• Integumentary System- skin and accessory structures

(nails, hair follicles, skin glands)

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Functions
 Protection – chemical (pH 4-6), physical, and mechanical
barrier
 Body temperature regulation (HOMEOSTASIS)
▪ vasodilation (cooling) and vasoconstriction (warming)
▪ Cool body by increasing gland secretions
 Sensation- receptors for touch and pain
 Role in making vitamin D → bone and teeth
 Blood reservoir- blood vessels
 Excretion- nitrogenous wastes, salts (sweat)
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 Integument = skin with all its
layers
 Largest organ of the body (15%
body weight)
 Surface area of 1.5-2 m2
 Layers:
▪ Epidermis- keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium
▪ Dermis- connective tissue layer
▪ Hypodermis – lies beneath skin;
NOT part of skin
 Varies in thickness 1-6 mm

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 Hair follicle
 Shaft
 Arrector pili muscle
 Epidermis
 Dermis
 Hypodermis
(subcutaneous layer)
 Pacinian corpuscle
 Blood vessels
 Sebaceous glands
 Sweat glands
 Melanocytes

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 Stratum corneum- horny layer- 15-30 layers of dead,
scaly, keratinized cells; water resistant but not
waterproof
 Stratum lucidum- cells have no nuclei or organelles-
only in thick skin of the palms/toes
 Stratum granulosum- layers of flattened
keratinocytes producing keratin- waterproofs skin
 Stratum spinosum- synthesize keratin which cause
cells to flatten; macrophage; several layers of
keratinocytes
 Stratum basale (s. germinativum) – deepest layer;
rests on basement membrane; attached to dermis;
stem cells found here; youngest cells
 Keratinocytes –majority; deepest; produce the
fibrous protein keratin; stimulate macrophage
 Melanocytes – produce the brown pigment
melanin; UV protection
 Langerhans’ cells – epidermal macrophages
(WBCs) that activate the immune system
 Merkel cells – function as touch receptors in
association with sensory nerve endings
 Stem cells- undifferentiated
 Aka cornification
 Formation of protective, superficial layers of
cells filled with keratin
 Occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except
anterior layer of eyes
 On s. corneum (most superficial layer of
integument)- surface cells flake off; are
tightly connected
 15-35 days for cell to move from s. basale to s.
corneum
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 Four basic types of tissue

▪ Epithelium – epidermis just discussed

▪ Connective tissue - dermis
▪ Muscle tissue
▪ Nervous tissue

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 The dermis is the receptive
site for the pigment of tattoos

 Second layer of integument; binds

epidermis to lower layers
 Fibers:
▪ Collagen- strength/resilience
▪ Elastic fibers- stretch/recoil
▪ Striae- stretch marks
 2 layers:
▪ Papillary Layer (superficial) -
extensions of dermis into epidermis
are dermal papillae (form ridges of
fingerprints)
▪ Reticular Layer (deep)- 80% of
thickness of skin; irregular dense
connective tissues; collagen & elastin
 Receptors, vascular, glands, hair
follicles, Meissner’s corpuscles, free
nerve endings
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Epidermis and dermis of (a) thick skin and (b) thin skin
(which one makes the difference?)
 “Hypodermis” (Gk)- below the skin
 “Subcutaneous” (Lt)- below the skin
 Aka “superficial fascia”- band
 Adipose and areolar (loose) connective tissue
 Binds skin to deeper layers, energy reservoir
(fat), thermal insulation, padding/cushioning
 Hypodermic injections (subQ)
 Highly vascular
 Obesity- accumulation of subQ fat
 Layer is about 8% thicker in women

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 Determined by:
▪ Pigments (melanin, Hb, carotene)
▪ Blood circulating through skin
▪ Thickness of s. corneum
 Pigments:
▪ Hemoglobin- pink of light skin
▪ Carotene- yellow; carrots/egg yolks; accumulates in s.
corneum, adipose cells of dermis
▪ Melanin- protects against UV light; made by
melanocytes; heredity and light exposure determine
amount in skin; accumulations = moles/freckles
▪ DIFFERENCES IN PIGMENTATION- determined by synthetic
activity, NOT number of melanocytes
▪ Even albinos have same number but no activity
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 Cyanosis = blueness from deficiency of oxygen in the circulating
blood (cold weather)
 Erythema = redness due to dilated cutaneous vessels (anger,
sunburn, embarrassment)
 Jaundice = yellowing of skin and sclera due to excess of bilirubin
in blood (liver disease)
 Bronzing = golden-brown color of Addison disease (deficiency
of glucocorticoid hormone)
 Pallor = pale color from lack of blood flow
 Albinism = a genetic lack of melanin (NOT melanocytes)
 Hematoma = a bruise (visible clotted blood)
 Derived from epidermis but extend into
dermis
 Include:
▪ Hair and hair follicles
▪ Sebaceous (oil glands)
▪ Sweat (sudoriferous)
▪ Nails

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 Sweat
▪ Eccrine- palm, sole,
forehead (odorless)
▪ Apocrine-
axillary/anogenital
▪ Ceruminous-modified
apocrine- ear wax
▪ Mammary- milk
 Sebaceous- simple
alveolar glands; sebum
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 Occur over entire body,
except palms and soles
 Oily secretion (sebum)
▪ Lanolin in skin creams is sheep
sebum
▪ Holocrine secretion – entire cell
breaks up to form secretion
▪ Functions to collect dirt, soften
and lubricate hair and skin
 Most empty into hair follicle
▪ Exceptions: lips, meibomian
glands of eyelids, genitalia
 Widely distributed on body
 Sweat is a filtrate of plasma and some waste products
▪ 500 ml of perspiration/day
▪ sweating with visible wetness is diaphoresis
 Two major types
▪ Merocrine or eccrine. Most common.
▪ Numerous in palms and soles. Absent from margin of lips, labia
minora, tips of penis, and clitoris.
▪ Ceruminous glands- modified merocrine; earwax (cerumen)
▪ Apocrine glands produce sweat containing fatty acids
▪ Confined to axillae, genitalia (external labia, scrotum), around anus.
▪ Respond to stress and sex
▪ Secretion: organic compounds that are odorless but, when acted
upon by bacteria, may become odiferous.
 Bromhidrosis- body odor made by bacterial action on fatty acids
 Breasts and mammary glands not the same
▪ Both sexes have breasts
▪ In females, breasts are a secondary sexual characteristic
 Mammary gland is a milk-producing gland within the
breast and only during lactation and pregnancy
 Mammary glands - is a modified apocrine sweat gland.
 Mammary ridges or milk lines
▪ 2 rows of mammary glands in most mammals
▪ primates kept only anterior-most glands
 Additional nipples (polythelia - a sign of “witches”)
▪ may develop along milk line inferior to 1o mammae
 Gynecomastia - partial development in males
Word Bank:
Hair root/shaft
Pore
Dermal papillae
Arrector pili muscle
Hypodermis
Pacinian corpuscle
Dermis
Hair root
Reticular layer (dermis)
Papillary layer (dermis)
Epidermis
Sebaceous gland
Sensory nerve
Sweat gland (eccrine)
Blood vessels
Adipose tissue

Figure 5.1
Figure 5.1
 Hair (composed of hard keratin)
▪ HK is more compact than soft keratin (SK) which is type
found in S. corneum
 Hair found almost everywhere
▪ Lacking on soles, palms, toes, fingers, lips, nipples, parts of
ext. genitalia, distal segment of fingers
 75% of the 2.5 million are on body surface, not head
 3 different body hair types
▪ Lanugo -- fine, unpigmented fetal hair
▪ Vellus -- fine, unpigmented hair of children and women
▪ Terminal hair -- coarser, longer, pigmented hair of scalp,
eyebrows, axillary, and pubic regions
 Hair is a filament of keratinized cells; 3 zones:
▪ Bulb- swelling at base of dermis
▪ Root- hair in follicle
▪ Shaft- exposed part above skin surface
 Cross-section of hair:
▪ Medulla- core of cells and air spaces
▪ Cortex- bulk of hair; densely packed keratinized cells
▪ Cuticle- surface; single layer of scaly cells
 Follicle- arrector pili muscle- stimulate piloerection
(goosebumps); nerve fibers encircle follicle, detect
motion
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 Types of hair
▪ Vellus: fine, short hairs
▪ Intermediate hairs
▪ Terminal: longer, courser hair
 Hair growth: averages 2 mm/week
▪ Active: growing
▪ Resting phase then shed
 Hair loss
▪ Thinning – age related
▪ Male pattern baldness
 Hair color
▪ Amount of melanin for black or brown; distinct form of melanin
for red
▪ White: decreased melanin and air bubbles in the medulla
▪ Genetically determined though influenced by hormones and
environment
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 Brown/Black hair Blonde Hair Red Hair

Eumelanin Pheomelanin and little Pheomelanin and

eumelanin little eumelanin
White hair = air in medulla and lack of pigment in
cortex. Gray hair is a mixture of white and pigmented
hairs. And frequently a sign of great wisdom!! :)
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Hyperthermia – abnormally high body temperature

Hypothermia – abnormally low body temperature

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Article: Skin Grafts and Wound Care

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First degree burn – superficial partial-thickness

Second degree burn – deep partial-thickness

Third degree burn – full-thickness

• autograft
• homograft
• various skin substitutes
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 Estimates the severity
of burns
 Burns considered
critical if:
▪ Over 25% of the body
has second-degree
burns
▪ Over 10% of the body
has third-degree burns
▪ There are third-degree
burns on face, hands,
or feet
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 Benign, e.g. warts
 Cancer – associated with UV exposure (also
skin aging)
▪ Actinic keratosis - premalignant
▪ Basal cell - cells of stratum basale
▪ Squamous cell - keratinocytes
▪ Melanoma – melanocytes: most dangerous;
recognition:
▪ A - Asymmetry
▪ B - Border irregularity
▪ C - Colors
▪ D - Diameter larger than 6 mm
 Skin Cancer

Sqaumous cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma Melanoma

•Skin takes tremendous amount of abuse- disorder: skin cancer
•Cancer- uncontrolled cell division and growth
•Basal cell carcinoma
•Squamous cell carcinoma
•Malignant melanoma

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•Largest group of non-melanoma skin cancers
•Cancer of keratinocytes; occurs in stratus basale- lowest (basal)
layer of epidermis
•80% of all skin cancers
•Slow growing, but can grow into deeper tissue
•Usually surgically removed
•Often on sun-exposed areas of face/neck

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•About 25% of all cases
•Cancer of keratinocytes; occurs in stratus spinosum
•Good prognosis- surgical excision or radiation
•Can be fatal if metastasizes into lymph nodes

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•Least common/most dangerous
•Cancer of melanocytes
•Often arises from pre-existing
mole
•Follow ABCD rule for early
detection

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• Skin becomes scaly • Melanin production slows
• Age spots appear • Hair thins
• Epidermis thins • Number of hair follicles
• Dermis becomes reduced decrease
• Loss of fat • Nail growth becomes impaired
• Wrinkling • Sensory receptors decline
• Sagging • Body temperature unable to be
• Sebaceous glands secrete controlled
less oil • Diminished ability to activate
Vitamin D

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 Acne Vulgaris

•most common skin disorder

•sebum and epithelial cells clog glands
•produces whiteheads and blackheads (comedones)
•anaerobic bacteria trigger inflamation (pimple)
•largely hormonally induced
•androgens stimulate sebum prodiction
•treatments include antibiotics, topical creams, birth control pills

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 a. epidermis system
 b. skin system
 c. integumentary system
 d. dermal system
 a. epidermis system
 b. skin system
 c. integumentary system
 d. dermal system
 a. epidermal
 b. dermal
 c. hypodermal
 d. integumentary
 a. epidermal
 b. dermal
 c. hypodermal
 d. integumentary
 a. cause one to have that “healthy tan look.”
 b. keep the body cool.
 c. provide a waterproof layer.
 d. shield the nucleus from damage by
ultraviolet radiation.
 a. cause one to have that “healthy tan look.”
 b. keep the body cool.
 c. provide a waterproof layer.
 d. shield the nucleus from damage by
ultraviolet radiation.
 a. cause one to have that “healthy tan look.”
 b. keep the body cool.
 c. provide a waterproof layer.
 d. shield the nucleus from damage by
ultraviolet radiation.
 a. cause one to have that “healthy tan look.”
 b. keep the body cool.
 c. provide a waterproof layer.
 d. shield the nucleus from damage by
ultraviolet radiation.
 a. cause one to have that “healthy tan look.”
 b. keep the body cool.
 c. provide a waterproof layer.
 d. shield the nucleus from damage by
ultraviolet radiation.
The skin and its accessory structures (e.g.,
fingernails) make up which of the following
organ systems?

⚫ a. epidermis system
⚫ b. skin system
⚫ c. integumentary system
⚫ d. dermal system
The skin and its accessory structures (e.g.,
fingernails) make up which of the following
organ systems?

⚫ a. epidermis system
⚫ b. skin system
⚫ c. integumentary system
⚫ d. dermal system