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Lesson 2 - Photogrammetry

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30 views

Lesson 2 - Photogrammetry

Uni

Uploaded by

brianthiru04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EECI 3132: GEOSPATIAL

TECHNOLOGIES
NAME: NELLY C. MULWA
Introduction to Photogrammetry
• What is photogrammetry?
➢Simply put, ‘photogrammetry is the science of measuring
from photographs’.
➢The American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote
Sensing (ASPRS) defines photogrammetry as ‘the science,
art and techniques of obtaining reliable information about
physical objects and the environment through a process of
recording, measuring, and interpreting photographs.
➢It can also be defined as the science and art of determining
qualitative and quantitative characteristics of objects from
the images recorded on photographic emulsions.
Branches of Photogrammetry
• Photogrammetry can be classified in several ways but one standard
method is to split the field based on camera location during
photography.
1. Terrestrial photogrammetry
2. Aerial photogrammetry
3. Space photogrammetry
• Terrestrial photogrammetry means that the images are acquired by a
ground based stationary sensor.
• Aerial photogrammetry deals with images taken with sensors mounted
on airborne platforms.
• Space photogrammetry embraces the processing of images recorded of
the earth or of other planets from satellites.
• Close-range photogrammetry is a sub-branch of terrestrial
photogrammetry implying that the sensor is situated in the close vicinity
of the object to be imaged.
A Typical Workflow in Photogrammetry

• Generally:
1. Begins with the capture of the images
2. Calculation of the orientation parameters of all
images that will be used
3. Measure co-ordinates
4. Create several image products
5. Use of results in cartographic or GIS software
Aerial
Photographs
1. Aerial cameras(reading
assignment)
a. Film
b. Focal length
Geometric Types of Aerial
Photograph
1. Vertical aerial photographs
Those made with the camera axis directed as vertically as possible.
A „truly‟ vertical aerial photograph is rarely obtainable
• Why?
Because of unavoidable angular rotations, or tilts, caused by the angular
altitude of the aircraft at the instant of exposure (i.e., image acquisition)
2. Oblique aerial photographs
Aerial photographs that are taken with an intentional inclination of the
camera axis.
• High oblique photographs(60o)
• Low oblique photographs(30o)
Geometric Types of Aerial Photograph
Vertical aerial photograph Oblique aerial photograph
Photographic Scale
• One of the most fundamental and frequently used
geometric characteristics of aerial photographs
• A „photographic scale‟ is an expression that states that one
unit of distance on a photograph represents a specific
number of units of actual ground distance.
• Maybe expressed as:
1. Unit equivalents
2. Representative fractions
3. Ratios
Large scale and small scale
• Which photograph would have a large scale:
–A 1:10,000 photo covering several city blocks?
–A 1:50,000 photo that covers an entire city?
• A convenient way to make scale comparisons is to
remember that the same objects are smaller on a “smaller”
scale photograph than on a “larger” scale photo.
Determining Photo Scale
Example;
• Assume that two road intersections shown on a photograph can
be located on a 1:25,000 scale topographic map. The measured
distance between the intersections is 47.2 mm on the map and
94.3 mm on the photograph.
a. What is the scale of the photograph?
b. At that scale, what is the length of a fence line that measures
42.9 mm on the photograph?
Solution
Scale of Vertical Aerial Photographs Over Flat Terrain

• Scale is a function of:


–the focal length of camera
used to acquire (f).
–flying height above ground
(H‟).
Example
• A camera with a 152-mm-focal-length
lens is used to take a vertical photograph
from a flying height of 2780 m above
mean sea level. If the terrain is flat at an
elevation of 500 m, what is the scale of
the photograph?
Some Notes:
• The formula S = f/(H - h) indicates that photo scale is function
of terrain elevation (h)
–For flat level terrain, Scale is constant throughout the photograph
–For terrain with varying elevations, Scale is not constant:
• Photographs taken over terrain with varying elevation will
exhibit a continuous range of scales associated with the
variations in terrain elevation.
• Often it is convenient to compute an average scale for an entire
photograph:
• Saverage = f/(H - haverage)
Area Measurements from Aerial Photographs

➢ Manual Area Measurement


• Accuracy of measurement is affected by:
–Measuring device (e.g., a ruler).
–Degree of image scale variation due to varying terrain
elevation/relief in the terrain, and tilt in photography.
• Accurate measurements maybe made on vertical photos of
areas of low relief.
• Simple scales maybe used to measure the area of simply
shaped objects.
• For irregularly shaped objects:
➢ Use of transparent grid overlay (“dot grid”).
Example
• A rectangular agricultural field measures 8.65 cm long and 5.13
cm wide on a vertical photograph having a scale of 1:20,000.
Find the area of the field at ground level.
A “dot grid”
•Composed of uniformly
spaced dots
•Dot density (dots/cm2)
is known
•Super-imposed into
the photo
•The dots falling within
the region to be
measured are counted
and the area is
computed using the
number of dots and the
dot density
Example
• A flooded area is covered by 129 dots on a 25-dot/cm2 grid on a
1:20,000 vertical aerial photograph. Find the ground area
flooded.
Cont’
• For irregularly shaped objects:
–The ground area is usually determined by measuring the area of
the feature on the photograph.
–The photo area is then converted to a ground area from the
following relationship.
Example
• The area of a lake is 52.2 cm2 on a 1:7,500 vertical photograph.
Find the ground area of the lake.
Remarks
• The use of dot grids in measuring area becomes tedious when
there are numerous regions to be measured.
• The use of computer software, particularly, GIS, is an
alternative and widely used nowadays.
–The process is called “heads-up digitizing” or “on-screen
digitizing”
–The aerial photograph needs to be converted into digital format
and inputted into a GIS software

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