Indian J Dairy Sci (2018)71(1):1-6 Covered by Clarivate Analytics services: Emerging Sources Citation Index

REVIEW ARTICLE

Application of inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles in dairy products: Opportunities

and challenges
Latha Sabikhi and Manoj Kumar CT

Received: 23 November 2017/Accepted: 17 December 2017

Abstract: Dairy products are highly perishable in nature as practices to keep food safe and unspoilt for long duration are in-
they get contaminated easily with spoilage causing and bottle sterilization, addition of bacteriocins, organic acids,
pathogenic microorganisms. Dairy industries suffer huge preservatives, and aseptic packaging methods. However, loss of
economical losses due to the post processing contamination of nutrients and natural flavor at high temperature, reduction in
dairy products. The search for new methods of food preservation activity of bacteriocins and strength of organic acids during
is, therefore, a continuous process. Application of engineered processing, negative opinion about addition of preservatives by
nanomaterials as antimicrobial agents is gaining importance in consumers, resistance of pathogens to existing antimicrobial
food preservation. Metal oxides in nano size exhibit strong agents, and high cost involved in aseptic packaging are the main
bacteriostatic/bactericidal activity over a wide range of reasons that prompt food processors to search for new methods
microorganisms. Addition of metal oxides not only improves the of food preservation.
shelf life, but also aids in mineral enrichment of dairy products.
Hence, there is a huge scope to use metal oxide nanoparticles for In the recent years, application of inorganic metal oxide
preservation of dairy products. This article discusses the nanoparticles against spoilage causing and pathogenic
application and scope of ZnO, MgO and CaO nanoparticles in microorganisms has gained importance in food preservation.
dairy products. In addition, the key challenges that the quality Inorganic metal oxides in nanosize exhibit strong anti-bacterial
and safety of the products may face owing to their addition are activity at low concentrations, due to their high surface area to
also discussed. volume ratio and unique chemical and physical properties. This
article features the application of zinc oxide (ZnO), magnesium
Keywords: Metal oxide nanoparticles, Antimicrobial, Food oxide (MgO) and calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles in dairy
preservation, Food safety, Food packaging products. The advantages of inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles
over other antimicrobial agents are improved food safety, stability
Introduction under high temperature treatments and the opportunity to use
the metal ions released after dissociation as dietary supplements
Developing countries are paying increased attention to food (Mirhosseini and Afzali, 2016). Hence, the added metal oxides
safety, because of growing recognition of its potential impact on not only improve the shelf life, but also aid in mineral enrichment
public health, food security and trade competitiveness. Post in dairy products.
processing contamination of food products lead to outbreak of
foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, These metal oxides are currently listed in Generally Regarded As
Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp., causing major concerns in Safe (GRAS) by USFDA. However, their application in nano size
the realm of food safety. Hence, food processing industry is in dairy products should be evaluated thoroughly for safety for
under tremendous pressure to produce fresh, minimally human consumption. Recently, the concern over impact of
processed, natural, healthy and safe foods. The current prevalent nanotechnology on human health was raised by US and European
governments. Hence, an extensive research has been initiated to
Latha Sabikhi() assess the safety of nanomaterials through in vitro and in vivo
Dairy Technology Division studies. To assess the potential risk of nanoparticles, an action
ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, India
plan ‘Synthetic Nanomaterials’ has been published by Swiss
E-mail:[email protected]
Telephone number: +91-184-2259240 Federal Office of Health together with the Swiss Federal Office of
Fax number: +91-184-2250042 Environment (Mahmoudi et al., 2011). So, any consumer based
products such as food, pharmaceutical, biomedical and other
Manoj Kumar CT
manufactured products containing nanomaterials need to be
Dairy Technology Division
ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, India evaluated for their safety on human health before
commercialization. Several nanoparticles are currently being used

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Covered by Clarivate Analytics services: Emerging Sources Citation Index Indian J Dairy Sci (2018) 71(1):1-6

in food products such as nanosilver as a antimicrobial, Enterococcus faecalis (Brayner et al., 2006; Ohira et al., 2008;
antiodorant and health supplement, nanoselenium in green tea, Premanathan et al., 2011; Xie et al., 2011; Narayanan et al., 2012)
nanocalcium in chewing gums and nanomagnesium and nanoiron etc. ZnO nanoparticles cause discrete and distinct types of injuries
as health supplements (Mirhosseini and Afzali, 2016). to microbial cells as a result of oxidative stress, protein
dysfunction or membrane damage. Gram-positive bacteria are
Antimicrobial Mechanism of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles more sensitive to ZnO nanoparticle than Gram-negative bacteria,
though at high concentration, the particles are effective against
The mechanism of antimicrobial activity of metal oxide both kinds of bacteria (Russel, 2003). ZnO nanoparticles also
nanoparticles (Fig. 1) has been proposed by several authors, as showed antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea and
detailed below: Penicillium expansum at higher concentration (He et al., 2011).
 Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as MgO nanoparticles
hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide
which transfer through cell wall and damage the intracellular MgO is an important inorganic material with a wide band-gap
parts (Yamamoto, 2001; Zhang et al., 2007). (Al-Gaashani et al., 2012). It has been used in many applications
such as catalysis, catalyst supports, toxic waste remediation,
 Electrostatic interaction between metal oxide refractory materials and adsorbents, additive in heavy fuel oils,
nanoparticles and bacterial surfaces (Stoimenov et al., 2002). reflecting and anti-reflecting coatings, superconducting and
ferroelectric thin films as the substrate, superconductors and
 Damaging of cell membrane by dissociated metal ions,
lithium ion batteries, etc. (Ouraipryvan et al., 2009; Mirzaei and
which subsequently causes cellular internalization and
Davoodnia, 2012). In medicine, MgO is used for the relief of
interact with cellular contents (Brayner et al., 2006).
heartburn, sore stomach and bone regeneration (Bertinetti et al.,
Many studies have revealed that antimicrobial activity of metal 2009; Martinez-Boubeta et al., 2010). MgO nanoparticles have
oxide nanoparticles majorly depends on their size and also shown promising results for application in tumor treatment
concentration (Yamamoto, 2001; Zhang et al., 2007; Jones et al., (Di et al., 2012).
2008). As the surface to volume ratio increases, more ROS is
MgO nanoparticles have considerable antimicrobial activity. As
generated in the medium, leading to destruction of cell wall of
like ZnO nanoparticles, the antimicrobial activity depend on size,
bacteria. However, the particle size below 15 µm decreases the
concentration and type of microorganisms. Huang et al. (2005)
antimicrobial activity due to clumping of particles and increase
reported that antibacterial activity against B. subtilis ATCC 9372
in their size (Tang and Lv, 2014). Padmavathy and Vijayaraghavan
increased as the particle size decreased. Similar results for E. coli
(2008) reported that ZnO nanoparticles showed less antimicrobial
and Staph. aureus (Makhluf et al., 2005; Sundrarajan et al., 2012)
effect against E. coli as the concentration varied from 0.01 to 1
report that the MgO nanoparticles penetrated the bacterial cell
mM. It was suspected that soluble Zn+ at low concentration may
wall and cell membrane. These results clearly revealed that the
act as nutrient for microorganisms. Reddy et al. (2007) observed
reduction in bacterial counts was strongly depended on size of
a consistent increase in counts of E. coli after treatment with 1
the particles. Some studies showed that MgO nanoparticles have
mM of ZnO nanoparticles, which was not seen in the case of
dosage-dependent antibacterial activity against E. coli (Sawai,
Staphylococcus aureus.
2003; An et al., 2011; Jin and He, 2011; Zhang et al., 2011). The
Antimicrobial Activity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles treatment with 3 mg/mL or higher concentration of MgO
nanoparticles significantly reduced cell concentrations to
ZnO nanoparticles undetectable levels after 24 h at room temperature as compared
to lower concentrations, indicating that 3 mg/mL MgO
ZnO is one of the five zinc compounds that are currently listed as nanoparticles would be enough to kill all cells (Jin and He, 2011).
GRAS by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Sundrarajan et al. (2012) reported that Gram-positive bacteria are
(21CFR182.8991). Food industry uses ZnO as a source of zinc, more sensitive to MgO nanoparticles than Gram-negative bacteria.
which is an essential micronutrient and serves important and
critical roles in growth, development and well-being in humans CaO nanoparticles
and animals. The antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles is
well explained by several review papers (Espitia et al., 2012; Shi Calcium oxide nanoparticles have found tremendous application
et al., 2014; Wyszogrodzka et al., 2016). ZnO in nanosize has in the field of detection and diagnostics, antimicrobials,
showed antimicrobial activity against several microorganisms therapeutics, catalysis and microelectronics. Several studies have
such as Bacillus subtilis, Staph. aureus (Adams et al., 2006; been carried out regarding production but very few studies are
Reddy et al., 2007; Gordon et al., 2011), Campylobacter jejuni, E. available on antimicrobial activity of CaO nanoparticles on
coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, various microorganisms. Roy et al. (2013) tested the antimicrobial

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Indian J Dairy Sci (2018)71(1):1-6 Covered by Clarivate Analytics services: Emerging Sources Citation Index

Fig. 1 Mechanism of action of metal

oxide nanoparticles on microorganisms ZnO Dissociation

Lipid peroxidation and cell

membrane breakdown by
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Zn+
ion ROS
Microorganism
Free Zn+ internalization,
Ion Interaction with affecting intracellular
cell membrane environment

efficacy of CaO nanoparticles against Ps. aeruginosa (Gram- There are very few reports on application of metal oxide
negative bacteria) and Staph. epidermis (Gram-positive bacteria) nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents in food system (Table 1).
as well as Candida tropicalis (pathogenic yeast) and found that Mirhosseini and Firouzabadi (2013) studied the antimicrobial
CaO nanoparticles showed strong antimicrobial activity against efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles (5 and 10 mM) on E. coli and
Ps. aeruginosa and Staph. epidermis compared to C. tropicalis. Staph. aureus in milk. They found that Staph. aureus was
Marquis et al. (2016) studied the antibacterial effect of plant inhibited to a higher extent after incubated for 8 h, whereas, E.
mediated CaO nanoparticles using aqueous stem extract of Cissus coli showed resistance to ZnO nanoparticles. The study
quadrangularis (commonly called veld grape, hadjod or interpreted that as the Gram-negative bacteria are resistant to
asthisamharaka in Ayurveda) at different concentrations against antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles, there is a need to
the pathogens Staph. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Ps. combine with other preservative factors such as nicin to improve
aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae and Vibrio the efficacy of the nanoparticles. The antimicrobial efficacy of
cholerae. E. coli underwent maximum inhibition followed by other ZnO nanoparticles is concentration-dependent. However, as the
microorganisms. Tang et al. (2013) studied the effect of calcination maximum recommended Zn daily intake for humans is 40 mg per
conditions on killing activity of CaO nanoparticles towards day, the concentration used for microbial inhibition would also
Lactobacillus plantarum. Calcinated CaO nanoparticles used at have to be reduced to maintain RDA of Zn. In addition to that,
a concentration of 100 ppm showed inhibition of Lb. plantarum the added ZnO nanoparticles sedimented in milk, hence, the
upto 5.97 log. It was concluded that CaO nanoparticles as dispersion of ZnO nanoparticles should be improved to enhance
antibacterial agents have significant potential in food-relevant antimicrobial activity.
industries. Gedda et al. (2015) reported that CaO nanoparticles
produced from shrimp shell showed effective antimicrobial Jin et al. (2009) studied the antimicrobial effect of ZnO quantum
activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. dots powder on pathogens such as L. monocytogenes and Sal.
enteritidis inoculated in liquid egg white. They found that ZnO
Synergistic effect quantum dots showed strong antibacterial activity against both
the organisms and that the inhibition was concentration-
Sadr et al. (2014) studied the effect of metal oxide nanoparticles dependent. It was observed that the sedimentation of ZnO
such MgO, ZnO and mild heat treatment in combination on nanoparticles in liquid system may affect their antibacterial
growth of E.coli and Staph. aureus. It was reported that the efficacy. Further, ZnO was capped with PVP gel and bound in PS
combination of MgO and ZnO nanoparticles with mild heat film to increase the solubility and control release of the ZnO,
exhibited significant reduction in the number of the organisms. though these processes did not improve antimicrobial effect of
This combination may help to avoid the need for high temperature ZnO.
processing. Mirhosseini (2015) studied the effect of CuO and
MgO nanoparticles in combination with ultrasound on Staph. Mirhosseini and Arjmand (2014) reported the antimicrobial effect
aureus and Ps. aeruginosa. The study reported that the of ZnO nanoparticles in meat against L. monocytogenes, E.coli
application of ultrasound significantly improved the antibacterial and Staph. aureus. ZnO nanoparticles suspension of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8
effect of CuO followed by MgO nanoparticles. and 10 mM concentration with 1% acetic acid was used for
treating meat inoculated with 7 log CFU/gm of above said
Application of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Dairy and Food organisms. L. monocytogenes was more sensitive to ZnO
Products

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Covered by Clarivate Analytics services: Emerging Sources Citation Index Indian J Dairy Sci (2018) 71(1):1-6

Table 1. Application of metal oxide nanoparticles in dairy and food products

Type of Product Concentration Target organisms Comments Reference
metal
oxide
ZnO Milk 5 and 10 mM E. coli, Staph. Staph. aureus more Mirhosseini
aureus susceptible than E. coli; and
effect was concentration Firouzabadi
dependent (2013)
MgO Milk 2 and 4 E. coli, Staph. Strong antibacterial activity; Mirhosseini
mg/ml aureus effect was concentration (2016)
dependent
ZnO Liquid egg 1.12 and 0.28 L. Strong antibacterial activity; Jin et al.
white mg/mL monocytogenes, effect was concentration (2009)
S. enteritidis dependent
ZnO Meat 1, 2, 4, 6 and L. Strong antibacterial activity; Mirhosseini
8 mM with monocytogenes, effect was concentration and
acetic acid E. coli, Staph. dependent Arjmand
aureus (2014)
ZnO Mango juice 6 and 8 mM Staph. aureus Significantly reduced the Edalatpanah
with 1% counts from 7 log to 5.7-5.9 et al. (2014)
acetic acid log

nanoparticles suspension followed by Staph. aureus and E.coli processing period. Several preservatives are used to increase
and the rate of inhibition was concentration-dependent. the shelf life of milk and milk products although the addition of
Edalatpanah et al. (2014) reported that ZnO nanoparticles (6 and preservatives in milk and milk products is not permitted. Hence,
8 mM) used in combination with acetic acid (1%) significantly application of metal oxide nanoparticles has a great scope to
reduced (1.1-1.2 log CFU) the Staph. aureus counts inoculated enhance the shelf life of dairy products. Metal oxide nanoparticles
in mango juice. such as ZnO, MgO and CaO can be used as antimicrobial agents
as well as mineral fortifying agents.
Mirhosseini (2016) studied the antimicrobial effect of MgO
nanoparticles alone (2 and 4 mg/ml) and in combination with Effect on Quality of Dairy Products
nicin and mild heat in liquid milk. The study reported that MgO
nanoparticles showed strong bactericidal activity against The addition of metal oxides in milk and milk products may not
pathogens such as E. coli and Staph. aureus. The synergistic only increase shelf life but also affect physico-chemical,
effect of MgO with nicin and mild heat showed greater bactericidal rheological and sensory properties. The stability of milk is due to
effect compared to MgO alone. the stable salt balance composed of Ca and Mg, and citrate and
phosphate. Slight variation in the concentration of salts may
Scope in Dairy Products disturb salt balance of milk. The addition of ZnO, MgO and CaO
nanoparticles may disturb the salt balance of milk, leading to
Milk and milk products are highly perishable in nature, due to the coagulation during thermal processing. In addition to that, free
high moisture content, suitable nutrients for microbial growth metal ions and their oxides produced after dissociation may show
and neutral pH condition. The major contaminants are chemical reactivity and induce oxidation of milk fat. As is true
psychrotrophs, hetero-fermenter lactic acid bacteria and with the presence of iron and copper salts, metal oxide
pathogens. Psychrotrophs such as Pseudomonas sp. are the nanoparticles also may accelerate the onset of auto-oxidation
major spoilage causing bacteria prevalent in raw milk, indicating and the development of a metallic flavour in milk, more so, in the
poor raw milk quality. These organisms produce thermostable presence of light and dissolved oxygen. Hence, the concentration
extracellular enzymes (proteinases and lipases) which affect the of metal oxide nanoparticles has to be optimized during
quality of UHT milk during storage. Apart from that, toxin incorporation into milk. So, the effect of metal oxide nanoparticles
producing microorganisms such as E. coli and Clostridium on quality of milk and milk products is a researchable issue.
botulinum also lead to bloating defect in cheese. Dairy products
offer a good environment for the growth of pathogens such as L. Associated Risks and Safety Studies
monocytogenes, Salmonella sp. etc., owing to which it is
necessary to keep milk and milk products stable during post

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Indian J Dairy Sci (2018)71(1):1-6 Covered by Clarivate Analytics services: Emerging Sources Citation Index

Nanoparticles are increasingly being used in the consumer Conclusions

products of various categories. Inorganic nanomaterials are used
in health supplements, food, food contact surfaces and packaging The application of metal oxide nanoparticles as antimicrobial
materials (Mirhosseini et al., 2016). At nanosize, the properties agents in food preservation is a novel approach.These
of materials differ substantially from bulk materials of the same nanoparticles have huge scope of application in milk and milk
composition due to the increase in surface area to volume ratio products to enhance their shelf life. However, elaborate studies
and reactivity, which may lead to increased bioavailability as are required to determine the effect of nanomaterials on quality
well as toxicity. of dairy products in comparison with bulk materials of same
composition. The safety of these particles when added to dairy
Several studies have been carried out on evaluation of effect of products and their effect on the consumers’ biological systems
inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles on biological cells through also need to evaluated thoroughly.
in vitro and in vivo experiments. Zhu et al. (2008) reported that
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