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Lecture 4 Notes

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7 views

Lecture 4 Notes

Uploaded by

Alex Menassa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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L4:

ROM = read only memory. We cannot delete it or change it. It is used to launch programs.

BIOS = Basic input output system (old machine).

UEFI = Universal extendable firmware interface (new machine). (UEFI is something in the hardware).

Bootstrap is the program that initialized the operating system

Bootstrap Programs:

1) BOOTX (old for MacOS)


2) Boot.EFI (new for MacOS).
3) Windows Boot Manager.
4) GRUB (Linux)

Lets say we want to play Fifa and word

Hard Disk RAM CPU [K = kernel = I/O]

K Fifa K Word Fifa


Imad
Kernel
Fifa
Word

Keyboard

Fifa : Imad

(once Fifa is not waiting for I/O anymore it wants to be executed)

(Fifa is ready to go to the CPU scheduler)


[The CPU scheduler decides when it is ready depending on algorithms]

 The interrupt service routine (ISR) (a function inside the kernel that will handle interrupts)
 The interrupt arrives from the kernel to the keyboard and the ISR happens
 Lets say I wrote Imad in Fifa, the I/O will send the Imad to the Buffer, The IO will do a ISR.
This ISR will add Fifa to the CPU queue and when the CPU scheduler gives Fifa the turn,
Fifa is updated in RAM to have Imad

Buffer
Imad

Flops = floating point operations per second executed in one clock cycle.

Note:

1) When we load Fifa in the CPU, we are adding the whole app, we are adding just the part of Fifa
that needs executing.
2) We have several types of interrupts:
a. I/O completion
b. Error or Exception interrupt (windows will crash and we need to reboot)
 runtime errors – Not Syntax error cus not compiled yet – divide by 0 – accessing
memory that we are not allowed to access – adding 1s and 0s that do not exist in the
computer architecture ex: intel computer bit allocation on hp computer
c. System call (when a process is asking the kernel to do something ex: open a file…)
d. Time interrupt

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