arrange the setup
2. Connect the exciter motor to control panel.
3. Start the motor and allow the system to vibrate.
4. Wait for 5 minutes for amplitude to build up for particular forcing frequency.
5. Adjust the position of strip chart recorder. Take the recorder of amplitude vs. Time on
strip chart recorder by starting recorder motor.
6. Take record by changing forcing frequency for each damping.
7. Repeat the experiment for different damping.

11.7 GRAPH
ˆ Plot the graph of amplitude Vs. Frequency for each damping

Figure 11.1: Spring-Mass System

11.8 OBSERVATION
Sr.no Forcing Frequency Amplitude
1
2
3

11.9 Precautions
1. Do not run the motor at low voltage i.e. less than 180 volts.
2. Do not increase the speed at once.
3. Damper is always in perpendicular direction.
4. A motor bolts is properly tightly with weight.
5. A beam is proper tight in bearing with bolt.
6. Always keep the apparatus free from dust.

47
11.10 Results:

11.11 PostLab Preperation

11.11.1 Viva Questions:
1. Define frequency related to vibratory motion.

2. Define amplitude?

3. What is spring stiffness and its formuka?

11.11.2 Furthur Probing Experiments

1. Write few examples of free and forced vibrations

2. Automobile suspensions somes under which type viberations?

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