ENHANCING SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS (STEM)

CURRICULUM WITH INTEGRATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

DR. VICTOR-AKINYEMI HELEN BIDEMI

DEPARTMENT OF CURRICULUM & INSTRUCTION
FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, OKENE
08033689530, [email protected]

BABADUNNI MAYOWA SAMSON

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS,
FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, OKENE
09056825428, [email protected]

ADEBAYO OPEYEMI TAYO

KOGI STATE UNIVERSITY, KABBA
08034277614

Abstract

Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into STEM curriculum present a transformative

opportunity to enhance education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and

Mathematics. The integration of AI is set to address several challenges and unlock

new potentials. AI driven tools can provide personalized learning experiences, adapts

to diverse student needs and learning pace, thus promoting better learning

experience and engagement. Moreover, integrating AI into the STEM curriculum will

prepare students for the future workforce, where AI and technology skills is highly

demand. Students gain experience through their interactions with AI applications

from fostering critical thinking to problem solving skills and data analysis.

However, despite the benefits of integrating AI into the STEM curriculum, it requires

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to overcome some hurdles such as curriculum designing, infrastructure, teachers

training and ensuring equitable access to AI resources. Addressing these hurdles

involves the collaborative efforts of government, technology developers, educators,

policymakers and all stakeholders involve in educational decision making process.

Enhancing STEM curriculum with the integration of AI will not only transform the

teaching and learning process but also equips students with essential skills for the

evolving digital economy and ensuring they remain capable in a technology driven

world.

Introduction

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) holds significant

importance in preparing students for the demands of the modern world by

integrating science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (Piddiachyi, 2022).

According to Mumta (2023), STEM education provides students with the knowledge

and skills that they need to be successful in the twenty-first century. STEM has

evolved into a meta-discipline, an integrated effort that removes the traditional

barriers between the subjects of science, technology, engineering and mathematics,

and focuses on innovation and the applied process of designing solutions to

multifaceted related problems. It aims to enrich students' competencies in critical

thinking, problem-solving, and creativity, essential for the 21st-century workforce.

STEM education fosters innovation, hands-on learning, and practical application of

knowledge through early exposure to modern STEM platforms, enabling students to

understand the real-world significance of STEM subjects.

STEM education promotes interdisciplinary connections and prepares

students for knowledge-intensive jobs dependent on science and technology,

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ultimately contributing to economic prosperity and societal problem-solving

(Hebebci & Usta, 2022). Overall, STEM education equips students with the necessary

skills and knowledge to succeed in an increasingly technology-driven and innovative

world. However, for STEM education to truly empower students and prepare them for

the challenges ahead, it must go beyond its core disciplines and embrace

sustainability and environmental education. This integration allows students to

tackle real-world issues and contribute to a sustainable and inclusive future guided

by the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

STEM education fosters a spirit of innovation, encouraging students to think

outside the box and develop unique ideas by taking an interdisciplinary approach to

problem-solving. STEM education equips students with the skills to effectively work

in teams, promoting communication, leadership, and the pursuit of common goals.

STEM education stimulates critical thinking by engaging students in actively

analyzing, evaluating, and applying knowledge to solve problems (Piddiachyi, 2022).

This approach prepares them for future challenges where logical reasoning and

problem-solving skills are paramount. It also enhance the cognitive abilities, such as

thinking, reading, and learning, by challenging students to engage in analytical

thinking, coding, and engineering principles from an early age, promoting problem-

solving proficiency. According to Ohize (2017), STEM education supports the

development of social-emotional skills, such as self-awareness, empathy, and

responsible decision-making, ensuring students’ holistic growth and preparing them

to thrive in a rapidly changing world.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has many distinct definitions; a few see it as the

created technology that lets in computers and machines to characteristic

intelligently. Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a significant role in transforming various

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aspects of society by impacting every aspect of our lives (Nikitha, 2020). It changes

human thinking, enhances decision-making processes, automates tasks, improves

efficiency, and enables the development of innovative solutions. AI applications

range from healthcare to transportation, finance, education, and more,

revolutionizing how we live and work. (IABAC, 2023). Artificial intelligence (AI) is

revolutionizing various facets of society by enhancing efficiency, personalizing

experiences, and driving innovation across numerous sectors.

AI has made significant advancements and has become increasingly

prevalent in various industries, including education. The integration of Artificial

Intelligence (AI) into STEM education represents a transformative approach to

modernizing teaching and learning. This initiative aims to personalize education,

improve engagement, and equip students with the skills necessary for the future

workforce (Goel, & Joyner, 2016). AI has the potential to transform the way we teach

and learn, particularly in STEM education. It has the ability to personalise learning

experiences, provide real-time feedback, and enhance critical thinking skills. This

research will explore the benefits of integrating technology in STEM education and

how AI can enhance learning in STEM subjects.

Challenges faced in delivering effective STEM instruction

The educational system of Nigeria at the moment is below par. It is low in

quality and standard, not widespread in terms of reach and might not ensure the

future we desire (Kolawole & Olusola, 2010). The significance of education by

Thomotuya & Inko-tariah (2016), it was noted that the pace at which a society

develops is a function of its educational system. Since education is a propeller of

development in any society, it follows that the society influences its education

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system and the education system in turn influences the happenings in the country.

STEM education in Nigeria has faced many challenges.

Adhering to a broad STEM curriculum is a significant challenge. STEM

subjects are inherently interdisciplinary, and developing a curriculum that integrates

these subjects cohesively can be complex (Kolawole & Olusola, 2010). Additionally,

aligning the curriculum with national or state standards while ensuring it remains

relevant and up-to-date with current scientific and technological advancements is a

continuous struggle for educators

One of the primary challenges is the lack of adequate resources. Many

schools struggle to provide necessary materials, lab equipment, and technology.

This scarcity hinders hands-on learning experiences which are crucial for

understanding STEM concepts. Another challenge facing the effective delivery of

STEM is student engagement. Many students perceive STEM subjects as difficult or

irrelevant to their lives (Bull and Slykhuis, 2013). Overcoming these perceptions

requires educators to make STEM learning exciting and relevant by connecting it to

real-world problems and careers.

Also, the lack of digitalization of Nigeria education is another challenge.

Digitalization is a process of converting analogue materials into digital format. The

national objective of education in the current dispensation of global technology is to

ensure that Nigeria cues into the world of technological advancement (Oni, 2012)

and most schools are lacking in this regard. In this technology driven age, everyone

requires ICT competence to succeed (Oni, 2012) and this can only be achieved if

students are introduced to such technology on time. Again, government’s reluctance

towards the education sector is another challenge. Most government owned schools

have no funded scholarship program in place to motivate or encourage learners to

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study STEM subjects, even when these scholarships and programs are available,

most students are not informed or aware of its existence or what they can do to get

it, especially those in rural areas.

Benefits of Integrating AI into STEM Curriculum

Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the STEM curriculum offers several

benefits that will enrich the educational experience for students and prepare them

for future careers in a technology-driven world. This incorporation will be able to

transform teaching and learning processes, promote personalized education, nurture

critical thinking, and arm students with essential skills for the 21st century. Some of

the benefit of the incorporation of AI into STEM curriculum includes:

 Enhancing Personalized Learning: Integrating AI into STEM education has the

ability to provide tailored learning experiences. AI-driven educational tools can

analyze individual students' learning styles, strengths, and weaknesses to

tailor instruction that suits such students. Adaptive learning platforms like

DreamBox and Knewton use AI algorithms to modify the difficulty of problems

based on student performance, ensuring that each learner is appropriately

and adequately supported (Xu & Ouyang, 2022). Personalized learning helps in

catering to diverse student needs and paces, ensuring that no student is left

behind.

 Support Teachers and Enhance Teaching: AI-powered tools can assist in

creating more dynamic and interactive lesson plans. This allows teachers to

focus more on instruction and less on grading and paperwork. AI systems can

analyze student data to identify learning gaps and recommend targeted

interventions, helping teachers address individual student needs more

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 effectively. AI can provide teachers with data-driven insights into student

learning patterns, helping them to develop more effective teaching strategies

and interventions (Holmes et al., 2019).

 Enhancing Collaboration and Communication: AI-powered platforms

facilitate collaborative projects by providing tools for communication, project
management, and real-time feedback. These platforms enable students to
work together more effectively, regardless of physical location, reflecting the
increasingly global nature of the modern workplace. Moreover, AI tools can
analyze group interactions and provide insights into team dynamics, helping
teachers to foster better collaborative skills among students (Roschelle et al.,
2010).
 Facilitates Advanced Problem-Solving Skills: AI integration in STEM
education encourages the development of advanced problem-solving skills. AI
tools can simulate real-world problems and scenarios, allowing students to
apply their knowledge in practical settings. For example, AI-driven simulations
and virtual labs enable students to experiment with scientific principles and
engineering challenges without the limitations of physical resources. This
hands-on approach to learning helps students develop critical thinking and
analytical skills, essential for success in STEM fields (Fisher et al., 2020).
 Promotes Students Engagement and Motivation: Interactive AI applications,
such as educational games and virtual reality experiences, make learning
more pleasurable and immersive. These tools can transform abstract
concepts into real experiences, making it easier for students to grasp difficult
subjects. For example, virtual reality can take students on virtual field trips to
discover scientific phenomena or historical events, hence nurturing a deeper
connection to the material (Radu, 2014). Additionally, AI-driven gamification of
learning can motivate students by incorporating elements of competition and
reward, making the educational process more engaging (Serrano-Laguna et al.,
2017).
 Encouraging Ethical and Responsible AI Use: By integrating AI into the STEM
curriculum, teachers can teach students about the right and societal
implications of AI technologies. Understanding the ethical considerations of
AI, such as privacy, bias, and accountability, is crucial as these technologies
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 become more integrated into daily life. Teachers can use AI as a context to
discuss broader issues in technology and ethics, fostering a generation of
students who are not only technically proficient but also ethically responsible
(Borenstein et al., 2017).
 Preparing Students for the Future Workforce: As AI technologies become
more prevalent across various industries, there is a growing need for
professionals who understand how to develop, implement, and manage these
systems. Integrating AI into the STEM curriculum prepares students for the
future workforce, where AI skills will be increasingly in demand. By
incorporating AI education early, schools can ensure that students are well-
equipped with the required skills and knowledge. This early experience to AI
also inspires interest in STEM careers, helping to address the skill shortages
in these critical fields (World Economic Forum, 2020).
The integration of AI into the STEM curriculum offers numerous benefits that can
enhance educational outcomes, foster essential skills, and prepare students for a
future where AI is inescapable. By personalizing learning, promoting engagement,
and developing advanced problem-solving skills, AI can transform STEM education
to meet the needs of the 21st century. Furthermore, preparing students for the future
workforce, enhancing collaboration, providing real-time feedback, supporting
teachers, and encouraging ethical AI use are critical benefits that underscore the
importance of this integration. As AI continues to evolve, its role in education will
likely expand, making it an indispensable tool in shaping the future of STEM learning.

AI Powered Teaching and Learning

The technological advancement is now rapidly moving, artificial intelligence

has appeared to be a formidable force to all sectors, and its ability is transforming

many parts of our everyday lives. The educational transformation is one sector in

which AI is making significant development in many terms of instructional

implications (Kusmawan, 2023, Williamson & Eynon, 2020). The educational system

is usually inadequate when it comes to meeting the requirements of a wide variety of

students and nature of learning. AI plays a critical changer in learning areas because

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of its analytic capabilities, which it employs to undertake comprehensive learning

assessments of students and also changing learning behavior to new learning

environments. AI makes it possible to design personalized learning paths by

carefully studying the learner's strengths and limitations.

AI-driven applications such as Cognitive Tutor software are known as

Intelligent Tutoring Systems designed to provide one-on-one instruction tailored to

individual student needs. These systems can simulate the role of a personal teacher

by offering clarifications, answering questions, and providing feedback (Koedinger &

Corbett, 2006). AI can also streamline the grading process, saving teachers valuable

time and providing students with instant feedback. Automated grading systems can

evaluate multiple-choice tests, essays, and even complex problems. These systems

use machine learning algorithms to assess the quality of student work and provide

constructive feedback. For example, platforms like Turnitin and Gradescope use AI

to detect plagiarism and grade assignments, helping to maintain academic integrity

and efficiency (Litman et al., 2020).

AI power program also has predictive analytics capabilities which can be

employed to ascertain students at risk of deteriorating or dropping out. By analyzing

data such as attendance, grades, and participation, AI systems can predict which

students might need additional support and alert instructors to intervene early

(Sclater et al., 2016). Also, AI-powered tools have significant potential in special

education, offering tailored support to students with varied learning needs. Speech

recognition and natural language processing technologies can assist students with

disabilities by providing real-time transcription and translation services. Additionally,

AI-driven applications offer personalized learning resources that adapt to the

specific needs of each student, making education more inclusive (Holmes et al.,

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2019).

AI-powered platforms also provide teachers with personalized training

programs based on their current skills and areas for improvement. These platforms

can recommend resources, workshops, and courses tailored to individual

professional development goals. AI-power platform like edX, Coursera recommend

relevant courses to teachers, helping them stay updated with the latest teaching

strategies and technologies (Luckin et al., 2016). While AI-powered teaching and

learning tools offer numerous benefits, they also present ethical considerations and

challenges that need to be addressed. Issues such as data privacy, algorithmic bias,

and the digital divide are critical concerns. Ensuring that AI systems are transparent,

fair, and accessible to all students is essential for their ethical implementation.

Additionally, educators need to be adequately trained to use these tools effectively

and understand their limitations (Borenstein et al., 2017).

The ability of AI to make modifications to educational programs is one of the

field's most promising areas of instructional application. AI in the educational field

may adjust a variety of changing factors, including the level of difficulty, the

availability of resources, and the introduction of new coursework. Students are not

just provided with a general assessment of the quality of their work. They should be

provided with specific suggestions regarding how they might want to think and do

based on STEM education guidelines. The use of artificial intelligence in STEM fields

are now giving rooms for learning advancement (Taylor et al., 2021; Yang, 2022). The

STEM education aims to help students meet their real potential, they can think and

do based on the real life situations. Necessary learning skills should be engaged to

students as well as AI preferred and problem areas (Nawaz et al., 2022).

However, AI can response to personalized approach, but it needs to be

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motivate about excitement with reliable information. It is used to customize

instruction for each individual learner, but higher-ordered thinking are required by

students. AI needs to introduce into STEM curriculum due to the fact that

personalized learning is now adjusting with group learning or collaboration (Rus-

Casas et al., 2021).

Challenges of integrating AI into the STEM curriculum

Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into the STEM curriculum presents a

transformative opportunity for education, but it also comes with significant

challenges. The complexities of AI, coupled with existing educational structures and

resources, pose multifaceted hurdles that educators, policymakers, and institutions

must sail across. Some of these challenges are discussed in detail, highlighting the

technical, pedagogical, ethical, and infrastructural issues that need to be addressed

for successful integration.

 Technical Challenges: AI technologies is evolving at an extraordinary pace,

which makes it difficult for educators and curriculum developers to keep up.

Before a curriculum is developed, reviewed and implemented, the technology

has advance beyond, rendering the entire or part of the newly developed

curriculum outdated on arrival. Also, there is no universal standard for AI

education in the STEM curriculum. This lack of standardization leads to

disparities in the quality and depth of AI education across different schools

and regions. Implementing AI into the curriculum requires significant

technological resources, computing infrastructure and specialized software,

which many underfunded schools or those in the rural areas lack (Kearney &

Treagust, 2019).

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 Instructional Challenges: To effectively integrate AI into the STEM curriculum

requires teachers who are experienced in both the theoretical and practical

aspects of AI. However, many of our teachers lacks the necessary training

and expertise in AI. There is need to train more teachers to ensure effective

delivery of AI related contents (Huang & Rust, 2018). Also, the traditional

STEM curriculum focus on foundational knowledge, while AI demands

interdisciplinary approach, to develop a curriculum that will effectively

integrates AI into STEM requires a careful planning and expertise. To

effectively engaged students and meets their divers needs, effect

instructional methods which includes real world applications and diverse

teaching methods is required from the teachers. This required additional

effort and creativity from the teachers (UNESCO, 2019).

 Ethical Consideration: Integrating AI into education brings up numerous

ethical concerns, including data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the societal

impact of AI technologies (Lucking et al, 2016). Students must be educated

about these issues to become responsible AI practitioners. AI could intensify

existing inequalities and inclusiveness in education. Schools in affluent areas

may have better access to resources and training, while those in

disadvantaged regions lag (Shneiderman, 2020).

 Infrastructural Challenges: Implementing AI into the STEM curriculum

requires significant investment in technology, training and curriculum

development, sourcing funds for these is a major hurdle, especially in the

public education with limited budget (West, 2018). Also, to successfully

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 integrate AI into the STEM curriculum requires a good administrative policy

and supports. This includes providing resources, teachers developments, and

collaboration between institutions and industries.

Conclusion

AI has the potential to be a transforming agent for STEM education. It ability

to personalize learning experiences, provide real-time feedback, and enhance critical

thinking skills. By integrating technology in STEM education and harnessing the

power of AI, we can create a more engaging and effective learning environment for

students. While there are challenges to implementing AI in the curriculum, these

challenges can be overcome through proper training, transparency, and

accountability.

By addressing concerns about privacy, bias, and data security, we can ensure

that AI is used ethically and responsibly in education. Teachers play a dynamic role

in incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) into STEM education. Teachers need to be

equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to effectively use AI tools and

resources in the classroom. Teacher training programs should be provided to

support teachers in developing these skills.

Recommendations

To address the stated challenges and to successfully integrate AI into the STEM

education curriculum, the following recommendations are suggested.

 Government and educational institutions should invest in infrastructure to

support AI integration.

 Clear policies and regulatory frameworks to guide the ethical use of AI in

education should be develop.

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  Teachers should be encourage on continuous professional development to

sharping the use of AI tools effectively.

 Teachers and researchers should be encourage to research into AI

applications in education.

 Collaborations between educational institutions and technology companies

should be establish.

 Government and relevant stakeholders in education should make effort to

ensure AI enhanced STEM education is accessible to all students

 Financial aids should be provided for schools and student in the rural areas

and those with poor socio-economic background.

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