PHYSIce HSSIGNN ENT_ (OHKS)

what Me t i forces Gtfng on a

lytem performing forced vibutious
ue spvetion for ampli'tude in forted vibraticut.
Dfve

Glo: Jhen a boduy exeutig lovcad vibvation, it is acted on by:

a) Restoing foce proper tionat to tiplocument but ppesilely dfrected,

gtven by-
b) Damprg vce proportioal b velody but opesitely civetted. glven l
CLy
dt
c) Exteal forte, vepresented hyFsin pt
Total foce on vibating bocly

F=-Py-duy + Fsin pt -O
dlt
rom Neuoton's lauo,
f md 9
d
Fom 0 and ,
md Hy- dut
Clt
fsMpt)
m +p + ru FAipE)
Clt

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cPy +y+Id-fmpE) @msritramaiah

day +2bdy+ f n pt) -

dt2 CE

Where -2b,=wL-f
m m

Scution for e n i s of the fem, -Astnpt-e)-

Aptopt-e) -Ashpt-e)
-Ap?ginCpt-+) + 2h Ap tos(pt-e) + w*Asin(pt-e) - fsnpt

AP) snpt-0) 2bAp O pt-e) f stn (pt-e)+e)

+
-

Ao) snlpt-e) + 2bApostpt-e) f[sinpt-e) ose+ coslpt-e)sîne)

=
 ouating UAS amd PHS, e get

A ) fcose 2Ap= fsihe

Suaing amd adeiug md e

ge

A Armplitode of forcud
Cop)+ 46p2 vibratiou

The dlsplottmeut- me equatim of a danped oscillatftou f

givun
=e stn/4). where'y' ond t ore in s unftt. (altulake t
velouty of 0u Ostuation point at t-o,T 0md 2T.

lo iven y 2 sinu) -O
Dilereusaing O w-tt, e
get
V dy- (O-2) 2 inu) + z 2t ostu)
clt

Ott-0,
V=0-2eSîn{o) +z el°cocto)

We kroo tuat displactmeut tme equation fm Case oP ddamped

osOuoticu fts given by
= 0 e sin (pt+4)
on tompnig
with 0,
0,a- b:-0-2, f= y
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ot t-T T-2/p 8s @msritramaiah
3-395 wls
V--2) ez1 gin u)) +a t o t (u) > t=T=
at t-2T, t

vo-1) ingu)) + t )
>
V 1926
 macc of skg is Suspeudud Prorm owe ewd tf a ipirg t e cthur
end beig fxeo The 4pofng conttamt fs /0mm. The vis Cucut
dampiy e (auteR Hhe ampli tude to ditreage to one-tetth of
the fuital value în lo oscitlaticut } a pericclic ferte of Isshn(tt)
s appliecd at he ma n the vertical directoun, tind the
ampltud of the torced vibrations.
Given M S
M= 1Omm= 10Wm
A1o
t 10 Osiuatioue
P- I5 SngD) =# sipt) f-Is
P SD
We knou hat,

w m

m
5
T 2x S
/00
t is for 10 Ostiatioms t 1OT = |.uo49e

A a eb
e - b t

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et= 10 @msritramaiah 2s0000

10 e bruova)
+ 268S1.93
Ot t=14041s,
296 8S9.932)
b-u1O b- 1¬389s S26-1uS

Ale knoo that, for fovtd vibratiout,

A- 5

Cpa+ubp (e-g + 4G639Cso)

A 1S A85Xo m
526448
 What ave the snlanities amd curencLR berwe mate
and electvomagnete uavee
Sln
Similavitie
1) Bctth have charactenistfce feature of a wowe
b c t per fow oscfulatiouk althougu thu type Osdlatfous are
dutfetut ie mauttev waweR do not have pecific anmpU'tude
but ¬N WaweR have .

DIE{C
NOter woweR Bechomognetic wdveR
7hey ane wawet consistHg o mey ane WOwee ohlch Can
particlug. eleckromagrefc 7adiant emeg
They consst o poticue hasing toncist emTtecl rom
They o ya
mass volume. a source In space
3 They have associated elcic hey haNe assoduted elucie amd
don't
Qnd magnetic ffeld c. magneic fielde
wawes hawe uantecl energies
41hece Wave do not have These
quatized energiee.
vatuum. They cant eadfly pate though the
5 They Camnot pasA though
VatuumM.

is oninud tn a one dmenstonal infnite potentfal box

(5) A paicle
behween =0 to *=0. Obtain expoeezfons for fts engy a values au
V
Eigen functioue.
Bouncly ComdiH

Seln Ltt us concidr an ntinfte potenial

pantfcle tuat fs
Well (oncisting of a
esbicted to move aloug horizontal
drectiou hom n0 to i=a.

Nouw applin Schrodingu's nove

eqn
d+&rim E-V) =0
dx
d2+&xnm ¬ P-o (: Ve0)
dx2
 R 0 hee k m E w e knav tuat

he 9enenl seluicn cabove eon. is,

= A sinks + B coslu
ohen A,8 ane conitauk
By applyg bcundany tonditioul,
nh
ma
. 0 =ASinlo) +8 tos(o)
genualue favticle
tor n-l greurd state)
Asnkx - h-bo(ze0 peine
AlSO =0 Cut «=a,
Sma en)
n:2

0 Asinka)+ Boclua)
Acnka)=0
i n ka) - 0
Afo,
ka=n
k
9- Asinorx)-
By normulien ticu, join channel for more updates
@msritramaiah
PNdx
on) d

9- 2n

I A
- 2 in(x) gentuucticu
particle
 Hovo uould he colutiou to the one -ctimentlol minte poteut
be citfetut f the poteutial energy fs not zeno for O< 2a, but
nstead hac a conttantt value to ? What twould me emengy igen
behawiour of tuwo
Vauek and de-Bogtie twaveleq i« be 9 Sketch tue
owet wave functicuue. V
welt BoumclanY cond
Soha: let us conclder a
aCtording bo the
poteutiat
citenia mentfoned
fn the quertton P-o Ctt =a
V-U
Co OCALa
&0, a

Pppyig Schrodinger's ave cqn

dP+8?m
dx2
(E-V) 9= 0 -O
h2

d2 +8xm -Uo) V=o (V Uo)

dx2 h2
dy+n kV=o ohere k= Snm (E-L)
dx?

The genera! Solution t h e above eqn. 1s,

Asfnkx+B coskx - By normalizatiom,

wheve A,8 are ontant
By applying boundony conditioue,
V-0 aut n=0
vrdxa
. 0 Asinlo)+BCos(o) -os(2mx) de
B-0 -Aa)
- Asnkx -
AlSo = 0 at n=a

O= Asinka) +B Coqka) - agen

sin Pa)Aunction
AStrka)=Oo
Afo, S'nka)=0 "Ne kYw tuat
ka: nn
=SRmE-Uo), k-NK
a
. n = mE\b)
V- Asin(*)-9 e Uot n?h2 Rgen
value
Sma?
 De-Brogle waweluglh
h
mE

+2m lo
am Sma~ )

n-2

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@msritramaiah

a/2

Solve the Schvodinge equation for

pattcle of enengy e înidut
a

on a potetial step o hetu lo, shee ¬>v,. show that the tume
reftection nd rantmisatcn coef#tent eauals cne.
consitl> a beam of pontfclee Vn)
Spn let us
as shown
Mth E>v be incicleutwOve
funchons
Pn the fgure. The No
reglou-I md vegion-I a e aud
în
Cekax
fn reglou- He

de 32mE-0) =o ( V-0) O
dx2 h oundaay tondition -2
d+=0, k-8nmE d -d
dx2 dx
 he geneval soin c the abeve ean 1S,

= A e4+6, _O
in region- I,

x?mE-V) V>=0
dx h2

d+kh=0 where k- Stm -vV)

dx
me
general seln. o th above eon I,
Aze .ex
there ts no tHecHou
E
ed in equaticu is egual to zeno al
n region- T
2 = Ael*-
Ppplying beundory torditiouc
= 2 at a=0
A+B= A2 -
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fk, (A-B) fkA 5
Adding aud
Subbocting fem 28-
We COm See hom above
expefoue that A= A md B-Bi
Retecticu tceicseut = Bbiv
A A Va

T 1-R =_kk THRT+R=1

 = 10 for 0 phetou, what le tue Simukameoue value o
Ox for d) A- Sx 1o"A ray) C) A= 4A (Erag

Seln hpplying Heiserberg's Uncentaint pfndpla,

An op P-h

p=
Ax =x

x x
(A)
Ax
(YA) )x A)
x
Ax = x 16m
xIo

x=x16im
Ax =
5X1o ko3
Ax = x I M
Dx 344.8A| 0-31832x I08
dx =

x 318-32 pm
(10 Decerbe tme working Pindiple amd nstumeutatiou of the
Atowic fovte. Hiooscope (AFM) Wita a neat diagra.

Solua Atonic fore m/orosaopy (APN) Is a ven Wgh reolutou

type of SCanning probe mioosopy SP) ith dleonctrated
recoludou o erdar of actont of a nanometey morè than
1D00 Hme bettr thom optical difPractou u i t
 e d
photodeda
ecrtnieg

Locer

Cantflever
and tp
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@msritramaiah

WoylAng pndiple
The atowic force miuostpe lorke on pinciple of measurtng
nternmoleula forces aud see atoue by usng propped surace
CF tUL Specfmeu in anostale Its fmctiouivg fs enabled by ture

of ft moafor Norking pinciples înclucl

that surace sensiug
detecion amd imagirg.
The atouic fovce mlovosuope perforae Surlace Sening by ucing a
COmtlever. The tautflever har a thorp tp that stame over tuu
Sample surhace by forming a atacive force betweeu Surjace
Ond tip. When lt drau very tose maktng ontaut WTth Surjace
Sople, a repulsive foce grndually toket tontol making Hue
Cauileer wert hom surlate.
o Dwing t e daflectiou of camtlever auoay om Sumple surhace , there
a direcion of rHecion of beaus ond a later bedun deteck
s dhamge
a versio by reHectOf be0m om Aat surface of Caulever
ddale , ft racke hure chauge
photo
using a positve sens tfve theu.
cmd records
of defucdon the ge of surjae topograply of Somple face by
taket tu
AfH
3 The
Over Sectaa of hteelt,Zt wru mafnta
imaging
Stanningtauilwer

uut gemerating
u accurate map of tla
u lasev porticu
mage.
cf t u
Surface