SCIENCE REVIEWER 2ND QUARTER Different Types of EM Waves, and their

Wavelengths, Frequencies and Energies

Lesson 2.1 – Electromagnetic Waves
Michael Faraday (1719 – 1867)
✓ Father of Electricity
✓ He experimented how a changing magnetic
field can induce current.
✓ He believed that electromagnetic (EM) waves
are propagated by both electric and magnetic
FREQUENCY OF WAVES
fields.
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆
James Clerk Maxwell (1831 – 1879) 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
✓ Scottish physicist
✓ He based his research largely in Faraday’s The unit for frequency is per second (s-1) or Hertz (Hz),
speculation. named after Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894), a German
✓ He produced the mathematical equations that physicist who discovered the existence of
relate how electric and magnetic fields can link electromagnetic waves which was first proven by
together to form an electromagnetic field. Maxwell.

EM waves The time it takes a wave to pass a given point is called

the period (T) which is expressed as:
✓ Electromagnetic waves
𝟏
✓ Electromagnetic waves (EM waves for short) 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅, 𝑻 =
are waves that can travel in a vacuum. 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚, 𝒇
✓ These waves are created by the vibration of The motion of a wave can also be described based on
an electric charge. its speed. The relationship between the speed of the
wave and its frequency is given by the equation:
Wave speed, v = Wavelength, 𝜆 𝒙 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚, 𝒇 v = 𝜆
×f
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Radio Waves
✓ Longest wavelengths but with the lowest
frequencies
Electromagnetic Spectrum ✓ Transmit information such as in television.
✓ It covers a broad range of EM waves which are Sounds and images from broadcasting stations
arrange according to wavelength, frequency, are transmitted to TV screens through radio
and energy. waves. The antenna receives the radio waves
from the TV stations and coverts them back to
sounds and images you see on your TV
screens.
✓ They are also used in radios and cellular
phones
Microwaves
✓ have short wavelengths; the microwave signals
can travel in straight lines without losing much
of their energy.
✓ They are produced by a special vacuum tubes
called cavity magnetrons.
✓ They are commonly used in wireless
communications, navigation, and radar
applications such as tracking weather
disturbances, aircraft and ship.
Infrared Common properties of EM waves summary

✓ Discovered by Sir William Herschel. ✓ All transverse waves

✓ It is an electromagnetic radiation that occupies ✓ All travel at the speed of light. (3 x 108 m/s) •
the region between microwaves and visible Can travel through solid, liquid, gas and
light. vacuum
✓ The word ‘’infra’’ means ‘’beyond’’, which ✓ Obey the laws of reflection and refraction; all
implies that infrared consists of waves just can be absorbed and emitted by matter; the
beyond the red end of the spectrum. wave equation is applicable to all.
✓ Several wireless data transfer between devices
Lesson 2.2 – The Wave Model of Light
such as laptop computers and remote control.
- In Late 1600, Sir Isaac Newton believed that
Visible Light
light travels in the form of particles which named
✓ Visible light is the most familiar EM radiation as “corpuscles” .
that can be detected by the human eye, and it - Then, in 1678 Christian Huygens argued that
is responsible for the functioning of our sense of light might be some sort of a wave motion.
sight. Huygens came up with Huygens's Principle that
✓ Specialized cells in the eye called rods and explain the light is a wave traveling through a
cones are very sensitive to EM waves in this medium called “Aether” . Huygens deduced
narrow band of frequencies. the Laws of Reflection and Refraction and could
✓ These cells transmit electrical signals to the explain Double Refraction to prove the Theory
brain, which form the mental image of Wave. However, if light behaves as waves,
diffraction and interference should be seen
Ultraviolet Rays using light.
✓ Discovered by Johann Wilhelm Ritter. - Huygens failed provide any strong evidence to
✓ UV is also part of heat radiation emitted by hot show that diffraction and interference of light
objects such as the sun- Earth’s main source of occurred. Furthermore, Huygens could not
UV radiation. explain why light has different colors at all (He
✓ The radiation from the sun stimulates our body did not know that different colors of light have
to produce Vitamin D which is needed for different “wavelengths”)
healthier bones. When expose to UV, it does not - Therefore, Newton’s Particle Theory is
warm the skin but increases the chemical acceptable since his strong evidence about
process that results in tanning or sunburns. Particle nature of light.
✓ Also, certain markings on paper bill will be - However, In 1801, Thomas Young’s Double
visible only when expose to UV light. Slit Experiment showed that light diffracts and
✓ Paints and dyes work in the same manner produces an interference pattern. Therefore,
Thomas Young successfully provide evidence
X – rays that light has “WAVE” properties. He showed
that light rays interfere with each other; such
✓ discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
behavior could not be explained by particles.
(1845-1923) in 1901,
- In the 1860’s, Maxwell developed a
✓ are waves shorter than ultraviolet waves.
mathematical model of electromagnetism. He
✓ They are produced when high-energy electrons
was able to show that these electromagnetic
lose energy after striking a metal target.
waves travel at the speed of light. Therefore, he
✓ They are commonly used in the field of
asserted that light was a form of high-frequency
medicine.
electromagnetic wave.
Gamma Rays - In 1900, Max Planck was able to explain the
spectrum of a “blackbody” radiator by assuming
✓ Gamma rays, discovered by Paul Ulrich Villard
that light energy is quantized. That quantum of
(1860-1934), have the shortest wavelength in
light energy was later named a PHOTON.
the EM spectrum.
- A few years later, in 1905, Albert Einstein used
✓ the highest energy among all the EM waves.
Planck’s idea to explain the photoelectric effect
✓ These are the waves produced when undergo
to support the particle behavior of light and
radioactive decay. These waves are also
came out with a QUANTUM THEORY.
emitted by radioactive nuclei through nuclear
reactions.
✓ They are more deeply penetrating than x rays.
 PROPERTIES OF LIGHT WAVES
1. Wavelength (λ) - is the length that one cycle OR
Distance between 2 crests. (Unit: meter(m))
2. Frequency (f) - How often cycle of wave repeats in
one second OR number of cycles per sec. (Unit:
Hertz(Hz))
3.Velocity (v) – the distance covered by the wave in
one second. (Unit: m/s)
4. Period (T) - the duration of one cycle . It is reciprocal
Wave Particle Theory of frequency. (Unit: second, s)
- When light traveling through space, they act like 𝟏
Formula: 𝑻 =
waves. 𝒇
- When light interacts with atoms and molecules,
5. Wave Number (𝒗) - the number of waves spread in
they act like a stream of energy called photons
a length of one meter. It is reciprocal of wavelength.
or quanta.
(unit: m-1)
THEORY OF LIGHT
𝟏
Therefore, there are two THEORY OF LIGHT which Formula: 𝒗 = 𝛌
explain the nature of light:
6. Amplitude (A) - the distance from the midline to the
- Wave Theory – Light as a wave peak of wave. Amplitude is a measure of the intensity
- Particle Theory – Light as a particle (photon) or brightness of light radiation.
Wave Theory of Light CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT WAVES
Supported by: - The velocity of light wave is not constant. It
depends on type of medium the wave travels
1. Christian Huygens
through.
- Reflection and Refraction
- Velocity/speed of the light wave (v) in vacuum
2. Thomas Young
is denoted by c. 𝒄 = 𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔
- Diffraction and Interference (Young’s Double
- The relationship among frequency(f), light
Slit Interference)
velocity (c), and wavelength (λ) is expressed
3. James Clerk Maxwell 𝒄
- Electromagnetism mathematically as: 𝛌 = 𝒇

From equation, it can be seen that wavelength (λ) is

➢ Wave Theory explain that the WAVE as a nature
inversely proportional to the frequency (f).
of light.
➢ In Wave Theory, light is considered as an • high frequency = short wavelength
Electromagnetic (EM) Wave.
➢ This EM wave consists of two components • low frequency = long wavelength
which are Electric field (E) and Magnetic field • Light waves have different colors of dispersion
(H) which oscillate and perpendicular to each depends on the frequency (f) or wavelength (λ).
other as well as to the direction of wave
propagation as shown in Figure 1. • Different frequency, or wavelength of wave will give
different color of light.
Light wave could diffract and interfere as shown in
Thomas Young’s Double-Slit Experiment.
 The Energy (E) of the light photon is proportional to
the frequency (f) and inversely proportional to the
wavelength (λ).
The higher the frequency (OR lower the wavelength)
the higher the energy of the photon.
• Higher frequency = photon gains more energy
• Lower frequency = photon gains less energy
• For example, BLUE ray has more energy than RED
ray because BLUE ray has higher frequency and
shorter wavelength.
Particle Theory of Light
Photon can interact with other particles such as
Supported by: electrons, protons, neutrons etc.
1. Isaac Newton When photons bump into another atoms, some of
- Reflection, and Refraction their energy can get the electrons in those atoms
- Phenomena of colors moving faster than they were before - that's what we
2. Max Plank call heat. That's why you get hot sitting in the sun.
- Black Body Radiator (Quantum Theory)
3. Albert Einstein A “Photoelectric Experiment “by Einstein shows
- Photoelectric Effect (Quantum Theory) that a very energetic photons of BLUE light (has very
high frequency) could knocked the electrons out from
Isaac Newton (1704) proposed that light consists of a metal surface to produce a current.
stream of small particles, because it
The increasing of frequency will increase the energy
- travels in straight lines at great speeds of photon. Therefore, the photons of BLUE light could
- is reflected from mirrors in a predictable way eject the electrons compare to RED light because the
Newton observed that the reflection of light from a BLUE light has higher frequency
mirror resembles the rebound of a steel ball from a LIGHT
steel plate.
- is a special kind of electromagnetic energy
Particle Theory explain that the particle PHOTON as a with a wavelength range from 380nm to
nature of light. 740nm (visible light).
- From quantum perspective, light consist of - This electromagnetic energy consists two
particles called photon. So, What is components which are electric field, E and
PHOTON? the magnetic field, H which oscillate and
- Photon is a very tiny little particle that has perpendicular each other.
energy and movement (momentum) but it - This electromagnetic radiation are produced
has no mass or electrical charge. by the vibrations of a charged particles called
- According to Einstein, Photon is considered photons.
as discrete ‘Packet of Energy (Quantum).” Characteristics of Light
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT PHOTON 1. Light travels in a straight line. For example, the
- Photon has no mass and electrical charge. light from candle through pin hole lies in a straight
- Photon carries electromagnetic energy, E, line. This straight line is called a ray of light.
and momentum, p, as well as intrinsic 2. Light travels at a high speed. The speed of light
angular momentum (or spin) associated in vacuum is expressed as, 𝑐 = 3 𝑥 108 𝑚/𝑠 . Light
with its polarization properties. travels in a vacuum at a constant speed. However,
- Photon travels at the speed of light in when light travels in non-vacuum media such as air,
vacuum; 𝑐 = 3 𝑥 108 𝑚/𝑠 glass, water, the speed of light will decrease (air –
- Photon has a wavelike character that 0.03% slower, glass – 30% slower)
determines its localization properties in
space and time, and the rules by which it 3. A bundle of rays is called a “beam of light” A
interferes and diffracts. beam of light may be parallel, converging or
- Photons are always in motion. diverging.
4. Light consist of different types of colors. These Light can be produced through:
colors are differentiated based on their wavelengths in
1. Incandescence
the visible light spectrum.
- The emission of light by a solid that has been
5. Light has no mass but carries energy and heated until it glows or radiates light.
momentum, p, where the energy of light is - When an iron bar is heated to a very high
proportional to the frequency but reciprocal to the temperature, it initially glows red, and then as
wavelength. When the frequency of light increase, the its temperature rises it glows white.
energy of light also increase and vice versa. Different 2. Luminescence
colors of light has different energy because it has - The emission of light by a substance not
different frequencies. resulting from heat; it is thus a form of cold-body
radiation.
Light is emitted and absorbed in the form of Quanta - It can be caused by chemical reactions,
(Photons) but propagated in the form of waves Light electrical energy, subatomic motions, or stress
has different phenomena when it interact with other on a crystal.
objects such as;
Forms of Luminescence
Pass-Through
1. Fluorescence
- The rays of light can pass through the object - Unlike incandescent sources, fluorescent
Reflection sources produce light without a great release of
heat. Thus they are called cold sources of light.
- The rays of light can be reflected off the object - The color of fluorescent light depends
Scattering principally on the nature of the stimulated
substance.
- The rays of light can be scattered off the object 2. Phosphorescence
- Refers to the release of light that last longer
Absorption
than 10 nanoseconds.
- The rays of light can be absorbed by the object - This type is temperature dependent since
thermal energy is required for the electrons to
Refraction become de-excited.
- The rays of light can be refracted through the - Phosphorescent materials are used in ”glow in
object the dark” toys that will emit light after exposure
to some form of radiant energy.
Lesson 2.3 Sources of Light and its Propagation
The Effects of Light on Different Materials
Optics
Transparent
- The branch of physics which involves the
behavior and properties of light, including its - describe “something clear or see through.” If an
interactions with matter and the construction of object is transparent, you can clearly see things
instruments that use or detect it. on the other side of it by looking through that
object.
Sources of Light - Almost all the light that encounters a
transparent object will pass directly through that
Luminous Objects
object. You can see details like colors through
- Objects that emit or send off their own light. transparent objects.
They tend to radiate heats as an effect of being
Translucent
luminous and can store energy.
- describe something “allowing light to pass
Examples: Sun, stars, light bulbs, lamps
through but not showing the distinct images on
Non-luminous objects the other side.” If an object is translucent, you
can see that there is something on the other
- Those that can't emit their own light. In order for side of it when looking through it, but you can’t
us to see them, a light from the luminous object tell exactly what you’re seeing.
must be reflected. It is also termed as - Some of the light that encounters a translucent
illuminated objects. object will pass directly through that object. You
Examples: Moons, cars, building see fuzzy, unclear images through translucent
objects.
Opaque The Law of Reflection states that “ the angle of
incidence (incoming ray) equals the angle of reflection
- describe something “not capable of having light
(outgoing ray)”.
pass through.”
- In science terms, opaque is the opposite of The law works for FLAT, PLANE surfaces only.
transparent and translucent.
The angles are measured from a perpendicular line to
Brightness of Light the surface called a NORMAL.
Photometry Incident Ray – the ray of light that comes from the light
source and approaches the mirror.
- The branch of optics that deals with illumination
and the amount of brightness that a light source Angle of Incidence – the angle formed by the incident
possesses. ray and the line perpendicular to the surface of the
mirror (normal line).
Properties of Light Source
Reflected Ray – the ray coming from the mirror as a
Luminous Intensity
result of reflection
- refers to the brightness of a light source.
Angle of Reflection – the angle formed by the incident
- Expressed in the unit candela (cd)
ray when it hits the surface at an angle with the normal
- The brighter the light source is, the greater is its
line.
luminous intensity.
The relationship between Angle of Incidence and Angle
Luminous Flux
of Reflection is given by the “Law of Reflection”: 𝜽𝒊 =
- The luminous energy emitted from a light 𝜽𝒓
source is called luminous flux and is expressed
This means that the angle of incidence is ALWAYS
in lumens (lm).
EQUAL to the angle of reflection.
Lesson 2.4 Reflection and Mirrors
Types of Reflection
Facts about light
1. Specular Reflection
✓ It is a form of Electromagnetic Energy. - It is defined as light reflected from a smooth
✓ It is a part of the Electromagnetic Spectrum and surface at a definite angle
the only part we can really see. - The reflected rays are nearly parallel. The
✓ The speed of light, c, is constant in a vacuum. normal drawn to the surface (at the point at
which the incident ray strikes the surface)
Light can be: are nearly parallel.
• REFLECTED 2. Diffused Reflection
- It is produced by rough surfaces that tend to
• ABSORBED reflect light in all directions and no clear
image is formed.
• REFRACTED
- None of the normal drawn to the surface (at
✓ Light is an electromagnetic wave in that it has the point at which the incident light ray
wave like properties which can be influenced by strikes the surface) are parallel.
electric and magnetic fields.
A mirror is an object with at least one polished and
Reflection of Light therefore reflective surface.

• Reflection is the bouncing back of light from the The most familiar type of mirror is the plane mirror,
surface it hits. which has a flat surface.
• A ray is an idealized model consisting of a thin
Curved mirrors are also used, to produce magnified
beam of light that travels in a straight line.
or diminished images or focus light or simply distort the
• A wave fronts is an imaginary surface that reflected image.
represents points in the wave that vibrate in
unison. THE PROPERTIES OF IMAGES FORMED IN A
• Reflected light obeys the “Law of Reflection”. PLANE MIRROR
The image formed in a plane mirror is…
1. Virtual and Erect
2. Of the same size as of the object
3. At the same distance from the mirror as the Concave mirrors reflect light inward to one focal point;
object is in front of it therefore, they are used to focus light.
4. Laterally inverted • Unlike convex mirrors, concave mirrors show different
types of image depending on the distance between the
Virtual Images are basically images which cannot be
object and the mirror itself.
visually projected on a screen.
• These mirrors are called "converging" because they
If this box gave off light, we could project an image of
tend to collect light that falls on them, refocusing
this box on to a screen provided the screen was on the
parallel incoming rays toward a focus.
SAME SIDE as the box.
• This is because the light is reflected at different
You would not be able to project the image of the vase
angles, since the normal to the surface differs with each
or your face in a mirror on a screen, therefore it is a
spot on the mirror.
virtual image.
CHARACTERISTICS OF IMAGES IN CONCAVE
Real Images are ones you can project on to a screen.
MIRROR
For MIRRORS they always appear on the SAME SIDE
✓ The focal length is positive (because the object
of the mirror as the object.
and the focus are on the same side of the
The characteristics of the image, however, may be mirror)
different from the original object. These are ✓ The object and the focus are on the same side
of the mirror (inside the arc)
• Size (reduced, enlarged, same size) ✓ Real images can be formed by the mirror when
• Position (erect image and reverse image) the object is outside of the focus; an inverted
• Orientation (right side up, inverted) image is formed
✓ Virtual images are formed by the mirror when
The Image Formed in Curved Mirror
the object is within the focus; an erect image is
Spherical Mirror formed
✓ No image is formed when the object is at the
- These mirrors are spherical because if you take focus
a sphere and cut it then polish the inside of one ✓ When the object is at the center of curvature, an
and the outside of the other, you will get a inverted image is formed at the center of
concave and convex mirror. curvature
Convex Mirror
✓ Convex Mirror is a curved mirror in which the
reflective surface bulges toward the light
source. Convex mirrors reflect light outwards;
therefore, they are not used to focus light.
✓ The image is always virtual (rays haven't
actually passed though the image), diminished
(smaller), and upright. These features make
Parts of Symbol Description convex mirrors very useful: everything appears
Curved Mirror smaller in the mirror, so they cover a wider field
Vertex V The physical
of view than a normal plane mirror does as the
center of the
image is "compressed".
mirror
Focal Point F The midpoint CHARACTERISTICS OF IMAGES IN CONCAVE
of the line MIRROR
between the
vertex and the ✓ The focal length is negative (because the object
center of and the focus are on opposite sides of the
curvature mirror)
Center of C The ✓ The object and the focus are on opposite sides
Curvature geometrical of the mirror (the focus is on the inside of the
center of the mirror and the object is on the outside)
curved mirror
✓ Only virtual images are formed; all images are
Focal Length f The distance
smaller than the object
between the
focal point and
the vertex
Ray Diagram Lesson 2.5 Refraction and Lenses
- is a pictorial representation of how the light Refraction
travels to form an image and can tell you the
characteristics of the image. • When a wave crosses the boundary
between two media with different densities
Four Principal Rays
at an angle with the normal line to the
Rule One: An incident ray parallel to the optic axis boundary, it bends and changes its
reflects through the focus or would appear to come direction. This phenomenon is called
from the focus. refraction.
Rule Two: An incident ray which passes through the • The change in the direction of light when it
focal point (or appears to hit the focus) is reflected passes the interface of one media to
parallel to the optic axis. another is called refraction.
• The transmitted ray is bent into a different
Rule Three: An incident ray passing through the center
of curvature (or appears to hit the center of curvature)
direction, as compared to the incident ray.
is reflected along its original path. • Light rays may bend as they cross a
boundary from one material to another, like
Rule Four: An incident ray hitting the vertex is reflected from air to water.
symmetrically about the optic axis.
• This bending of light rays is known as
IMAGE FORMATION OF CONCAVE MIRROR refraction.
• The light rays from the straw are refracted
By changing the position of the object from the concave
mirror, different types of images can be formed. (or bent) when they cross from water back
into air before reaching your eyes.
Different types of images are formed when the
object is placed: The Law of refraction
• Generally known as Snell’s Law, governs
• At the infinity the behavior of light-rays as they propagate
• Beyond the center of curvature across a sharp interface between two
transparent dielectric media.
• At the center of curvature • When the incident ray forms an angle with
• Between the center of curvature and principal focus the normal line, the refracted ray also forms
the angle with the normal line. The
• At the principal focus relationship between these angles is given
by Snell’s Law. 𝒏𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏Ɵ𝒊 = 𝒏𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏Ɵ𝒓
• Between the principal focus and pole
• When a ray of light crosses from one
material to another, the amount it bends
depends on the difference in index of
refraction between the two materials.

Image formation of Convex Mirror

The image formed in a convex mirror is always virtual
and erect, whatever be the position of the object. Snell’s law is the relationship between the
angles of incidence and refraction and the
index of refraction of both materials.
A mirage is an optical phenomenon that creates Ray Diagramming Involving Lenses
the illusion of water and results from the refraction 1.Principal Ray
of light through a non-uniform medium.
An incident ray that is parallel to the optic axis is
Mirages are most commonly observed on sunny either refracted toward the far focal point (F) of a
days when driving down a roadway. converging lens or the near focal point (F) of a
The role of the sun is to heat the roadway to high diverging lens.
temperatures. 2.Focal Ray
A rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon that is An incident ray along the focal point (F) is refracted
caused by reflection, refraction and dispersion of parallel to the optic axis.
light in water droplets resulting in a spectrum of
light appearing in the sky. 3.Chief Ray

It takes the form of a multicolored circular arc An incident ray passing through the geometric
center of a thin lens.
Halo is the name for a family of optical phenomena
produced by light interacting with ice crystals Images formed by converging lenses (convex
suspended in the atmosphere. Lens)

Halos can have many forms, ranging from colored Converging lens: a convex lens in which light
or white rings to arcs and spots in the sky. rays that enter it parallel to its axis converge at a
single point on the opposite side.
A lens is an optical device that transmits and
refracts light. By changing the position of the object from the
convex lens, different types of images can be
It is a transparent material that redirects light rays formed. Different types of images are formed when
to form an image. the object is placed:
TYPES OF LENSES •At Infinity
• Lenses are made of transparent materials, •Beyond 2F
like glass or plastic, that typically have an
index of refraction greater than that of air. •At 2F
• Each of a lens’ two faces is part of a sphere
•Between F and 2F
and can be convex or concave (or one face
may be flat). •At F
• If a lens is thicker at the center than the
•Between F and O
edges, it is a convex, or converging lens,
since parallel rays will be converged to
meet at the focus.
• A lens which is thinner in the center than the
edges is a concave, or diverging lens, since
rays going through it will be spread out.
PARTS OF LENSES
• Like mirrors, lenses have a principal axis
perpendicular to their surface and passing
Diverging lens: a concave lens in which light rays
through their midpoint.
that enter it parallel to its axis bend away (diverge)
• Lenses also have a vertical axis, or
principal plane, through their middle. from its axis.
• They have a focal point, F, and the focal By changing the position of the object from the
length is the distance from the vertical concave lens, different types of images can be
axis to F.
formed. Different types of images are formed when
• There is no real center of curvature, so
the object is placed:
2Fis used to denote twice the focal length.
•At Infinity
•Between Infinity and Optical center
 Magnetic Field Lines
- Magnetic fields differ from electric fields.
- Magnetic fields are areas in which an object
illustrates a magnetic influence.
- These magnetic fields also affect other
neighboring objects, these areas in which
Lesson 2.6 Magnetism and Magnetic Field the magnetic field meets neighboring
objects are called magnetic field lines.
Magnets
- Magnetic fields are also different because
- A substance which attracts small pieces of they can either push away or attract other
iron and points in North-South direction magnets.
when suspended freely in known as
Properties
Magnet.
- A naturally occurring iron ore which is called 1.Lines of force originates from the north pole to
loadstone or magnetite also behaves as a the south pole.
magnet, but it is a very weak magnet.
- The ones we see are made from them in 2.Lines can never cross each other.
artificial way and permanent and strong. 3.If lines are closer to one another, the magnetic
Properties of Magnets field is stronger.

1.Has 2 poles-North and South. Relationship between Magnets and Electricity

2.Like poles repeal each other and unlike poles - It was discovered that when electricity was
attract each other. put into wires, it produced a magnetic field,
showing the relationship between these
3.They always exist in pairs of poles. two.
- These two are very closely related to each
4.Repulsion is the only sure test for a magnet.
other.
Magnetic Field - The electric current from the electricity
flowing through the objects, is what creates
- The region around a magnet where the
the magnetic field on the outside.
force of attraction or repulsion can be
detected is called magnetic field. Electric currents and magnetic field
- Magnetic field around a magnet can be
- An electric current is a flow of electric
detected by using a magnetic compass.
charge, this charge is often brought by
Earth’s Magnetic Field moving electrons in a wire.
- This flow of the electric current, causes a
- Earth is a very large magnet at its center,
circular magnetic field. Electric currents are
and it has two magnetic poles: north
measured in ampere( amp or A ).
magnetic pole and south magnetic pole.
- The needle in a compass point to a Magnetic Field Due to current carrying
magnetic pole. If you are away from the conductor
poles, you can use the compass to
- If a magnetic compass is placed near a
determine your way around.
conductor carrying current (wire), the
- Early convention for compass called the
needle is deflected. This shows that a
end of the needle that points to Earth’s
conductor carrying current has a magnetic
magnetic pole as the north-seeking pole.
field around it.
The other end is called the south-seeking
pole. Right Hand Thumb Rule
- The direction of the magnetic field around a
conductor is given by the Right-Hand
Thumb Rule.
 - It states that “If a current carrying conductor
is held in the right hand such that the thumb i. Motion of a magnet with respect to a coil
points in the direction of current, then the produces induced current.
ii. Change in magnetic field produces induced
fingers wrapped around the conductor current
shows the direction of the magnetic field “. Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
Magnetic Field Due to Current in Circular Loop - The direction of induced current is given by
- When current is passed through a circular Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule.
- It states that “If the thumb, fore finger and
conductor (loop) the magnetic field
middle finger of the right hand is held
produced is in the form of concentric circles perpendicular to each other such that the
around the conductor. Towards the center thumb points in the direction of motion of the
the arcs of the circles become larger and conductor, the fore finger points in the direction
appears as straight line. of the magnetic field, then the middle finger
Magnetic Field Due to Current in Solenoid shows the direction of induced current”
Medical Physics
- A solenoid is a circular coil of wire in the a. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
shape of a cylinder. - It is a medical imaging technique used in
- When current flows through a solenoid, it radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and
behaves like a bar magnet. The end of the the physiological processes of the body. MRI
solenoid behaves like the North and South scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic
poles of a magnet. The magnetic field field gradients, and radio waves to generate
produced by a solenoid is similar to the images of the organs in the body.
magnetic field produced by a bar magnet.
How does it work?
- The strength of the magnetic field depends
upon the strength of the current and the The device works by passing an electric current
number of turns of the coil. through the coils. Other coils in the magnet send and
Electromagnet receive radio waves which trigger hydrogen atoms to
align themselves. The atoms absorb radio waves that
- A strong magnetic field inside a solenoid stimulate theirs pin. The energy is released after
can be used to magnetize a piece of ‘exciting’ the atoms. Which in turn emits energy signals
magnetic material like a soft iron when that are picked up by the coil. A computer detects these
placed inside the coil. Such a magnet is signals that are used to create a three-dimensional
called an electromagnet. representation of the area being scanned.
- If electric current is passed through a wire
wound around a piece of soft iron, it
behaves like a magnet. Such a magnet is
called an electromagnet.
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

- The direction of force (motion) of a current

carrying conductor in a magnetic field is
given by Fleming’s Left Hand Rule.
- It states that “If we hold the thumb, fore
finger and middle finger of the left hand
perpendicular to each other such that the
fore finger points in the direction of
magnetic field, the middle finger points in
the direction of current, then the thumb
shows the direction of force (motion) of the
conductor”.
Electromagnetic Induction (Michael Faraday)
- The motion of a magnet with respect to a
coil or a change in the magnetic field induce
a potential difference in the coil and
produces induced current. This is called
electromagnetic induction.