INTRODUCTION

Instructor: Ms. Seema Mazhar

Email: [email protected]
Office: D-Block, 1st Floor, Table 10
Course Books:
• Textbook: Linear Algebra with Supplemented Applications by Howard Anton/
Chris Rorres, Edition 10.
• Introductory Linear Algebra with Applications by Bernard Kolman, David R.
Hill, Edition 9.
• Linear Algebra with applications by Otto Brestscher.
Grade Point Distribution
Quizzes → 15%
Assignments → 10%
Class Participation → 10%
Mid Term → 20%
Final Term → 45%
What do you think about Linear Algebra?

• Algebra is the art of solving equations and systems of equations.

• Linear algebra, then, is the art of solving system of linear equations.

Why We Study Linear Algebra in Computer Science?

When you take a digital photo with your phone or transform the image in Photoshop,
when you play a video game or watch a movie with digital effects, when you do a web
search or make a phone call, you are using technologies that build upon linear algebra.
Linear algebra provides concepts that are crucial to many areas of computer science,
including graphics, image processing, cryptography, machine learning, computer
vision, optimization, graph algorithms, quantum computation, computational biology,
information retrieval and web search. Linear algebra in turn is built on two basic
elements, the matrix and the vector.
Deep Learning (Neural Networks)
Natural Language Processing – Vector Spaces

NLP is a field of artificial intelligence that focuses on enabling computers to

understand, interpret, and interact with human language.
It involves teaching machines to process and analyze large amounts of natural language
data, such as text or speech, to perform tasks like translation, sentiment analysis, and
speech recognition.

•
Application Of Linear Transformation:

https://youtu.be/Cb4aoihvh-o?t=24
Some Topics of Linear Algebra:

❖ System of Linear Equations

❖ Matrices
❖ Gaussian Elimination and Gaussian Jordan Method
❖ Vector Spaces
❖ Matrix Transformation
❖ Cryptography
❖ Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors and its applications to Machine Learning.

Linear Equation
An equation having exponent or power is one is called linear equation.

Note:
• Linear equation does not involve any products of variables or roots of variables.
• All variables occur only to the first power and do not appear as arguments of
trigonometric, logarithmic, or exponential functions.

Examples:

Equation Type

2𝑥 + 1 = 0 Linear equation in One Variable

𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 Linear equation in Two Variables

1 Linear equation in Three Variables

𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −1
2

𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 − 3𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = ln(2) Linear equation in Four Variables

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 = 1 Linear equation in 𝒏 Variables

Linear Equation in General:

The equation
𝒂𝟏 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒙𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒃 − − − − (1)
which expresses the real quantity 𝒃 in terms of the unknowns 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 , … , 𝒙𝒏 and
the real constants 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒂𝟑 , … , 𝒂𝒏 , is called a linear equation.
Q. The following equations are linear or nonlinear? If it is nonlinear which term in
each equation is making it nonlinear?

1. 𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 = 4
2. 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 = 5
3. sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
4. √𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 1
𝜋
5. 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = cos
3

Exercise 1.1 [Elementary Linear Algebra with Applications by Howard Anton]

1. In each part, determine whether the equation is linear in 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 and 𝑥3 .

a) 𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 − √2𝑥3 = 1

b) 𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 𝑥1 𝑥3 = 2

c) 𝑥1−2 + 𝑥2 + 8𝑥3 = 5

d) 𝑥1 = −7𝑥2 + 3𝑥3
3
5
e) 𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 4

f) 𝑥1 − 7𝑥2 + ln 𝑥3 = 1
 Solution of a Linear Equation
A solution to linear equation
𝒂𝟏 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒙𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒃 − − − − − (𝟏)
is a sequence of 𝒏 numbers 𝒔𝟏 , 𝒔𝟐 , … , 𝒔𝒏 which has the property that equation (1) is
satisfied when 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒔𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒔𝟐 , … , 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒔𝒏 are substituted in equation (1).
Basically we need to find the values of the variables that satisfy the linear equations.

For example: The equation 6𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = −13

has the solution

𝑥1 = 2, 𝑥2 = 3, 𝑥3 = −4
Because on substituting these values, equation becomes identity i.e;

6(2) − 3(3) + 4(−4) = −13

or −13 = −13

System of Linear Equation in two Variables

A system of linear equations in two variables 𝒙 and 𝒚 will have the form
𝒂 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒄𝟏
{ 𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒄𝟐
Here 𝒂𝒊 , 𝒃𝒊 , 𝒄𝒊 (𝒊 = 𝟏, 𝟐) are real numbers.

❖ To find a solution to a linear system, we already know two techniques called the
1. method of elimination
2. method of substitution
3. We are going to learn new systematic techniques for complex systems.

Note: Solution from any of these methods will remain same.

Example 1 Find the solution of the linear system by using method of elimination.

5𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4
Solution

We want to eliminate y, so by adding both equations we get:

7𝑥 = 7 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1

Put value of 𝑥 = 1 in first equation

5(1) + 𝑦 = 3 ⇒ 𝑦 = −2
So (1, -2) is solution of the given system.

Example 2 Find the solution of the linear system by using method of elimination.

𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −7 (1)
2𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 7 (2)
Solution

We want to eliminate x, so by multiplying equation (1) by ``2’’ and subtracting from

(2), we get
2𝑥 − 6𝑦 = −14
−2𝑥 + 6𝑦 = −7
−−−−−−−−−−−−
0 = −21

which makes no sense. This means that the given system has no solution.

Consistent and Inconsistent Linear System

If the linear system has no solution, it is said to be inconsistent, if it has a solution. it

is called consistent.

So the system in example 1 is consistent and in example 2 is inconsistent.

Note!

A consistent linear system of two equations in two unknowns has either one solution
or infinitely many solutions--there are no other possibilities.
7. In each part, determine whether the given point is a solution of the linear system

2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1
{ 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
3𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 1
a) (3, 1, 1) b) (3, -1, 1) c) (13, 5, 2)
13 5
d) ( , , 2) (17, 7, 5)
2 2

8. In each part, determine whether the given point is a solution of the linear system

𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 3
{ 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
−𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 5
5 8
a) ( , , 1)
7 7

5 8
b) ( , , 0)
7 7

c) (5, 8, 1)

5 10 2
d) ( , , )
7 7 7

5 22
e) ( , , 2)
7 7

Work to do:
[Book: Elementary Linear Algebra with Applications by Howard Anton]
Exercise 1.1 Q 1-10