CRIM 3 REVIEWER (CHAP 2)

4. MULTIPLE APPROACH-AVOIDANCE
EMOTION CONFLICT
- feelings and affective responses as a result of - conflict with complex combinations of approaches
physiological arousal, thoughts and beliefs. and avoidances. Choose between alternatives that
Characterized by facial expressions, gestures, postures contain both positive and negative consequences.
and subjective feelings.
DEPRESSION
- an illness that causes a person to feel sad and
THEORIES OF EMOTION
hopeless much of the time. Ex: sadness, grief, low
1. JAMES-LANGE THEORY energy
- Emotions results from stimuli in the environment.
TYPES OF DEPRESSION
2. CANNONBARD THEORY
- Emotion and physiological reactions occur 1. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
simultaneously. Emotion is the result of one’s - “major depression” characterized of combination
perception of their reaction or bodily change. that interfere w/ a person’s ability to work, sleep, study,
eat, and enjoy activities. Prevents a person from
CONFLICT functioning normally.
- is a stressful condition that occurs when a person
must choose between incompatible or contradictory 2. DYSTHYMIC DISORDER “Dysthymia”
alternatives. A negative emotional state used by - do not occur for more than 2 months at a time. This is
inability to choose from choices. described as having persistent but less severe
depressive symptoms than major depression.
TYPES OF CONFLICTS
Ex. Decrease/ increase in eating, difficulty in sleeping,
1. PSYCHOLOGICAL CONFLICT (Internal low energy/ fatigue, low self-esteem, difficulty
Conflict) concentrating or making decisions, feeling hopeless
- could be going inside the person and no one would
know. 3. PSYCHOTIC DEPRESSION
- severe depressive illness is accompanied by some
2. SOCIAL CONFLICT sort of psychosis such as break with reality,
a. Interpersonal conflict hallucinations, delulu
b. 2 individual against you
c. us against them (inter-group struggles) 4. POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
d. me against them (individual-opposing group) - after having a baby or giving birth. One month after
e. members of group all against each other (all delivery.
members v. other group on a task)
5. SEASONAL EFFECTIVE DISORDER (SAD)
3. APPROACH-AVOIDANCE CONFLICT - onset of a depressive illness during the winter months
- described as having features and avoidance when there is less natural sunlight. Lifts during spring
and summer.
APPROACH AVOIDANCE
Want Don’t want 6. BIPOLAR DISORDER
- “Manic depressive illness” not as common as major
KINDS OF APPROACH AVOIDANCE depression or dysthymia. Is characterized by cyclical
mood changes, ranging from extreme highs (mania) to
1. APPROACH-APPROACH CONFLICT extreme lows (depression)
- must choose between 2 positive goals of equal value.
2 wants but only 1 option should be chosen. 7. ENDOGENOUS DEPRESSION
- (endogenous – from the body) defined as feeling
2. AVOIDANCE-AVOIDANCE CONFLICT depressed for no apparent reason.
- involves more obvious stress. 2 or more negative
outcomes. Ex: dishes, abortion.

3. APPROACH-AVOIDANCE CONFLICT
- exists when an attractive and unattractive part on
both sides. Positive goals and negative outcome Ex:
Gina is pretty but lazy.
8. SITUATIONAL DEPRESSION OR REACTIVE
DEPRESSION TYPES OF SHORT-TERM STRESS
- “Adjustment disorder with depressed mood”
develops in response to a specific stressful situation 1. ACUTE TIME
event. (Ex. Job loss, break up, etc.) occurs 3 months of - limited stress that comes on suddenly (acute) and is
the stressor and no longer than 6 months after the over quickly. May come on w/o warning but is short in
stressor. Causes significant distress or impairs usual duration. (Ex. Public speaking, doing math in head)
functioning. (Ex. Relationship, work, school)
2. BRIEF NATURALISTIC STRESS
9. AGITATED DEPRESSION - These are stresses that arise from other things.
- A major depressive disorder characterized by Relatively short in duration. (Ex. Exam, tests)
agitation such as physical and emotional restlessness,
irritability, and insomnia.
TYPES OF LONG-TERM STRESS
STRESS
- a consequence of the failure of an organism – human 1. STRESSFUL EVENT SEQUENCES
or animal- to respond appropriately to emotional or - a single event that starts w/ a chain of challenging
physical threats (actual or imagined) can be defined as situations. (Ex. Losing a job, surviving a natural
any event that strains or exceeds an individual’s ability disaster)
to cope. (Term Stress = Hans Selye (1930’s))
2. CHRONIC STRESS
STRESSOR - lacks a clear end point. They force people to assume
- anything physical or psychological that produces new roles or change their self-perception. (Ex. injury
stress. leading to permanent disability) life-changing events;
rarely get to go back to the way things they were.
2 TYPES OF STRESS
3. DISTANT DISTRESS
1. EUSTRESS - initiated in the past. It continues to affect immune
- EU – well or good STRESS – good stress systems. Have long lasting effects on emotional and
A stress that is healthy or gives an feeling of mental health. (Ex. childhood abuse or trauma
fulfillment or other positive illness. resulting from combat experiences)

2. DISTRESS
- “negative stress”. Persistent stress that os not FRUSTRATION
resolved through coping or adaptation, deemed stress, - a negative emotional state that occurs when one is
may lead to anxiety or withdrawal behavior prevented from reaching a goal. Blocked goal.
Associated with motivation since we won’t be
frustrated if we are motivated to achieve the goal. May
3 STAGES OF STRESS be external or personal.

1. ALARM EXTERNAL FRUSTRATION

- 1st stage. When the threat or stressor is identified or - caused by outwardly perceivable conditions that
the body’s stress response is in a state of alarm, impede progress toward a goal.
adrenalin will be produced.
PERSONAL FRUSTRATION
2. RESISTANCE - distress caused by individuals inner characteristics
- 2ND stage. If stressor persists, it becomes necessary to that impedes progress toward a goal.
attempt some means of coping with the stress. Body
begins to adapt to the strains or demands of the
environment.

3. EXHAUSTION
- 3rd stage and final stage. The body’s resources are
eventually depleted, and the body is unable to maintain
a normal function. Autonomic nervous system
symptoms may reappear. (Ex. Raised heart rate,
sweating, etc.)
 COMMON FORMS OF DEFENSE
SOURCES TOWARD A GOAL
1. DENIAL
1. PHYSICAL OBSTACLES - refusing to acknowledge an event has occurred. Acts
- prevents a person from doing his plans or fulfilling as if nothing happened.
wishes. (Ex. drought, typhoons, flat tires, etc.)
2. DISCPLACEMENT
2. SOCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES - channeling a feeling or thought from its actual source
- through the restrictions imposed by other people and to something. (Ex. Angry to boss, taking it out at your
the customs and laws of social being wife)

3. PERSONAL SHORTCOMINGS 3. PROJECTION

- being handicapped by diseases, blindness, deafness, - manifests feelings and ideas which are unacceptable
or paralysis. to oneself but projected unto others so that they may
seem to have these feelings or ideas. It free’s the
4. CONFLICTS BETWEEN MOTIVES individual from feeling guilt and anxiety.
- wanting to leave for college for a year and try
painting but also wanting to please one parent by 4. REPRESSION
remaining in school. - unconscious process where unacceptable urgers or
painful, traumatic experiences are completely
prevented from entering consciousness. (Ex. Being
abused, not remembering the abuse)
COMMON RESPONSES TO FRUSTRATION
5. SUPRESSION
1. AGGRESION - conscious activity where an individual attempts to
- any response made with the intent of harming some forget emotionally disturbing thoughts by pushing
person or object. The intentional infliction may be them out of your mind.
physical or psychological harm.
6. REGRESSION
2. DISPLACED AGRESSION - goes back to the pattern of feeling, thinking, or
- refers to redirecting of aggression to a target other behavior that is appropriate to an earlier stage of
than the actual source of one’s aggression development. (Ex. Hugging a bear)

3. SCAPEGOATING 7. REACTION FORMATION

- refers to an act of blaming a person or group of - believing the opposite way one actually does. (Ex.
people for condition not of their making Sad about breakup but acting happy about it)

4. ESCAPE 8. RATIONALIZATION
- act of reducing discomfort by leaving frustrating - justifying an unacceptable feeling or behavior w/
situations or by psychologically withdrawing from logic.
them. Ex: Apathy (pretending not to care) or illegal (Ex. Fails entrance exam reasons he doesn’t want it
drug use.) anyway)

9. INTELLECTUALIZATION
COPING MECHANISMS - avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on
- are responses that protect people from feelings of intellectual aspects (Ex. Diagnosed illness, finds
anxiety, threats to self-esteem, and things they don’t solution instead of being sad)
want to think about of deal with. Choice to handle and
manage our stress and emotions. 10. SUBLIMATION
- changing of unacceptable id impulses or needs into
DEFENSE MECHANISMS socially acceptable means. A positive constructive
- choice to protect their ego from feeling anxious or mechanism for defending against otherwise
uncomfortable. unacceptable impulses and needs. (Ex. Mad at bf,
COPING DEFENSE going a walk instead of fighting)
- are physical and easier - a person might not
to have control over know what they are
since a person know doing. They don’t realize
what they are doings. until it action is done.
11. FANTASY OR DAYDREAMING
- when we cannot do something that we want we
channel the energy we imagine. Fantasy also provides
temporary relief from the general stresses of life.

12. COMPENSATION
- when a person is weak in 1 area, they compensate by
accumulating or building up strength in another area.
(Ex. Bad at mad but good with English)

13. ALTRUISM
- avoids own pains by concentrating on the pains of
others. Maybe you can heal yourself by healing them
and helping them. (Ex. Self-made millionaire helps
through charities)

14. AIM INHIBITION

- we have desire that are we think are unable to
achieve. We lower our sights, reducing goals to
something that we believe are more possible or
realistic.

15. AVOIDANCE
- we find ways of avoiding having to face
uncomfortable situations, things, or activities. (Ex. I
hate a person; I avoid looking at them)

16. IDENTIFICATION
- modeling one’s behavior/ character after someone
else. (Ex. Awkward persons tries to fit in to appear
more confident)

COMMON FORMS OF COPING MECHANISM

A. ADAPTIVE COPING MECHANISM
a. deep breathing
b. meditation
c. exercise
d. journaling
e. talking w/ a friend
f. positive thoughts
g. taking a bath
h. reading book
i. aromatherapy

B. MALADAPTIVE COPING MECHANISM

a. drinking excessive alcohol
b. using drugs
c. anger outbursts
d. self-harm
e. binge-eating
f. negative thoughts
g. isolating self
CRIM 3 – CHAP 3 DELUSION
- are false beliefs that someone holds onto very
MENTAL DISORDER strongly even when others don’t believe them. Has
- broad term used to group physical and psychological plenty of evidence that a belief is true. Ex: controlling
symptoms that cause abnormal thoughts. Referred to their thoughts or actions remotely.
as “mental illness” or “psychiatric disorder”
TYPES OF DELUSIONS IN PSYCHOSIS
MOST COMMON MODEL
- “Biophysical Model” means biological, 1. DELUSION OF PERCUSSION
psychological, and social factors. Contributes to - others are conspiring to kill, harm, or embarrass you.
mental disorders.
2. DELUSION OF GRANDEUR
CAUSES OF MENTAL DISORDER - belief that you are greater than everybody else

3. DELUSION OF REFERENCE
- random or irrelevant occurrences in the world
directly relate to him or her

4. DELUSION OF EROTOMANIA
- someone else is in love with him or her.

5. SOMATIC DELUSION
- a person’s internal or external bodily features are
abnormal.

6. NIHILISTIC DELUSION
- you or your body parts are dead, dying, or don’t exist.
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
- scientific study of mental disorders. (efforts to
understand their genetic, biological, psychological, & HALLUCINATION
social causes) - are false perceptions that occur outside of the reality.
When parts of your brain mistakenly act like they
2 GENERAL KINDS OF MENTAL DISORDER would if your sense (vision, hearing, touch, smell, taste)
picked up on something actually happening.
1. NEUROSIS
- class of functional mental disorders involving distress TYPES OF HALLUCINATION IN PSYCHOSIS
but neither delulu nor halulu. Aka “Psychoneurosis/
neurotic disorder” people who are suffering from it are 1. TACTILE HALLUCINATION (TOUCH)
called “neurotic”. Impaired social, intellectual, and - causes the person to sense that they are being touched.
vocational. Without disorganization of personality or Ex: sensation of bugs crawling on skin
loss of contact with reality
2. VISUAL HALLUCINATION (SIGHT)
2. PSYCHOSIS - see things even if they are not really here.
- from word “psyche – mind or soul” and “osis –
abnormal condition” w/ loss contact with reality. 3. AUDITORY HALLUCINATION (HEARING)
People who are suffering it are called “psychotic”. - hear voices and sounds that others cannot hear.
Impaired with vocational and social functioning and
intellectual deterioration. 4. OLFACTORY HALLUCINATION (SMELL)
- smells things (usually foul-smelling things) that
others do not smell.

5. GUSTATORY HALLUCINATION (TASTE)

- taste something that is not present.

ANXIETY DISORDER
- psychological disorder that involves excessive levels
of negative emotions Ex: nervousness, tension, worry
and fright. Feeling of apprehension, fear or tension that
associated with anything specific. Can cause distress
that interferes w/ person’s ability to lead a normal life.
 6. SPECIFIC PHOBIAS
ANXIETY FEAR - an intense fear of specific object or situation Ex: fear
Unpleasant emotional Emotional and of snakes, heights, etc. It is an exaggerated, unrealistic
state. Its cause are not psychological response to fear of a specific object, activity or situation.
readily identified a recognized external
threat or a response to a 3 TYPES OF ANXIETY ACCORDING TO FREUD
real danger or threat.
1. REALITY ANXIETY
SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETY DISORDER - a fear of real danger in the external world.
  Feelings of panic, fear, and uneasiness
  Uncontrollable, obsessive thoughts 2. NEUROTIC ANXIETY
  Repeated thoughts or flashbacks of - Instinct will get out of control and cause the person to
traumatic experiences do something for which he or she will be punished.
  Nightmares
3. MORAL ACTIVITY
  Ritualistic behaviors, such as repeated
- fear of the conscience. People with well developed
hand washing
superegos tend to feel guilty when they do something
  Problems sleeping
that is contrary to the moral code.
  Cold or sweaty hands and/or feet
  Shortness of breath MOOD DISORDERS
 Palpitations - disorders characterized by extreme and unwanted
 An inability to be still and calm disturbances in feeling or mood. These are major
 Dry mouth disturbances in one’s condition or emotion. Depression
  Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet and mania. Otherwise known as “Affective Disorder”
  Nausea
 Muscle tension TYPES OF MOOD DISORDERS
 Dizziness
1. BIPOLAR DISORDER
TYPES OF ANXIETY DISORDER - formerly known as “manic depression” from elation
(extreme happiness) to depression (extreme sadness)
1. GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER (GAD) with no discernible cause.
- Excessive, unrealistic worry, and tension. Even if
there is nothing to provoke the anxiety. 2 TYPES OF BIPOLAR

2. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD) a. MANIC PHASE

- Ppl w/ OCD are plagued by constant thoughts or - Patient shows unwarranted excitement or silliness,
fears that cause to perform certain rituals or routines. carrying jokes too far. They may also show poor
Disturbing thoughts are called “obsessions” thoughts judgment and recklessness may be argumentative. May
that will not go away. Ex: cleaning things speak rapidly, have unrealistic ideals, and jump from
subject to subject.
3. PANIC DISORDER
- keeps recurring attacks on a person of intense fear or b. DEPRESSIVE EPISODE
panic often with a felling of impending doom or death. - often sleep more than usual and are lethargic. During
Have a feeling of terror that strikes suddenly and this episode patients may show irritability and
repeatedly. Symptoms: sweating, chest pain, withdrawal.
palpitations, choking. 2. DEPRESSION
- When person experiences extended, unexplainable
4. POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER periods of sadness.
(PTSD)
- condition that develop after following a traumatic or SOMATOFORM DISORDER
terrifying event such as sexual or physical assault, - mental disorders that are characterized by physical
unexpected death of a loved one, or a natural disaster. symptoms that mimic physical disease or injury for
Ppl with PTSD are emotionally numb. which there is no identifiable physical cause.

5. SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER

- “phobia” involves overwhelming worry and self-
consciousness about everyday social situations.
TYPES OF SOMATOFORM DISORDER “DEMENTIA PRAECOX” meaning premature
deterioration of the brain.
1. CONVERSION DISORDER Schizein = to split
- Occurs when physical symptoms mimic a Phren = mind
neurological disorder even though no neurological
disorder is present. Ex: paralysis, vision, hearing loss, CHARACTERISTICS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
or seizures. Generally, a result of trauma and impacts a
person’s senses or movement. 1. DISTURBANCE OF THOUGHT AND
ATTENTION
a. SENSORY SYMPTOM - cannot think logically, they cannot write a story
- anesthesia, excessive sensitivity to strong stimulation because every word they write down might make sense
(hyperesthesia), loss of sense of pain (analgesia), and but is meaningless. Can’t keep their attention in
unusual symptoms such as tingling or crawling writing.
sensations.
a. PERSECUTORY DELUSION
b. MOTOR SYMPTOM - believes that he or she is being talked about and spied
- any of the body’s muscle group is involved: arms, upon, death is planned.
legs, and vocal cords. Involuntary twitches (tics),
disorganized mobility, or paralysis b. DELUSION OF REFERENCE
- gives personal importance to completely unrelated
c. VISCERAL SYMPTOMS objects or people.
- trouble swallowing, frequent belching and spells of
coughing and vomiting, all carried to an uncommon 2. DISTURBANCES OF PERCEPTION
extreme. - people says that the world appears different to them.
Their bodies appear longer, colors are more intense,
2. HYPOCHONDRIASIS cannot recognize themselves in mirror
- an S.D people are preoccupied with their health and
are convinced that they have some serious disorder 3. DISTURBANCES OF AFFECT
despite reassurance from doctors. - fails to show normal emotions this is best described
as an excessive lack of correlation between what an
3. SOMATIZATION DISORDER they are saying and emotions they are expressing.
- when person complains of physical symptoms when
there are no physical conditions present to cause the 4. WITHDRAWAL FROM REALITY
symptoms - becomes absorbed in his inner thoughts and fantasies.
The self-absorption may be so intense that the
4. PAIN DISORDER individual may not know the month, day or place
- recuring pain in one or more parts of the body with where he is staying.
no known cause.
5. DELUSIONS AND HALLUCINATIONS
5. BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER (BDD) - most cases are accompanied by delusions. Delulu are
- mental health disorder. You are so worried about the inflexible, misleading beliefs. They appear as a result
way your body looks that it interferes with your ability exaggeration or distortion of reasoning as well as false
to function normally. interpretations of things and events.
6. UNDIFFERENTIATED SOMATOFORM
DISORDER
- only one explained symptom is required for at least 6
months. Ex: false preggy, mass psychogenic illness.
SCHIZOPHRENIA
- a group of disorders characterized by loss of contact
with reality, marked disturbances of thought and
perception, and bizarre behavior. Delulu and halulu
always occur.

EMIL KRAEPELIN
-identified the first illness in 1897 when he
distinguished it from mood disorders called