DISCLAIMER (Must Read)

This document is solely for review purposes only. Distribution of this copy is
solely due to aid the students in their studies relevant to this document. This
document is not recommended to be used as an instrument/medium for
teaching on official lectures and/or classes; since the author couldn’t guarantee

Surveying
100% accuracy of the document as some minor mistakes could’ve been made
during the production of this document. Editing this document by removing,
changing, or adding anything is strictly prohibited as this is my own work and
it took me a really long time to make this 30-page document.

If you -
1. Want me to add more equations;
2. Want me to change anything wrong in the document;
3. Have any other comments/suggestions;
4. Simply just want to thank me;
Kyle Michael Sy Just contact me via:
March 21, 2019 Gmail – [email protected]
Messenger – Kyle Michael Sy

2nd Update
April 2019 Update 1
(4/12/2019)
 3 4

Changelog Clickable Table of Contents – for PDF and Word

March 2019 DISCLAIMER (Must Read) -----------------------------------------------------------2

1: 3/21 Changelog -------------------------------------------------------------------------------3

1. Added everything March 2019
April 2019 September 2018
2: 4/12 January 2019
1. Added mass haul diagrams. February 2019
Data Correction -----------------------------------------------------------------------6
Tape Correction
Temperature Correction
Tension Correction
Sag Correction
Normal Tension
Traverse Adjustment ----------------------------------------------------------------7
Compass Rule
Transit Rule
Area --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
Area by Triangle
Double Meridian Distance (DMD)
Double Parallel Distance
Trapezoidal Rule
Simpson’s One-third Rule
Coordinate Method
Leveling ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
Curvature and Refraction
Reciprocal Leveling
Differential Leveling
Trigonometric Leveling
Stadia Leveling
Simple Curve ---------------------------------------------------------------------------15
Degree of Curve (D)
Tangent Distance (T)

Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update

 5 6

Long Chord (LC) Data Correction

Subchord (SC)
Length of Curve (Lc) Tape Correction
External Distance (E)
Correction per Tape Length
Middle Ordinate
𝐶𝑑 = 𝑇𝐿 − 𝑁𝐿 Wherein: TL is the tape length
Stationing of Point of Curvature
Stationing of Point of Tangency NL is the nominal length
Stationing of Point of Intersection
Compound Curve ---------------------------------------------------------------------19
Total Correction to be Applied
If Common Tangent is not Parallel to the Long Chord 𝑀𝐿
𝐶𝑙 = 𝐶𝑑 ( ) Wherein: ML is the measured length
If Common Tangent is Parallel to Long Chord 𝑁𝐿
Spiral Curve ----------------------------------------------------------------------------21 NL is the nominal length
Elements of a Spiral Curve Corrected Length 𝐶𝑙 is the total correction to be applied
_Toc4097759 𝐶𝐿 = 𝑀𝐿 ± 𝐶𝑙
Properties of Spiral Curves CL is the corrected length
Formulas
Temperature Correction
Earthworks Engineering ------------------------------------------------------------24
Volume Computation 𝐶𝑡 = 𝛼𝐿(𝑇 − 𝑇0) Wherein: L is the measured length.
TABLES 26 T is the observed temperature of the tape
Length T0 is the temperature at which the tape was
Volume standardized
Temperature 0.0000116 0.00000645
α= OR 𝛼 =
°𝐶 °𝐹

Tension Correction
𝐿(𝑃 − 𝑃0)
𝐶𝑝 = Wherein: L is the measured length
𝑎𝐸
P is the applied tension
P0 is the standardized tension for the tape
a is the cross-sectional area
E is the elastic modulus of the steel

Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update

 7 8

Sag Correction Area

2 3
𝑤 𝐿 Area by Triangle
𝐶𝑠 = Wherein: L is the distance between supports
24𝑃2
w is the weight of the tape Known base and altitude
𝑊2𝐿 1
𝐶𝑠 = W is the total weight of tape between supports 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
24𝑃2 2
P is the applied tension
Normal Tension

𝑎𝐸 Two sides and included angle known/measured

𝑃𝑛 = 0.204 ∙ 𝑊√ 1
𝑃𝑛 − 𝑃0
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
2

Traverse Adjustment
Compass Rule Three sides known/measured
Latitude Correction 𝐴 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
𝑑
𝑐𝑙 = 𝐶𝐿 ( ) Wherein: 𝑑 is the length of any course 1
𝐷 𝑠= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
D is the perimeter of the traverse 2

Departure Correction CL is the total closure in latitude

𝑑 Double Meridian Distance (DMD)
𝑐𝑑 = 𝐶𝐷 ( ) CD is the total closure in departure
𝐷 Double Area Area
2𝐴 = 𝐷𝑀𝐷 × 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝐴
Transit Rule
1
Latitude Correction = (𝐷𝑀𝐷 × 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒)
2
𝐿𝑎𝑡 Double Parallel Distance
𝑐𝑙 = 𝐶𝐿 ( ) Wherein: Lat is the latitude of a given length
∑𝑁𝐿 − ∑𝑆𝐿 Double Area Area
Dep is the departure of a given length 𝐴
2𝐴 = 𝐷𝑃𝐷 × 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
Departure Correction CL is the total closure in latitude
𝐷𝑒𝑝 1
𝑐𝑑 = 𝐶𝐷 ( ) CD is the total closure in departure = (𝐷𝑃𝐷 × 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)
∑𝐸𝐷 − ∑𝑊𝐷 2

Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update

 9 10

Trapezoidal Rule Reciprocal Leveling

ℎ1 + ℎ𝑛
𝐴 =𝑑[ + ℎ2 + ℎ3 + ⋯ + ℎ𝑛−1 ]
2

Simpson’s One-third Rule Mean Diff. in Elev. at Left Elevation of Benchmark 2

𝐷𝐸𝐴 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐵𝑀2 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐵𝑀1
When n is odd
𝑑 ± 𝑇𝐷𝐸
𝐴 [(ℎ1 + ℎ𝑛 ) + 2(ℎ3 + ℎ5 + ℎ7 + ⋯ + ℎ𝑛−2) Mean Diff. in Elev. at Right
3
𝐷𝐸𝐵 = 𝑎′ − 𝑏′
+ 4(ℎ2 + ℎ4 + ℎ6 + ⋯ + ℎ𝑛−1) True Mean Diff. in Elev.
𝐷𝐸𝐴 + 𝐷𝐸𝐵
𝑇𝐷𝐸 =
When n is even 2
𝑑 Differential Leveling
𝐴 [(ℎ1 + ℎ𝑛−1) + 2(ℎ3 + ℎ5 + ℎ7 + ⋯ + ℎ𝑛−3 )
3 Height of Instrument Wherein: HI is the height of the instrument
ℎ1 + ℎ𝑛−1 𝐻𝐼 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐵𝑀𝑎 + 𝐵𝑆
BM is the benchmark
+ 4(ℎ2 + ℎ4 + ℎ6 + ⋯ + ℎ𝑛−2)] + 𝑑
2
Elevation of the Turning Point BS is the backsight

Coordinate Method 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑇𝑃1 = 𝐻𝐼 − 𝐹𝑆 FS is the foresight

1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛 𝑥1
𝐴= × [𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦3 … 𝑦1 𝑦1 ]
Trigonometric Leveling
2 1
Vertical Distance
Leveling 𝑉 = 𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼

Curvature and Refraction 𝑉 = 𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼

Note that K is in kilometers and h is in meters.

Curvature Height Curvature and Refraction Height

ℎ𝑐 = 0.0675𝐾 2 ℎ𝑐𝑟 = 0.0785𝐾 2

Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update

 11 12

Upward Line of Sight Downward Line of Sight

Without curvature (hcr = 0) Without curvature (hcr = 0)

With curvature (hcr ≠ 0) With curvature (hcr ≠ 0)

𝐷𝐸𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉 + 𝐻𝐼 − 𝑅𝑅 + ℎ𝑐𝑟
𝐷𝐸𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉 − 𝐻𝐼 − 𝑅𝑅 − ℎ𝑐𝑟
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐴 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐵 + 𝑅𝑅 − 𝑉 − ℎ𝑐𝑟 − 𝐻𝐼
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐴 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐵 + 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑉 − 𝐻𝐼 − ℎ𝑐𝑟
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐵 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐴 + 𝐻𝐼 + 𝑉 + ℎ𝑐𝑟 − 𝑅𝑅
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐵 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐴 + 𝐻𝐼 + ℎ𝑐𝑟 − 𝑉 − 𝑅𝑅
Wherein: HI is the instrument height Wherein: HI is the instrument height
hcr is the effect of curvature and refraction hcr is the effect of curvature and refraction
RR is the rod reading RR is the rod reading
V/VD is the vertical dist. from the horizontal to the line of sight V/VD is the vertical dist. from the horizontal to the line of sight

Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update

 13 14

Stadia Leveling Inclined Sights

Horizontal Sights

Wherein: c is the distance from the instrument center

𝑑 𝑓 𝐻 = 𝐾 × 𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
= to the objective lens center
𝑠 𝑖
C = 0.0m for internal, C = 0.3m for external 𝑉 = 𝐾 × 𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 + 𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
𝑓 focusing telescope
𝐾= 1
𝑖 d is the distance from the focal point to the 𝑉 = 𝐾 × 𝑆 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝛼 + 𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
2
𝐶 =𝑓+𝑐 face of the rod
𝐷 = 𝐾 × 𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝐶
D is the distance from the instrument
𝐷=𝐶+𝑑 center to the face of the rod Wherein: D is the line of sight from the instrument to
the rod
𝐷 = 𝐾×𝑆+𝐶 f is the focal length
C = 0.0m for internal, C = 0.3m for external
i is the spacing between stadia hairs focusing telescope
K is the stadia constant H/HD is the horizontal distance
S is the stadia intercept/interval K is the stadia constant
S is the stadia intercept/interval
V/VD is the vertical distance
α is the angle of the inclined stadia

Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update

 15 16

Simple Curve Tangent Distance (T)

𝛥 𝐼 𝑇
Degree of Curve (D) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
2 2 𝑅
Arc Basis (Metric)
20 2𝜋𝑅 𝐼
= 𝑇 = 𝑅 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝐷 360° 2

1145.916
𝐷= Long Chord (LC)
𝑅
𝐿𝐶
𝐼
Arc Basis (English) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 2
2 𝑅
5(20) 2𝜋𝑅
= 𝐼
𝐷 360°
𝐿𝐶 = 2𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
5(1145.916)
𝐷=
𝑅
Subchord (SC)
Chord Basis (Metric) 𝑆𝐶
𝜃
𝐷 10
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 2
2 𝑅 2 𝑅

10 𝜃
𝑅= 𝑆𝐶 = 2𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝐷 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
Length of Curve (Lc)
Chord Basis (English)
𝐷 50 From Arc Definition,
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝜋
2 𝑅 𝐿𝑐 = 𝑅𝛥 ( )
180°
50
𝑅= Metric
𝐷
𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
Lc 20
=
𝐼 𝐷
𝐼
Lc = 20 ( )
𝐷

Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update

 17 18

English Stationing of Point of Curvature

𝐿𝑐 100
= If STA PI is known
𝐼 𝐷
𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝐼 − 𝑇
𝐼
𝐿𝑐 = 100 ( )
𝐷 IF STA PT is known
𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝑇 − 𝐿𝑐
External Distance (E)
𝐸 = 𝑂𝑃𝐼 − 𝑅 Stationing of Point of
Tangency
𝐼
𝑂𝑃𝐼 = 𝑅 𝑠𝑒𝑐 If STA PC is known
2
𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝐶 + 𝐿𝑐
𝐼
𝐸 = 𝑅 𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 𝑅
2 IF STA PI is known
𝐼 𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝑇 = (𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝐼 − 𝑇) + 𝐿𝑐
𝐸 = 𝑅(𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 1)
2
Stationing of Point of Intersection
Middle Ordinate If STA PC is known
𝑀 = 𝑅 − 𝑂𝐹 𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝐼 = 𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑇

𝐼 IF STA PT is known
𝑀 = 𝑅 − 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝐼 = (𝑆𝑇𝐴 𝑃𝑇 − 𝐿𝑐 ) + 𝑇
𝐼
𝑀 = 𝑅(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
2

Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update

 19 20

Compound Curve If Common Tangent is Parallel to Long Chord

If Common Tangent is not Parallel to the Long Chord

Triangle PC-V-PT Triangle PC-PCC-PT

Triangle V1-V-V2

Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update

 21 22

Spiral Curve S: The spiral angle from TS to any point on the spiral
Elements of a Spiral Curve i: Spiral deflection angle at the TS from initial tangent to any point on the
spiral
D: Degree of curve of the spiral at any point, and R = its radius
Dc: Degree of curve of the shifted circle to which the spiral becomes
tangent at the SC, and R-c the radius of the circle
I: Total central angle of the circular curve
Ic: Central angle of circular arc of Lc extending from the SC to the CS
xc: Tangent offset of the SC with reference to the TS and
the initial tangent
x: Tangent offset
yc: Tangent distance for the SC
y: Tangent distance
q: Distance along tangent to the point perpendicular to
the PC of the shifted curve
p: Offset from the initial tangent to the PC of the shifted circular curve or
throw
Ts: Total tangent distance = distance from PI to TS or ST
Es: T otal external distance = distance from PI to midpoint of curve
TS: Point of change from tangent to spiral
Rc: Radius of simple curve
SC: Point of change from spiral to circle
R: Radius of spiral at any point
CS: Point of change from circle to spiral
e: Superelevation
ST: Point of change from spiral to tangent
k: Velocity of vehicle in kph
L: Spiral arc length from TS to any point on the spiral
v: Velocity of vehicle
Lc: Total length of spiral from TS to SC
Sc: Central angle of spiral (from TS to SC)

Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update

 23 24

Properties of Spiral Curves Spiral Angle at the SC External Distance

𝐿𝑐 𝐼
At the end of the spiral adjacent to the tangent, the radius of the spiral 𝑆𝑐 = 𝐸𝑠 = (𝑅𝑐 + 𝑝) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 𝑅𝑐
2𝑅𝑐 2
is large; along the curve it decreases gradually until at the point
where the spiral joins the circular curve, the radii of the curves are
Tangent Offset Distance Along Tangent at the
equal, hence, the radius of the spiral varies inversely proportional to
𝐿3 SC
the radius of the circular curve. 𝑥=
𝑅 𝐿𝑐 6𝑅𝑐 𝐿𝑐 𝐿3𝑐
= 𝑦𝑐 = 𝐿𝑐 −
𝑅𝑐 𝐿 40𝑅𝑐2
Tangent Offset at the SC
𝐿2 Angle of Intersection
The spiral angle varies as the squares of the lengths along the spiral. 𝑥𝑐 = 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑐 + 2𝑆𝑐
𝑆 𝐿 2 6𝑅𝑐
=( )
𝑆𝑐 𝐿𝑐
Length of Ghost Curve
Deflection Angle
1
1 𝑄 = 𝐿𝑐
The tangent offset varies as the cubes of the lengths along the spiral. 𝑖= 𝑆 2
𝑥 𝐿 3 3
=( )
𝑥𝑐 𝐿𝑐 Throw
Deflection Angle at the SC
1 𝑥𝑐 𝐿2𝑐
𝑖𝑐 = 𝑆𝑐 𝑝= =
The deflection angle varies as the squares of the lengths along the 3 4 24𝑅𝑐
spiral.
Tangent Distance
𝑖 𝐿 2
=( ) Distance Along Tangent 𝐿𝑐 𝐼
𝑖𝑐 𝐿𝑐 𝑇𝑠 = + (𝑅𝑐 + 𝑝) 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 2
𝐿5
𝑦=𝐿−
Formulas 40𝑅𝑐2𝐿2𝑐

Superelevation Radius of Spiral Earthworks Engineering

0.0079𝑘 2 ∙ 𝑊 1145.916𝐿𝑐
𝑒= 𝑅= Volume Computation
𝑅 𝐷𝑐 𝐿
End Area Method Prismoidal Formula
Desirable Length of Spiral Spiral Angle 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 𝐿
𝑉=( )𝐿 𝑉 = (𝐴1 + 4𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2 )
0.036𝑘 3 𝑆 = 𝐿2 /2𝑅𝑐 𝐿𝑐 2 6
𝐿𝑐 =
𝑅

Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update

 25 26

Prismoidal Correction Volume of Regular Prism

𝑉 = 𝑉𝐸 − 𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
𝑉 = 𝐴( )
4
𝐿
𝑉𝑐𝑝 = (𝐶 − 𝐶2 )(𝐷1 − 𝐷2 )
12 1
Assembly of Regular Prism
𝐴
𝑉 = [∑ℎ1 + 2∑ℎ2 + 3∑ℎ3 + 4∑ℎ4 ]
4

Truncated Prism
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑉 = 𝐴( )
3

Mass Haul Diagram

TABLES
Overhaul Wherein: OH is the overhaul.
OH = OHV × LOH
OHV is the overhaul volume.

Length of Overhaul LOH is the length of overhaul.

LOH = D − FHD D is the distance between centroids. August 17, 2018
FHD is the free-haul distance
Cost of Haul
LEH − FHD
Cost of Haul = 1 m3 ( ) Ch
c

Cost of Borrow Wherein: LEH is the limit of economic haul.

Cost of Borrow = 1 m3 ∙ Cb
Cb is the unit cost of borrow.

Limit of Economic Haul Ch is the unit cost of haul.

Cb c
LEH = + FHD c is the length basis of the Ch
Ch

Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update Kyle Michael Sy 2nd Update

 27 28

Metric Prefixes and Symbols Length

Prefix Symbol Factor Scientific
Meter Inch Foot Yard Chain Furlong Mile League
yotta Y 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1024
1 meter = 1 39.3701 3.2808 1.0936 0.0497 0.0050 0.0006 0.0002
zetta Z 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1021
1 inch = 0.0254 1 0.0833 0.0278 0.0013 0.0001 1.6e-5 4.6e-6
exa E 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 1018
1 foot = 0.3048 12 1 0.3333 0.0152 0.0015 0.0002 5.5e-5
peta P 1,000,000,000,000,000 1015 1 yard = 0.9144 36 3 1 0.0455 0.0045 0.0006 0.0002
tera T 1,000,000,000,000 1012 1 chain = 20.1168 792 66 22 1 0.1000 0.0125 0.0036
giga G 1,000,000,000 109 1 furlong = 201.168 7920.02 660.001 220 10 1 0.125 0.0362

mega M 1,000,000 106 1 mile = 1609.34 63360 5280 1760 80 8.0000 1 0.2897

103 1 league = 5556 218740 18228.3 6076.12 276.187 27.6187 3.4523 1

kilo k 1,000
102 1 fathom = 1.8288 72 6 2 0.0909 0.0091 0.0011 0.0003
hecto h 100
101 1 naut. mi. = 1852 7.3e4 6.1e3 2.03e3 92.0624 9.2062 1.1508 0.3333
deka da 10
1 rod = 5.0292 198 16.5 5.5 0.25 0.025 0.0031 0.0009
1 100

deci d 0.1 10-1

centi c 0.01 10-2

milli m 0.001 10-3

micro μ 0.000001 10-6

nano n 0.000000001 10-9
pico p 0.000000000001 10-12

femto f 0.000000000000001 10-15

atto a 0.000000000000000001 10-18

zepto z 0.000000000000000000001 10-21

yocto y 0.000000000000000000000001 10-24

Kyle Michael Sy 1st Update Kyle Michael Sy 1st Update

 29

Volume

ml l fl. oz. pt qt gal in3

1 milliliter = 1 0.001 0.0338 0.0021 0.0011 0.0002 0.0610

1 liter = 1000 1 33.8140 2.1134 1.0567 0.2641 61.0237

1 fluid ounce = 29.5735 0.0296 1 0.0625 0.0313 0.0078 1.8047

1 pint = 473.1765 0.4732 16 1 0.5 0.125 28.875

1 quart = 946.3529 0.9464 32 2 1 0.25 57.75

1 gallon = 3785.4118 3.7854 128 8 4 1 231

1 in3 = 16.3871 0.0164 0.5541 0.0346 0.0173 0.0043 1

Temperature
Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin Rankine Réaumur
5 5 5
°C = 1 ([°F] − 32) [K] − 273.15 ([°R] − 491.67) × [°Ré] ×
9 9 4
9 9 9
°F = [°C] + 32 1 [K] × − 459.67 [°R] − 459.67 [°Ré] × + 32
5 5 4
9 5 5
K= [°C] + 273.15 ([K] + 459.67) × 1 [°R] × [°Ré] × + 273.15
5 9 4
9 9 9
°R = ([°C] + 273.15) × [°F] + 459.67 [K] × 1 [°Ré] × + 491.67
5 5 4
4 4 4 4
°Ré = [°C] × ([°F] − 32) × ([K] − 273.15) × ([°R] − 491.67) × 1
5 9 5 9

Kyle Michael Sy 1st Update