1.

WORLDWARONE/
FIRSTWORLDWAR/
GREATWAR
1. Backgr
ound

2.CausesofWW1:
Longt
erm causes

Shor
tter
m causes

3.Cour
seofWW1

4.Resul
tsofWW1:
Soci
alResul
ts

Economi
cResul
ts

Pol
i
tical
Resul
ts

BACKGROUND

- Wor
ldWaronewasaglobalwarcent
eredi
nEur
opewhi
chst
art
edon28Jul
y1914and
l
ast
edunt
il11Nov
ember1918.

- Itwaspredomi
nant
lycal
l
edWor l
dWarOneorTheGr eatWarfr
om it
soccur
renceunt
il
t
hestar
tofWorl
dWarTwoi n1939,andt
heFi
rstWor
ldWarther
eaft
er.

- Itinv
olvedal
lwor ld’
sgr eatpower swhichwereassembledi
ntwoopposi
ngall
iances:
theAlli
edPower s/All
ies(basedont heTri
pleEnt
enteofBri
tai
n,Fr
ance andRussia)
andthe CentralPower s(ori
ginal
l
yt heTri
pleAl
li
anceofGermany,I
tal
yandAustri
a–
Hungry.)

- Theseall
iancesbot
hre-
organi
zed(
It
alyf
oughtf
ort
heAl
l
ies)andexpandedasmor
e
nati
onsenteredt
hewar
.

- Ul
ti
matel
y,morethan70mi l
li
onmili
tar
ypersonnel
,incl
udi
ng60mi
l
li
onEur
opeans,wer
e
mobil
i
zedinoneofthel
argestwar
sinhist
ory.

- Moret han 9 mil

li
on combat ant
s were ki
l
led,mainl
y because oft
echnol
ogical
adv
ancementst hatl
ed to enormousincr
easesint hel
ethal
it
yofweaponswi t
hout
cor
respondi
ngimprovement
si nprot
ect
ionormobil
it
y.

- Worl
dWaronesubsequent
lypavedthewayf
orv
ari
ouspol
i
ticalchanges,suchas
r
evol
uti
onsi
nmanyoft
henat
ionsi
nvol
ved.

LongTer
m CausesofWor
ldWarOne

- I
nordertohaveaful
lappreci
ati
onoftheout
breakoftheGreatWarin1914,i
tisv i
talt
o
br
ief
lyexaminetheexi
sti
ngorpr ev
ail
i
ngsocialandpoli
ti
calcondi
ti
onsthatcreateda
warsi
tuat
ionint
heworl
d.

1
1. Fi
rstMor
occanCr
isi
s,1905

- Probl
emsst ar
tedwhenBri
tai
nrecogni
zedFr
enchambi
ti
onsi
nMor
occoaspar
tof
theEntent
eCordi
aleAgr
eementof1904.

- TheEntenteCordi
alewasanagr
eementbet
weenBri
tainandFrancei
nwhichBri
tai
n
recogni
zedFrenchint
erest
sinMor
occoandFrancerecogni
zedBrit
ishi
nter
est
sin
Egypt.

- TheEnt
ent
eCor
dial
ewasnotami
l
itar
yagr
eement
.

- Assoonast heKaisergainedi
nformat
ionoft
hesecretcl
auseonMorocco,whi
ch
meantexcl
usionofGer manint
erestsi
nMorocco,st
rongdipl
omat
icpr
essurewas
br
oughttobearonFrance.

- TheKai servisi
tedTangieri
n1905andassur
edtheSultant
hatGermanywould
supporttheindependenceofMor
occoanddidnoti
ntendtorecogni
zeanyot
her
agreement.

- Kai
serdemandedcal
l
ingofaEur
opeanconf
erenceonMor
occo.

- Theconf
erencewashel
datAl
geci
ras,
Spai
nin1906.

2.SECOND MOROCCAN CRI

SIS/PANTHERCRI
SISOF1911

- Mor
occant
ri
besr
ebel
l
edagai
nstt
heSul
tani
nMor
occo.

- I
nMay1911,cl ai
mingt
hatAl
geri
awasendangeredbydisor
derinMor
occo;Fr
ench
t
roopsoccupi
edFEZwhichwasunderat
tackf
rom nomadi
ctr
ibes.

- FEZwast
hecapi
tal
ofMor
occoatt
hatt
ime.

- Germany denounced t
he Fr
ench mov
e as i
l
legalaccor
ding t
othe Al
geci
ras
confer
ence.

- I
nJuly1911,aGermangunboat,
thePant
herwassentt
oAgadi
r(apor
tinMor
occo)
,
ont
hegroundsthatGer
maninter
estswer
eindanger
.

- Germanyclai
medthatshewasprot
ect
ingheri
nter
est
sinMor
occoanddemandedal
l
ofFrenchCongoascompensat
ion.

- Foratime,f
eel
i
ngswer
esohi
ght
hatwarbet
weenFr
anceandGer
manyseemed
possi
ble.

- Ger
manact
ionexci
tedBr
it
ishopi
nionasAgadi
rwascl
oset
oGi
bral
tar
.

2
 - Br
it
aini
mmedi
atel
ysi
dedwi
thFr
ancei
nthecr
isi
s.

- Br
it
ishf
leetwaspr
epar
edf
oract
ion.

- Thi
sforcedGermanytowit
hdr
awembarrassed,asitwasclearl
yaFrenchv
ict
ory
.(A
di
plomati
cdefeatf
orGer
manyandadi
plomat i
cv i
ctor
yforFrance.
)

 An agreementwas r eached whereby France was r

ecognized as gi
vi
ng a
prot
ect
orateoverMoroccobuti nretur
nt heGermanCamer oonswereenlar
gedby
twosubstant
ial
sli
cesf
r om t
heFrenchMi ddl
eCongo.

3. BOSNI
ANCRI
SISOF1908

- I
n1908t
her
ewast
heYoungTur
krev
oltagai
nstt
heTur
kishSul
tan.

- Austri
a-Hungryt
ookadvantageofthepoli
ti
cali
nst
abil
it
yandannexedBosni
aand
Herzegovi
na,t
hetwopr
ovincesshehadbeenadmini
ster
ingsi
nce1818.

- ThiswasablowtoSerbi
awhi
chwasencouragi
ngSl
avnat
ional
i
sm andwant
edt
o
acqui
ret
het
woprovi
nceswhi
chhadt
hreemil
l
ionSer
bs.

- Ser
biawant
edt
ocr
eat
eaSout
hSl
avSt
atei
.e.Yugosl
avi
a.

- Ser
biaappeal
edf
orhel
pfr
om f
ell
owSl
avs.

- Ser
biamobi
l
izedherar
myagai
nstAust
ri
a-Hungar
y.

- Russi
acal
l
edf
oraEur
opeanconf
erenceandexpect
edsuppor
tfr
om Br
it
ainand
Fr
ance.

- Russi
amobi
l
izedi
nsuppor
tofSer
bia

- Germanydecl
ared t
hatshe woul
d assi
stAust
ri
a-Hungar
ymi
l
itar
yifshe was
at
tacked.

- Russiaalonecouldnotf i
ghtAustr
iabecauseshehadnotf
ull
yrecov
eredf
rom t
he
defeati
nt heRusso-Japanesewarof1904-1905.

- Wheni
tbecamecl
eart
hatGer
manywoul
dsuppor
tAust
ri
a,Russi
ademobi
l
ized.

- Thecr
isi
sincr
easedt
het
ensi
onbet
weenSer
biaandAust
ri
a-Hungar
y.

- Aust
ri
a-Hungar
ykeptBosni
aandHer
zegov
ina.

- I
thumi
l
iat
edRussi
aaswel
l
.

3
 - TheBosni
anCri
sisl
edt
othef
ormat
ionoft
hef
amoust
err
ori
stgr
oup,
BlackHandor
Uni
onofDeat
h.

4.ALLI
ANCESYSTEMS

- Anall
iancei
sanagreementmadebet
weent
woormor
ecount
ri
est
ogi
veeachot
her
hel
pifiti
sneeded.

- Whenanal
l
iancei
ssi
gned,
thosecount
ri
esar
eknownasAl
l
ies.

- Anumberofal
l
ianceshadbeensi
gnedbycount
ri
esbet
ween1879and1914.

- Thesewerei
mport
antbecausetheymeantt
hatsomecount
ri
eshadnoopt
ionbutt
o
decl
arewari
foneoft
heiral
li
esdeclar
edwarfi
rst
.

- Anumberofexampl
esar
egi
vesbel
owt
oexpl
aint
heconceptofal
l
iances.

Dual
All
i
anceof1879

- Ger
manyandAust
ri
a-Hungar
ymadeanal
l
iancet
opr
otectt
hemsel
vesf
rom Russi
a.

Aust
ro-
Ser
biaAl
l
ianceof1881

- Aust
ri
a-Hungar
ymadeal
l
iancewi
thSer
biat
ost
opRussi
agai
ningcont
rol
ofSer
bia.

1882Tr
ipl
eAl
l
iance

- GermanyandAustr
ia-Hungar
ymadeanal
l
iancewi
thI
tal
ytost
opI
tal
yfr
om t
aki
ng
si
deswithRussi
a.

Fr
anco-
Russi
anAl
l
ianceof1894

- Russi
af ormed anal
l
iancewi
thFr
ancet
o pr
otecther
sel
fagai
nstGer
manyand
Austr
ia-Hungar
y.

Ent
ent
eCor
dial
eof1904

- Thi
swasanagr
eementbutnotaf
ormal
all
i
ance,
bet
weenFr
anceandBr
it
ain.

4
 Tr
ipl
eEnt
ent
eof1907

- Thiswasmadebet
weenRussi
a,Russi
a,Fr
anceandBr
it
aint
ocount
ert
hei
ncr
easi
ng
thr
eatfr
om Ger
many.

Tr
ipl
eEnt
ent
eof1914

- Br
it
ain,
FranceandRussi
aagr
eednott
osi
gnf
orpeacesepar
atel
y.

- By1914,Eur
opehadbeendiv
idedint
otwoant
agoni
sti
ccampsnamelytheTr
ipl
e
Al
li
anceofGermany
,Aust
ri
aandItal
yandt
heTri
pleEnt
ent
eofBri
tai
n,Fr
anceand
Russi
a.

- Wit
houtt
healli
ances,pr
obabl
ythequar
relbet
weenAustr
iaandSer
biawoul
d not
hav
edegener
atedintoaworl
dwarduetotwopossi
bler
easons:

i
) Ser
biawassosmal landmuchweakert
hanAust
ri
a-Hungr
ythatshecoul
d
hav
ebeencrushed.

i
i
) Ser
biacoul
dhav eaccept
edthewhol
eulti
matum sentbyAust
ri
aaf
tert
he
Sar
ajev
oinci
dentandwarwoul
dhavebeenavoi
ded.

- However,t
hiswasnotpossi
blebecauseeach l
i
ttl
eorsmal
lpowerwasi
none way
ortheotheral
li
edtooneofthemajorpowerswhichwer
eintur
nmembersofei
ther
theTr
ipl
eAlli
anceorTr
ipl
eEntent
e.

- Thisi
mpli
edormeantt hataconf
li
ctbetweenasmallpowersuppor
tedbytheTr
ipl
e
All
i
anceandanothersmallpower wit
hthebacki
ngoftheTri
pleEnt
entewoul
dsuck
i
nthemajorpowersfrom t
heopposit
esides.

5.COLONI
ALRI
VALRY/COLLI
SIONSI
NAFRI
CA ANDTHEFAREAST/I
MPERI
ALI
SM

- I
mperial
i
sm i swhenacount
ryt
akesov
ernew l
andsorot
hercount
ri
esandmakes
t
hem subjecttot
hei
rrul
e.

- By1900,theBri
ti
shEmpirehadext
endedov
erf
ivecont
inent
sandFr
ancehadcont
rol
overl
argerar
easofAfr
ica.

- Wi
tht
her
iseofi
ndust
ri
ali
sm,
count
ri
esneedednewmar
ket
s.

- TheamountoflandownedbyBri
tai
nandFranceincreasedt
heri
valr
ywithGermany
whohadenter
edt hescr
ambl
etoacqui
recol
onieslat
eandonlyacqui
redsmallar
eas
5
 ofAf
ri
ca.

- Sev er
alconf l
i
cts between major power
s over col
oni
es cont
ri
but
ed to the
height
ening ofint
ernati
onaltensi
on as was shown by t
he f
oll
owi
ng not
able
examples.

i
) TheRusso-
Japaneseconf
li
ctsi
nChi
naof1905

i
i
) Theconf
li
ctov
erMor
occobet
weenFr
anceandGer
many(
1905and1911)

i
i
i) Aust
ri
a–Hungar
ycl
ashedwi
thRussi
aov
ert
heBal
kans.

- I
n al
lt he above exampl
es inter
nat
ionaltensi
on was wor
sened and t
her
efor
e
i
mperial
ism pl
ayedapivot
al/cruci
alr
oleincausi
ngtheoutbr
eakoftheFir
stWorl
d
War.

6.MI
LITARYRI
VALRY/MI
LITARI
SM

- Mil
i
t arymeansthatmili
tar
yforcesaregi
venahighpr
ofi
lebyt
hegovernmentOR
mil
i
t aryper
sonnelhaveahi ghlevelofi
nfl
uenceoni
deasofthegovernmentor
pol
iciesofacount
ry/
stat
e.

- Fort
hepurposeofpowerandpr est
ige,andfort
hedefenseofnat
ional
i
sm and
i
mperi
ali
sm,nat
ionsdev
elopedl
argearmiesandnav
ies.

- Thegr
owi
ngEur
opeandi
vi
dehadl
edt
oanar
msr
acebet
weent
hemai
ncount
ri
es.

- Thearmi
esofbothFranceandGermanyhadmorethandoubl
edbet
ween1870and
1914andther
ewasf i
ercecompet
it
ionbet
weenBri
tai
nandGermanyfort
hecont
rol
andmaster
yoftheSeas.

- TheBr
it
ishhadi
ntr
oducedt
heDr
eadnought
,anef
fect
ivebat
tl
eshi
p,i
n1906.

- TheGer
manssoonf
oll
owedsui
tint
roduci
ngt
hei
rownbat
tl
eshi
ps.

- Germanyhademer gedf r
om itswarsofunif
icati
onin1870wi ththelar
gestand
str
ongestarmyi nEurope,andt hi
sarmywasr etai
nednotonlyt odef
endt henew
nati
onfrom possibl
eattack,especi
all
yfr
om defeat
edFrance,butal
soasasy mbol
ofGermangreatness.

- Othercount
riesfol
lowedsui
tandbythest
artofthe19thcent
ury,EuropeanNat
ions
possessedl
argerpeacet
imearmi
est
hanatanyotherst
agei nhi
story.

- Manypeopl
eacr
ossthewor l
dwereeagert
olett
her
estoft
hewor
ldknow how
st
rongandi
mpor
tantt
hei
rcountr
ywas.

- Compul
sor
ymi
l
itar
ytr
aini
ngwast
ypi
calofal
lcount
ri
esandv
astamount
sofmoney

6
 wer
ebei
ngspentannual
l
yonar
mament
s.

- German,Russi
anand Ital
i
an defense expendi
tur
erose t
hri
ceintwentyy ear
s
bef
oret
hewarbr okeoutwhil
ethatofBri
tai
nandAustr
iamorethandoubl
ed.

- Fr
anceal
soi
ncr
easedherexpendi
tur
e.

- By1914,t
herewereovert
hreeandhal
fami
l
li
onsol
dier
sinEur
opeandmi
l
li
ons
mor
eweretrai
nedr
eser
ves.

- Aseachcountr
ytr
iedto ensur
eits ownsecuri
ty byincr
easi
ngthesizeoft
he
ar
mythe ner
voust
ensi
ongrew andthedanger
/possibi
l
ityofwargrew

- TheSchli
eff
enplandrawnupbyt heGermanyArmychiefofstaf
f,VonSchl
i
effen,
i
nvol
vedatt
acki
ngFrancet
hroughBel
gium i
fRussi
amadeanattackonGer
many .

- Theplan,f
ir
stapprovedi
n1905and modi f
ied in1911byv onMolt
ek,assumed
t
hatFr
ancewoul daut
omatical
lyj
oinRussi
a,sothatt
hebulkofGerman for
ceswere
t
obesentthroughBel
gium toknockoutFr
anceinSixweeks.

THESCHLI
EFFENPLANI
NDETAI
L

- Theplanaimedatcapt
uri
ngParis,t
heFrenchcapi
tali
nver
yshor
tspaceoft
ime
bef
oreret
urni
ngt
oRussi
aafter39daysonl
y.

- Thepl
anofat
tackwascal
l
edt
heSchl
i
eff
enpl
an.

- I
twasr
evi
sedi
n1905.

- Ger
manyt
roopswer
etomar
cht
hroughBel
gium wi
thi
ntwel
veday
s.

- Thepl
anwasdev
isedi
nsuchawayt
oav
oidf
ight
ingont
wof
ront
s

- Thepl
anai
medatcapt
uri
ngBr
ussel
s,t
heBel
giancapi
tal
wit
hin19day
s.

- Germanysoldier
sweretooccupychannelpor
tsi
nor
dert
opr
eventt
hel
andi
ngof
Bri
ti
shrei
nforcement
s.

- I
twasai
medatpr
event
ingt
hei
nvasi
onofAl
sace–Lor
rai
ne.

- Theplanwasto concentr
ateanover
whelmi
ngpropor
ti
onoft
hei
rfor
cesi
nthewest
knockoutFr
anceandt hentur
neasttodeal
wit
hRussia

- Germansuper
ior
it
yinnumber
s,or
gani
zat
ion,t
rai
ningandequi
pmentcar
ri
edal
l
bef
orei
t.

7
7.NATI
ONALI
SM

- Nati
onali
sm meansthedesir
etoachievepol
i
ticali
ndependence,especi
all
ybya
countr
yunderf
orei
gncont
rolorbyapeopl
ewit
hasepar at
eidentit
yandcultur
ebut
nostateoft
hei
rown.

- Thecongr
essofVi
enna,
hol
daf
terNapol
eon’
sexi
l
e,ai
medatsor
ti
ngoutpr
obl
emsi
n
Eur
ope.

- Delegat
esf r
om Bri
tain,
Austr
ia,Pr
ussi
aandRussi
a(thewi
nningal
l
ies)deci
dedupon
anewEur opethatl
eftbothGermanyandI
tal
yasdivi
dedst
ates.

- Str
ongnat
ional
i
stel
ement
sledt
other
e-uni
fi
cat
ionofI
tal
yin1861andGer
manyi
n
1871

- Thesett
lementattheendoft
heFr
anco–Pr
ussi
anwarl
eftFr
anceangr
yatt
hel
oss
ofAl
sace–Lorrai
ne.

- LargesareaofbothAust
ria-Hungar
yandSerbi
awerehomet
odif
fer
entnat
ional
i
st
groups,
allofwhom want
edf r
eedom f
rom t
hest
atesi
nwhi
cht
heyl
i
ved.

8.THENAVALRACE

- Theonl
ycount
ryt
hatwasnoti
nvol
vedi
nther
acet
obui
l
dupar
mieswasBr
it
ain

- TheBr i
ti
shhadalway sr
eli
edont hei
rnavyt
odefendthei
risl
andsfrom f
orei
gnattack,
and eversince Drake had def
eated t
he Spani
sh Armada some three and half
centur
iesearl
i
er,t
heBr i
ti
shNav yhadbeenthealmostunquest
ioned“mist
ressofthe
seas.”

- Howev er,t
heGermancol
onialambiti
onsrequi
redthedevel
opmentandgrowthofa
strong navyt
osuppor
tthem andt hegrowth oft
heGerman Navyafter1897 was
regardedbyBri
tai
nasadirectthr
eattoherseapower.

- Beli
evi
ngt
hat
,forhersaf
ety
,hernavyneededtobeaslargeasthecombinedf
leet
s
ofanyt
woEur
opeanpowers,Br
it
ain embarkedonavastshipbui
ldi
ngpr
ogramme.

- Shedevelopedanewtypeofbattl
eshi
pcal
ledt
he“ Dr
eadnought
”withsuchstr
engt
h
andfi
repowerthatnoothershi
pcouldcomewithi
nrangeofitwit
houtbeingbl
own

8
 outofwat
er.

- WhentheGer
mansbegant
obui
l
dasi
mil
art
ypeofshi
p,t
henav
alr
acedev
elopedi
n
ear
nest
.

- TheBri
ti
shbel
i
evedthatt
heonlyreasonfort
hegreat
estmil
it
arynat
ioni
nthe wor
ld
tobui
l
dagreatnavywasbecauseitint
endedtousethear
myout si
deEurope

- I
n1912,t
ooffsett
hegrowingGermannavalt
hreatBr
it
ainagreedtodef
endtheNorth
Seawhi
l
eFrancesafeguar
dedtheint
erest
sofbothcountr
iesintheMedi
ter
ranean.

- Itwasnotl i
kel
ythati
nter
nationalcompet i
ti
oni nthebuil
dingofnavi
eswouldi
nitsel
f
causeawarbutasEur opeannat ionsdevotedincreasi
ngsumsofmoneyt omil
itar
y
expenditur
eandwer eobv i
ouslybecomi ngi ncr
easingl
ymor epreparedf
orwar,the
actualdangerofthewaralsoincreased.

SHORTTERM CAUSE(
S)OFWORLDWARONE

- TheFi
rstWor
ldWarbegani
nAugust1914.

- I
twasdi rect
lyt
ri
gger
edbytheassassi
nati
onoft heAust
ri
anAr chduke,Fr
ancis
Fer
dinandwhowasheirt
otheAust
ro-Hungar
iant
hronet
ogetherwit
hhispregnant
wif
e,Sophi
e.

- Theyhadt
hreechi
l
dren.

- Franci
sFerdi
nandwas,howev
er,ver
yunpopul
arbecausehehadmadeitcl
eart
hat
oncehebecameEmperorhewouldmakedrast
icchangest
otheEmpi
re.

- Austr
iahadannexedBosni
ai n1908,amov et
hatwasnotpopul
arwi
thBosni
an
peopl
easabout3mill
i
onofthem wereSer
bs.

SARAJEVOI
NCI
DENTOF28JUNE1914

- Fr
anci
sFer
dinanddeci
dedtovi
sitSar
ajev
o,thecapi
talofBosni
aandHer
zegov
ina,
to
makeani
nspecti
onoftheAust
ro-Hungari
antr
oopsthere.

- Thei
nspect
ionwasschedul
edf
or28June1914.

- Itwaspl
annedthatFr
anzFer
dinandandhi
swifeSophi
ewoul dbemetatthest
ati
on
andbetakenbycartothecit
y Hallwher
etheywould hav
el unchbef
oregoi
ngto
i
nspectt
hetroops.

- ASer
biant
err
ori
stgr
oup,cal
l heBl
edt ackHandorUni
onofDeat
h,hadmetand
9
 deci
dedthattheArchdukeshoul
dbeassassi
nat
edandt
hepl
annedv
isi
tpr
ovi
dedt
he
i
dealopport
unit
y.

- Seveny oungmenwhohadbeent r
ainedi
nbombt hr
owingandmar
ksmanshi
pwere
stat
ionedalongtheroutet
hatFr
anci
sFerdi
nand’
scarwouldf
oll
owf
rom t
heci
tyHal
l
totheinspect
ioncentr
e.

- The f
ir
stt
wot er
ror
ist
swer eunabl
etothrow t
hei
rgrenadesbecauset
hest
reet
s
wer
etoocrowdedandt hecarwast
rav
ell
i
ngquit
efast

- Thethi
rdt
errori
st,a youngmancal
ledCadri
nov
ic,
thr
ewagr
enadewhi
chexpl
oded
undert
hecarfoll
owingthatoft
heAr
chduke.

- AlthoughtheArchdukeandhiswifewer
eunhur
t,someofhi
sat
tendant
swer
e
i
njuredandhadt
obet akent
ohospi
tal
.

- Afterlunch,att he ci
tyhal
l
,Fr
anci
s Fer
dinand i
nsi
sted on v
isi
ti
ng t
he i
njur
ed
at
tendantsinhospit
al.

- Howev
er,
ont
hewayt
ohospi
tal
,thedr
ivert
ookawr
ongt
urn.

- Real
izi
nghismist
ake,hest
oppedt
hecarandbegant
orev
erseandt
hisi
swhenal
l
hel
lbrokel
oose.

- Anot
hert
errori
stnamedGav r
il
loPri
nci
p;agai
namemberofBl ackHand,ananti
-
Aust
ri
anorgani
zati
onal
legedl
ysponsor
edbySerbi
a,st
eppedf
orwardandfi
redt
wo
shot
s.

- Thef
ir
stshothi
tthepr
egnantSophi
aint
hest
omach,
shedi
edal
mosti
nst
ant
ly.

- Thesecondshothi
ttheAr
chdukei
ntheneck,
andhedi
edashor
twhi
l
elat
er.

- Gav
ril
l
oPr
inci
pwasar
rest
edbutwasnotexecut
edbecausehewasunder20y
ear
s.

- Hewassent
encedt
otwent
yyear
sinpr
isonwher
ehedi
edoft
uber
cul
osi
s(TB)i
n
1918.

- Aft
ertheassassi
nat
ionoft
heArchdukeand hi
swife,Aust
ri
asentanul
ti
mat
um
(
fi
naldemand)toSer
biawhi
chhadthr
eedemandsnamely:

i
) Serbi
awast osuppr
essal
lant
i-Aust
ri
ant
err
ori
stor
gani
zat
ionsi
ncl
udi
ng
BlackHand.

i
i
) Ser
bianpol
i
cewer
etoi
nvest
igat
ethemur
deroft
heAr
chdukeandhi
swi
fe.

i
i
i) Austr
ianof
fi
cialweret
obeal
l
owedt
oent
erSer
biat
omakesur
ethef
ir
stt
wo
demandswerecarr
iedout
.

- TheAustri
anchancel
lorwelcomedtheassassi
nat
ionasanexcuseforwaragai
nst
Serbi
abycl ai
ming t
hattheSer bi
angovernmenthad pl
anned t
heassassi
nat
ion
thought
herewasnoev i
dencetoshowinv
olvementoft
heSerbi
angover
nment.
10
 - Ser
biaaccept
edt
hef
ir
stt
wodemandsandr
eject
edt
het
hir
done.

- Ser
biaof f
eredtot akepartinani nt
ernat
ionalconf
erenceto set
tl
eout
standi
ng
di
ff
erenceswithAustri
ahencefai
l
ingtomeetdemandsoft heul
ti
matum.

- Aust
ri
a,wit
hthepr
omi
seofGer
manysuppor
t(bl
ankcheque)
,decl
aredwaronSer
bia
on28July1914

- TheRussi
ans,anxi
ousnott
oletSer
biadownor
der
edagener
almobi
l
izat
ionon29
Jul
y1914.

- TheGermangover
nmentdemandedRussiatocancelmobi
li
zat
ionon31Jul
y1914
andwhenRussi
arefusedt
ocompl y
,Ger
manydeclaredwaronRussi
aon1August
1914.Fr
ancemobi
li
zedinsuppor
tofRussia.

- Ger
manydecl
aredwaronFr
anceon3August1914

- Fr
ancemobi
l
izedi
nsuppor
tofRussi
a

- Germanydecl
aredwaronFr
anceon3august1914

- Al
lthesedecl
arat
ionsofwarsi
gnal
edt
hest
art
/begi
nni
ngoft
hegr
eatwar

- Thewarwast
ohav
epr
ofoundef
fect
sont
hef
utur
eoft
hewor
ld.

COURSEOFWORLDWARONE/
GREATWAR

1.WARONTHEEASTERNFRONT

- Ont heeaster
nfr
onttheRussianshav
ingmobil
izedmor
equickthantheGermans
expected,
madeablunderofi
nvadi
ngbothAust
ri
aandGermanyatthesamet
ime.

- Theywer
esuccessf
ulagai
nstAust
ri
a,occupy
ingt
hepr
ovi
nceofGal
i
cia.

- TheGermansbroughtHindenbur
goutofret
ir
ementanddef
eat
edt
heRussi
anst
wice,
atTannenbur
g(August)andt heMasur
ianLakes(Sept
ember
)dr
ivi
ngt
heRussi
ans
outofGermany.

- Thesebatt
leswer
ev i
talastheRussianslostvastamount
sofequi
pmentand
ammunit
ionwhi
chhadtakent
hem y
earstobuil
dup.

- Al
thought
heRussi
anshadsi
xandquar
termi
l
li
onmenmobi
l
izedbyt
heendof1914,
at
hirdoft
hem wer
ewit
houtr
if
les.
11
 - TheRussi
ansnev
err
ecov
eredf
rom t
hissetbackwher
easGer
mansel
fconf
idence
wasboosted

- Onebri
ghtspotf
ortheAll
ieswasthattheSer
bsdr
oveoutanAust
ri
ani
nvasi
oni
n
fi
nest
yleatt
heendof1914,andAust
ri
anmoral
ewasatr
ockbot
tom.

2.WARONTHEWESTERNFRONT

- TheSchli
eff
enpl
anwasheldupbyunexpectedl
ystr
ongBelgi
anr esi
stance:i
ttook
theGer
mansovertwoweekst
ocapt
ureBrussel
s,t
heBel
giancapi
tal.

- Thi
swasav italdel
aybecausei
tgavetheBri
ti
shtimet oorgani
zethemsel
ves,and
l
eftt
hechannelport
sfr
ee,enabl
i
ngtheBri
ti
shExpedit
ionar
yforcetol
and.

- I
nst
eadofsweepingroundinawidearc,capturet
hechannelpor
tsandappr
oachi
ng
Par
isfrom t
hewestasthe Schl
ieff
enplanintendtheGermansfoundst
hemselv
es
makingstr
aightf
orPari
s,t
heFrenchcapit
al.

- Ther
ewer eprobl
emsinkeepi
ngt
hear
miessuppl
ieswithfoodandammuni
ti
on,
and
thet
roopsbecameexhaust
edbyl
ongmarchesi
nt heAugustheat

- I
nSept
ember
,theGer
manswer
eat
tackedbyt
heFr
enchi
ntheBat
tl
eofRi
verMar
ne.

- Thebat
tl
eofRi
verMar
tnewasv
ital
duet
othef
oll
owi
ngr
easons:

i
)Itruinedt
heSchl
ief
fenplanonceandf orall
:Fr
ancecoul
dnotbeknockedof
f/
def
eatedi
nsi
xweeks,andal
lhopesofashor
twarended.

i
i
) TheGermanswoul
dhav
etof
acef
ullscal
ewaront
wof
ront
swhi
cht
heyhadnev
er
i
ntended.

i
i
i)Ther
ewast
imef
ort
heBr
it
ishnav
ytobr
ingi
tsbl
ockadet
obearonGer
many
’spor
ts,

THEBATTLEOFJUTLAND(
31MAY1916)

- Thi
swast
hemai
nev
entof1916andt
heonl
ytr
ulyl
argescal
enav
albat
tl
eoft
hewar
.

- TheGermanAdmi ral(acommander ofaf l

eetofshi
ps)t
riedt
olur
epartoft
he
Bri
ti
shFleetoutf r
om itsbasesothatsect
ionofitcoul
dbedestroy
edbythe
numeri
cal
lysuper
iorGermans.

- However,moreBri
ti
shshipscameoutthanhehadanti
cipat
ed,andaftert
wofleet
s
hadshell
edeachotheronandofff
orsever
alhour
s,t
heGermansdecidedtoret
ir
eto
thei
rbasefi
ri
ngtor
pedoesastheywent.
12
 - Theimpor
tanceoft
hebat
tl
ewast
hatt
heGer
manshadf
ail
edt
odest
royBr
it
ishsea
power.

THEBATTLEofVERDUN

- TheGer mansmount
edanat
tackont
heFr
enchatVer
dundesi
gnedt
o bl
eedt
he
Frenchdry

- Fi
ght
ingcont
inuedf
orni
nemont
hs.

- TheFrenchtroopsunderPet
aindef
ended st
ubbor
nly and t
heGer
manshadt
o
abandontheatt
acki
nJune

- TheFr
enchl
ostheav
il
y31500menasGer
manyi
ntended,but sodi
dtheGer
mans
wit
hover280000dead

- “
Theyshal
lnotpass”becamet
heFr
enchr
all
yi
ngcr
y.

THEBATTLEOFSOMME

- I
twasf
oughtont
hewest
ernf
rontj
ustl
i
ket
heBat
tl
eofVer
dun

- TheAll
i
esLaunched ahuge off
ensi
ve agai
nstt
heGer
mansi
nthi
sbat
tl
eandt
his
bat
tl
ewasBri
tai
n’scost
lybat
tle

- Anewweapont
het
ankwasf
ir
stusedbyt
heBr
it
ish.

- Heavy casual
ti
eswereexper
ience on bothsi
desi
.e.Br
it
ainl
ost450000men,
Fr
ancelost340000menandGer many530000men

- Aer
ial
bat
tl
esbet
weent
heGer
manandBr
it
ishpi
l
otst
ookpl
ace

- Heav
yrai
ndur
ingaut
umnst
oppedt
heof
fensi
ve

- Ther
ewasaser
iesofbat
tl
esbet
ween Jul
yandDecember1916.

- Ther ealimpor
tanceofthi
sbat
tl
ewast heblowtoGermanmorale,ast
heyr
eal
i
zed
thatBrit
ainwasami l
i
tar
ypowerthatcouldnotbebeat
en/def
eat
edeasil
y

CONTRI
BUTI
ONMADEBYTHEBATTLESOFVERDUNTOTHEDEFEATOFGERMANY.

13
 - TheGer
mansl
ostheav
il
y.

- TheGer mansadvancet
ocapt
ureVer
dunwasst
oppedbyPet
ainwhodef
endedt
he
for
tressstubbor
nly

- Thi
sbat
tl
eresul
tedi
nthe pour
ingi
nofr
einf
orcementbyt
heal
l
ies

- Ther
efor
eGer
manonsl
aught
er/at
tackwashel
d/st
opped

- Thebat
tl
eofVer
dunr
esul
tedi
nthef
ail
ureoft
heSchl
i
eff
enpl
an

- Theent
ryofUSA i
ntot
hewarandsubmar
inewar
far
econt
ri
but
edt
othedef
eatof
Ger
many

GERMANSUBMARI
NEWARFARE

- Asubmar
inei
saspeci
alt
ypeofashi
pthatmov
esunderwat
er.

- TheGermansai
medatcut
ti
ngt
he Br
it
ish suppl
yli
nesbysi
nki
nghermer
chantand
neut
ral
shi
psint
heAtl
ant
ic

- Ger
manywant
edt
ocont
rol
theseas

- I
nMay1915,theGermanssunkt
he Br
it
ish shi
p,Lusit
ani
a whi
chwas car
ryi
ng
v
astquant
it
iesofar
msandammunit
ionandal
sosol
dier
s

- Thesi
nki
ngofLusi
tani
ahadimpor
tantorr
atherdi
sast
rousr
esul
tsasoutofal
most
2000peopl
edead,128wereAmeri
cans

- InMar
ch1916,theGer
mans sunkanot
her Br
it
ishshi
pcal
l
edSussexwhi
chhad
someAmer
icans

- The submari
newarf
arecr
eat
edf
oodshor
tages i
nBr
it
ain as430shi
pshadbeen
l
ostbyApril1917

- Tor
educel
osesi
nthesea,
theBr
it
ishi
ntr
oducedaconv
oysy
stem

- Aconv
oywasal
argernumberofmer
chantshi
ps sai
l
ing t
oget
her
,so t
hatt
hey

14
 coul
dbepr
otectbyescor
ti
ngwar
shi
ps

- Theconv
oysy
stem r
educel
ossesbyawi
demar
gin

- Thesubmar i
necampaign wasvi
tali
nthati
tsuckedi
nAmer
icawhobr
oughtf
resh
sol
dier
s,bet
terweaponsandnewi
deasonhowtowi nt
hewar

CONTRI
BUTI
ONOFSUBMARI
NEWARFARETOTHEDEFEATOFGERMANY

- Submar
inewar
far
efai
l
edt
odest
royBr
it
ainashadbeenant
ici
pat
ed

- I
tbr
oughtt
heUSAi
ntot
hewar
.

- TheUSA broughti
nfresh andnew i
deas,bet
terweaponsandmosti
mpor
tant
ly
fr
eshsol
dier
swhoev entual
l
yhelpedt
heAl l
i
esdefeatGermany

- WeaknessofGer
many
’sal
l
iesal
socont
ri
but
edt
othef
inal
def
eatofGer
many

- Fai
l
ureoft
heGer
manywarpl
anwas anot
hercont
ri
but
oryf
act
ori
nthedef
eatof
Ger
many

- All
iedseapowerwasef fect
ivebecausei
tenf or
ced t
hedeadl
yblocked which
causeddesper
atefood short
agestothe cent
ralpowers,whi
l
e keeping Al
l
ied
armiesf
ull
ysuppl
ied

- TheGermanysubmar i
ne campaign fai
led int
heface ofconv
oy spr
otected by
Bri
ti
sh,Americanand Japanesedest
royers/war
shi
ps:thecampaign i
tsel
fwasa
bl
underbecauseitbroughtUSA i
ntotheWar .

NEW WEAPONSUSEDDURI
NGWORLDWARONE

- Machi
neguns

- Tanks

- Poi
sonousgas

- Aer
opl
anes

- Tor
pedoes

- Howi
tzer
s

- Dept
hchar
ge

15
PRODUCTSTHATWEREA RESULTOFTECHNOLOGI
CALDEVELOPMENTDURI
NG WORLD
WARONE

- Wi
rel
essr
adi
o

- Gr
amophone

- St
ove

- I
ron

- Ref
ri
ger
ator

- Tel
ephone

- Aer
opl
ane

RESULTSOFWORLDWARONE

1.Soci
alResul
ts
2.EconomicResul
ts
3.Poli
ti
cal
Result
s

SOCI
ALRESULTSO FWORLDWARONE

- I
nthesoci
alspher
e,t
heWarhadf
arr
eachi
ngconsequences.

- Fi
rst
ly,
WW1causedmanyDeat hs.Therewer
e2280000Turks,
3000000Russi
ans,
1800000Ger mans,
1300000Fr ench,
1200000Aust
ri
ans,
950000Bri
ti
shand460
000It
ali
ansdeadattheendoft
heWar .

- Secondl
y,peopl
e suf
fer
ed ri
fe pover
ty and starvat
ion because as peopl
e
concent
rat
edont
hewar,t
her
ewaslessfoodproduct
ion.

- Aswardest
roy
edt
hei
rpr
oper
ti
esmostpeopl
ebecamepoor
.

- Peopl
elostt
hei
rjobsasi
ndust
ri
escl
osedduet
owar
.

- Peopl
efai
l
edt
ofeedandcl
othet
hemsel
vesandt
hei
rfami
l
ies.

- Thir
dly,t
hewarledtothebreakdownofsocialcl
assbarri
ers.Mostpeopl
eli
vedand
foughtasequal
sduringthewarandwhent hewarended,t his equal
i
tyofdi
ff
erent
people wasmaint
ained.Ther
efore,
thewarwasagr eatl
evelerofl
if
e.

16
 - Fourt
hly
,thewarcausedagr eatleapforwar
dint heemancipati
onofwomen.I t
pl
acedwomenonan equalf oot
ingwithmen becauseduri
ngt hewar,womenand
mendidt hesame j obs and when t he warended,t
hisconti
nuedrai
singt
he
posi
ti
on ofwoment othatofmen

- Fi
ft
hly,thewarcreat
edalotofr ef
ugeeswhofacedprobl
emsofaccommodat
ion,
cl
othi
ngandf ood.Theyalso suff
ered f
rom di
seasesbecauseofli
vi
ngaless
st
andardizedl
i
festyl
e

- Sixt
hly
,mostpeopl ebenef i
tedfrom massproducti
onofgoodsandt echnol
ogical
advancementswhi ch resul
ted f
rom wart
imer esear
ch and i
nventi
ons.Travell
i
ng
became easybecause ofexpanded pr oduct
ion ofmot orvehicl
es.People also
benefi
tedfr
om usinglaboursavingdevi
cessuchasel ect
ri
cir
ons,vacuum cl
eaner s,
el
ectri
cstovesandr ef
ri
gerat
ors.

- Therewereimprovedcommunicat
ionnet
worksamongpeopleoft hewor
ld.Thi
s
al
l
owedeasymov ementofi
deasandenhancedpeopl
e’scapacit
ytonew homes
over
seaswher
etheirl
iv
eswer
etotal
lyimpr
ovedandmoder
nized.

- Thewaralsogaveaseri
oussetbacktost
udentswhowereencour
agedt
ounder
go
mil
it
aryt
rai
ningt
oprov
idethenecessar
yfi
ght
erstokeept
hewargoi
ng.

ECONOMI
CRESULTS

i
) Eur
opel
ostmar
ket
stoi
ndust
ri
ali
zednat
ions out
sidet
hecont
inente.
g.Japanand
USA

- Thesenati
onsgreat
lyexpandedthei
rindustr
iesandcashedi
nhugepr
ofi
tst
hrough
expor
tsfr
om themanufactur
ingi
ndustr
ies.

- Indust
ri
esoftheUSA andJapanmanuf
act
uredandexpor
tedl
argequant
it
iesof
consumergoods.

- Japanexportedcottonclot
h,cheapt
oysandmetalgoodstoAfri
canandAsiaatt
he
expenseofEuropeanindust
ri
esandshemadehugepr of
it
sfrom t
heseexpor
ts.

- USAf l
oodedAfr
ica,Asi
aandevenEuropewi
thmachiner
y,carsandchemical
s.Thi
s
expandedheri
ndustr
ybyhugemargi
nsandhenceshereal
izedlot
sofprof
it
s.

- Europeani
ndustr
iesconcentr
atedonreconst
ruct
ionandr
ehabi
l
itat
ionandassuch
l
ostit
sAfri
canandAsiantradePart
ner
s.

i
i
) Somenati
onsespeci
all
yIndi
awhichbef
oreWW1hadr
eli
edonEur
opeangoods,
begant
obuil
dthei
rownfact
ori
es.

17
 i
i
i) USAemergedasaneconomi cgi
anthavi
ngl oanedmoneyandsuppl iedthefi
ght
ing
nat
ionsofEur
opewit
hf ood,ammunit
ion,raw mater
ial
s andot hersuppliesal
lof
whi
chhadtobepai
dingoldoritsequi
valent
.Thiswasvaluedatabillof12000000,
anamountwhi
chnoothercountr
yhadeverloanedandexpectedt
or eali
ze.

i
v) Eur
opeannat
ionsbecamer el
ati
vel
ypoorandtheirpeoplewereheav
il
ytaxedt
opay
wardebt
sandrebui
ldthei
reconomiesandot
herinfr
astruct
ure.

v
) Developingnat i
onsespeci all
ytheUSA andJapan, i nt
roducedtari
ffs(imposing
customsdut yonFor eign goodstomakethem moreexpensive)t o prot
ectthei r
l
ocal /homei ndustr
ies.Thismadesaleofexport
smoredi f
fi
cult
.Facedwi t
hseri
ous
problemsi nsell
ingtheirgoods,pr
oducer
s/manufact
urershesit
atedtomanufacture
mor e.Thiscausedwi despreadunemploy
mentinmostcountri
esespecial
lyinBri
tain,
It
alyandGer many .

v
i) Slums,deep root
ed povert
yand soured i
ndust
ri
alr
elat
ions cont
inued i
n most
countr
ies,
especi
all
yinBr
itai
n,I
tal
yandGermany.

v
ii
) St
ri
kes,
boy
cot
tsanddemonst
rat
ionsspr
eadacr
ossEur
opeani
ndust
ri
es.

v
ii
i) By1919,r adiosignal
scoul dbesentr i
ghtroundthewor l
d.Mot orcarsandLor ri
es
werer el
ativ
elycheaperandi nt haty
ear,anaeropl
anecrossedtheAt l
anti
cOceanf or
thefir
sttime.Wi t
hinay earortwoaf t
ertheendofWor l
dWarOne, ai
rli
ner
smadet he
fi
rstcommer ci
alfli
ghts.Alsot heworl
d’s f ir
stpubl
icbr oadcast
ingsy st
em,t he
Brit
ishBr oadcasti
ngCor poration(BBC)wasonai randt herewer emor emot or
vehicl
esi nthestreet
sofci ties.Thesedevelopmentsspeededupcommuni cat
ions
andbr oughtnati
onsmuchcl osertoget
her.

i
x) Ther
ewasi ncreasedproduct
ionandav
ail
abi
l
ityof cheapergoodsaswel
last
he
pr
oduct
ionofluxurygoods

x) Thewarr
esul
tedi
nthedest
ruct
ionofi
nfr
ast
ruct
ureandcl
osur
eofi
ndust
ri
es

POLI
TICALRESULTS

i
) WW1r esul
tedi
nthedefeatofthecent
ralpower
swhower
efor
cedsi
gnpeace
t
reat
iese.
g.Ver
sai
l
lesTr
eaty,
StGer
manetc.

i
i
) Cr
eat
ionofnewst
atese.
g.Pol
and,
Yugosl
avi
a,Czechosl
ovaki
a.

i
i
i) Selfdeter
minati
onwasgi vent osome mi nor
it
iesbutot her
sfound themsel
ves
fall
ingi
ndiff
erentgeographicalar
eas,hencewereseparatedfrom t
hei
rkit
handkin
e.g.Ger
mansi nSudetenl
and; Pol
andcontainedGermans,Russi
ansandHungari
ans

i
v) Ri
seofext
remi
stpar
ti
ese.
g.Nazi
sinGer
many
,Fasci
stsi
nIt
aly
,andCommuni
stsi
n
Russi
a.

18
 v
) Dev
elopmentofnewi
deol
ogi
ese.
g.Communi
sm i
nRussi
a

v
i) Fr
anchi
sei
ntr
oducedf
orwomeni
nsomecount
ri
ese.
g.USA,
Bri
tai
n,Fr
ance.

v
ii
) Creat
ionoftheleagueofNati
ons(
LON)
,ani
nter
nat
ionalor
gani
zat
iont
omoni
tor
andmaint
aini
nter
nati
onal
peace.

v
ii
i) Abdi
cati
onoftheKaiseri
nGermanyandt
hei
ntr
oduct
ionandenf
orcementofanew
pol
it
ical
syst
em e.
g.democracy
.

i
x) Shi
fti
nthebal
anceofpower
.Ger
manywasl
eftasaweakerandsmal
l
erst
ate.

x) Redr
awi
ngofthemapofEur opebasedonnati
onal
it
yandgeogr
aphi
calfeat
uresuch
asmount
ainsandr
iver
s.Thi
susuall
ysepar
atedpeopl
eoft
hesamenational
it
y.

TOWHATEXTENDDI
DWOMENBENEFI
TFROM THERESULTSOFTHEFI
RSTWORD WAR.

- Thewarsi
tuati
oncr
eat
edjobsf
orsev
eral
womenwhowoul
dot
her
wisehav
espent
muchoftheirt
imei
nthehome

- Woment ookupt ask/jobswhi

chwere usual
l
yt hepreser
veofmene.
g.i
nindustr
y
andinthemil
itaryhence pr
ovi
ngwrongthe nat
ionthattheywer
eofaweakerand
i
nfer
ioror
ient
ation

- Fr
anchi
seopenedupt
owomani
nsomecount
ri
ese.
g.USA,
Bri
tai
n,andFr
ance.

- Womenbecamef r
eerthanbefor
ee.g.i
ntheUSAt
heycoul
ddr
ivecar
s,smokeand
mov
efr
eel
ywithouttheaccompani
mentbymen.

- Howev
er,
somewomenwer
elef
twi
dowsandt
ookupr
olesofbr
eadwi
nner
s.

- Notal
lwomenwer
egi
venaf
ranchi
se

- Ther
etur
nofmenf
rom t
hewarmeantt
hatsomewomenl
ostt
hei
rjobs

DI
DTHEPEOPLEOFEUROPEBENEFI
TECONOMI
CALLYFROM THI
SWAR?

- Peopl
ebenefit
edfrom t
echnol
ogi
caldev
elopment
sthatoccur
redi
nthepr
oduct
ion
ofgoodsdur
ingthewar.

- Gr
eat
erbenefitonl
ycame when t
hei
rcount
ri
es had i
ntr
oduced t
ari
ff
s agai
nst
Amer
icangoods

- Howev
er,
Eur
opel
osti
tsl
eadi
nindust
ri
aldev
elopment
,it
speopl
ebecamepoor
er.
19
 - Peopl
ewer
eheav
il
ytaxedt
omakeupf
orwardebt
s.

- Unempl
oymentwaswi
de–spr
eadi
mmedi
atel
yaf
tert
hewar
.

2.
PEACE TREATIES SIGNED WITH THE
DEFEATEDPOWERSAFTERTHEFI
RSTWORLD
WAR

i
) THETREATYOFVERSAI
LLES/VERSAI
LLESTREATY

- Thi
swasthepeaceset
tl
ementsi
gnedbet
weenGer
manyandt
heAl
l
iedpower
saf
ter
Worl
dWarOne.

- I
twassi
gnedatt
heVer
sai
l
lespal
acenearPar
is,
capi
tal
cit
yofFr
ance.

- Thet
reat
ywassi
gnedon28June1919

TERRI
TORI
ALTERMSOFTHEVERSAI
LLESTREATY

- Al
sace-Lor
rai
newer
egi
vent
oFr
ance

- EupenandMal
medywer
egi
vent
oBel
gium

- Hul
tschi
nwasgi
vent
oCz
echosl
ovaki
a

- WestPr
ussi
a,PosenandUpperSi
l
esi
awer
egi
vent
oPol
and

- TheSaar
,DanzigandMemelwereputunderthecont
roloftheLeagueofNat
ions
andt
hepeopleoftheser
egi
onswoul
dbeallowedtovotetostayi
nGermanyornot
i
nafutur
epl
ebisci
te.

- TheLeagueofNat
ions(
LON)al
sot
ookcont
rol
ofGer
many
’sov
erseascol
oni
es.

NON-TERRI
TORI
ALTERMSOFTHEVERSAI
LLESTREATY

20
 - Ger
manywasf
orcedt
osi
gnt
hei
nfamousWarGui
l
tCl
ause231.

- Germany was to pay r

epar
ati
ons of 6,
6bil
l
ion pounds. Repar
ati
ons were
compensati
onf
orwardamagespai
dbythedefeatednat
ionsusi
ngcash,goodsor
ser
vices.

- Partofther
eparat
ionswer
etobepai
dint
hef
orm ofshi
pswhi
chGer
manyhadt
o
bui
l
df ort
heal
li
esfor5year
s.

- Reparat
ionscoul
d al
so bepai
dint
hef
orm of/usi
ng coal
,chemi
cal
s,cat
tl
e,
dyest
uffset
c.

- Ger
many
’sar
mywasr
educedt
o100000menandnot
ankswer
eal
l
owed.

- Ger
man’
sai
rfor
cewasbanned.

- Fr
enchfl
agsthathadbeensei
zedi
ntheFr
ancoPr
ussi
anwarof1870t
o1871war
weret
oberet
urned.

- TheGermangener
alst
affof1914t
o1918wast
obedi
sbandedandnev
er be
recal
l
edagai
n

- TheAnschl
uss(
Ger
manyuni
onwi
thAust
ri
a)wasFor
bidden

- TheKai
serandot
herof
fi
cial
swer
etobehandedov
erf
ort
ri
al.

- Thenav
albaseatHel
i
gol
andwast
obedemol
i
shed.

- Anewconst
it
uti
onf
orGer
manywasdr
awnup.

- Rai
l
wayengi
nesandwagonswer
etakenawaybyAl
l
ies.

- Ger
manwast
ohandov
eraquar
terofherf
ishi
ngf
leett
otheAl
l
ies.

WERETHENON-TERRI
TORI
ALTERMSOFTHETREATYOFVERSAI
LLESFAI
RTOGERMANY?

- Wargui
l
tclausesai
dthatGermanywast
heonl
yoner
esponsi
blef
ort
heout
breakof
t
hewar,whi
chwasnottrue.

- Reducti
onofthear myandnavyposedat
hreatt
oGer
mansecur
it
yasshewas
exposedtoext
ernal
thr
eat
s/at
tacks.

- Ther
epar
ati
onswer
eext
remel
yunr
easonabl
e.

- Uni
onwi
thAust
ri
awasf
orbi
ddenal
thought
heywer
eal
lGer
manyspeaki
ng.

21
 - However
,Germanywaslar
gel
yresponsi
blef
orcausi
ngt
hewarasshehadan
aggr
essi
vef
orei
gnpol
i
cy.

- Germanyhad a warpl
an (t
he Schl
i
eff
en pl
an)whi
ch showed heraggr
essi
ve
i
ntent
ions

- GermanysupportforAust
ri
a-Hungar
ydi
rectl
ypr
oducedandt
ri
gger
edt
hecr
isi
sof
1914thatev
entual
l
yculminat
edint
oaful
lscal
ewar.

THEVI
EWSOFTHEBI
GTHREEATTHEPARI
SPEACECONFERENCEOF1919.

Vi
ewsofLl
oydGeor
ge(
Bri
tai
n)

- Toendt
heGer
manyt
hreatt
otheBr
it
ishnav
yandempi
re.

- MakeGer
manyanonaggr
essi
vecount
ry

- Pr
eventGermanyf
rom becomingeconomi
cal
l
ysoweakt
hatar
evi
valofEur
opean
i
ndust
ryandtr
adei
shindered.

- Prev
entGer
mansf
rom becomi
ng so poort
o such an ext
entt
hatt
heyt
urnt
o
communi
sm.

- Cr
eat
eabal
anceofpowersot
hatnoEur
opeancount
rycoul
dthr
eat
enot
her
s

- Hangt
heKai
serandmakeGer
manypayf
orcausi
ngt
hewar
.

VI
EWSOFGEORGI
SCLEMENCEAU(
FRANCE)

- Tohav
erev
engeonGer
manyf
orFr
ance’
ssuf
fer
ing

- MakeGer
manypayf
ort
hecostoft
hedamageont
heFr
enche.
g.i
nfr
ast
ruct
ureet
c.

- PunishGer
manyf ort
hehumil
iat
ionshehadi
nfl
i
ctedofFr
ancedur
ingt
heFr
anco-
Prussi
anwarof1870–1871.

- Ensur
ethatGer
manywoul
dnev
erbeabl
etoat
tackFr
anceagai
n.

- ToweakenGermanymil
i
tar
il
yandeconomi
cal
l
yi.
e.r
educi
ngherar
medf
orcesand
weakenheri
ndust
ri
es

VI
EWSOFWOODROW WI
LSON(
USA)

22
 - Pr
eventGer
manyf
rom becomi
ngaggr
essi
veagai
n

- Tohav eafairset
tl
ementbypuni
shingGer
manyf
orheraggr
essi
onbutav
oidi
ng
for
cinghert
opayveryheav
ydamages.

- Baset
hepeacet
reat
iesont
hef
our
teenpoi
nts

- Est
abl
i
shl
ong-
last
ingpeace.

WOODROW WI
LSON’
SFOURTEENPOI
NTS

1. Endofsecr
etdi
plomacy

2. Fr
eedom ofnav
igat
ionof
/onseas

3. Remov
alofeconomi
cbar
ri
erst
otr
ade

4. Guar
ant
eesofr
educedar
mament
stoal
evel
consi
stentwi
thdomest
icsaf
ety

5. Set
tl
ementofcol
oni
alcl
aimswi
thpr
operr
egar
dfort
hei
nter
est
soft
hei
nhabi
tant
s

6. Ger
manyev
acuat
ionofRussi
ater
ri
tor
y

7. Bel
gium t
obecompl
etel
yfr
ee

8. Al
sace-Lor
rai
net
obegi
venbackt
oFr
ance

9. I
tal
ytor
ecei
veherpr
operf
ront
ier
s

10. I
ndependencef
ort
hesubj
ectpeopl
eofAust
ri
a–Hungar
y

11. Romani
a,Ser
biaandMont
enegr
otobeev
acuat
edandSer
biat
obegi
ven accesst
o
t
hesea

12. Peopl
eunderTur
kishr
ulet
obe autonomous andt
heDar
danel
l
est
o be open t
o
shi
psand commerceofal
lnat
ions

13. Ani
ndependentPol
andt
obeest
abl
i
shed.

14. Aninter
nati
onalorgani
zat
ion t
oguar
ant
eet
hei
ndependentofal
lst
atesbot
hgr
eat
andsmallt
obef or
med

23
TO WHATEXTENTEREWI
LSON’
SVI
EWSFOLLOWED ATTHEPARI
SPEACECONFERENCE
(PPC)
?

- Wi
l
son’
sfour
teenpoi
nts,
par
ti
cul
arl
ynumber
s7,
8,10,
11and12wer
eaccept
ed.

- Howev
er,
ther
ewer
epr
obl
emswi
tht
heot
herpoi
ntse.
g.

- Poi
nt1,
theAl
l
iedl
eader
smeti
nsecr
et.

- Point
s2,Bri
tai
nref
used t
ogi
veupi
tsr
ightt
osear
chshi
pst
radi
ngwi
thanenemy
dur
ingwar
ti
me

- Poi
nt3,
tar
if
fbar
ri
erswer
eret
ainedandi
ncr
eased.

- Poi
nt4,
ther
ewasnor
eal
att
emptatdi
sar
mament

- Poi
nt5,
Bri
tai
nandFr
ancei
ncr
easedt
hei
rcol
oni
alhol
dings

- Poi
nt6,
theAl
l
iessentt
roopst
oat
tackt
heBol
shev
iks

- Poi
nt9,
theboundar
yofI
tal
ywasnotset
tl
ed

- Poi
nt13,
postwarPol
andcont
ainedmi
l
li
onsofGer
mans

- Poi
nts14,
theLeagueofNat
ionsnev
erwor
kedasWi
l
sonhadhoped.

THETREATYOFSTGERMAI
N

- I
twassi
gnedbet
weent
heAl
l
iesandAust
ri
a

- TheAnschl
uss(
Uni
onwi
thGer
many
)wasf
orbi
dden

- Reduct
ionofar
mament
s.

- Aust
ri
aandHungar
ytobesepar
atei
ndependentst
ates

- Pay
mentofr
epar
ati
ons

- TheAust
ri
anar
mywasl
i
mit
edt
ojust30000men

- Tr
ent
ino,
Sout
hTy
rol
,Tr
iest
eandI
str
iawer
eal
lhandedov
ert
oIt
aly

24
THETREATYOFTRI
ANON

- Thet
reat
ydeal
twi
thHungar
y

- Aust
ri
aandHungar
ytobesepar
atei
ndependentst
ates

- Hungarylost66% oft
err
it
oryt
othe newl
y cr
eat
ed st
ates ofRomani
a and
Czechosl
ovaki
a.

- Herar
mywasr
educedt
o3500menandnoai
rfor
cewasal
l
owed.

- Pay
mentofr
epar
ati
onst
otheAl
l
ies

HOW FAI
RWERETHETERMSOFTHETREATYOFTRI
ANON?

- Tr
eat
ymadeHungar
yani
ndependentst
ate

- Hungar
ycoul
dfr
eel
ydetermi
nei
tsownaf
fai
rsout
sideAust
ri
ani
nfl
uencee.
g.setup
i
tsowncustomsbarr
ier
s

- Howev
er,someHungari
ansfoundthemsel
vessepar
atedf
rom t
heirki
thandki
ne.
g.
somewenttoRomani
a(1,5mi
ll
ion)andot
herswentt
oCzechosl
ovaki
a.

- Hungar
ylostr
esour
cest
onewl
ycr
eat
edst
ates

- Hungarywasl
eftwi
thasenseofsecur
it
ythr
ought
her
educt
ionofar
mament
sand
herar
my

TREATYOFNEUI
LLY

- Si
gnedwi
thBul
gar
iaon27Nov
ember1919

- West
ernThracewashandedov
ert
othe“
Bigt
hree“
nat
ionsandwasev
ent
ual
l
ygi
ven
t
oGreece.

- Herar
mywasl
i
mit
edt
ojust20000men.

- Shewasor
der
edt
opayr
epar
ati
onsof100mi
l
li
onpounds

- Landi
nwest
ernBul
gar
iawasgi
vent
othef
utur
eYugosl
avi
a.

25
TREATYOFSEVRES

- Si
gnedwi
thTur
key

- Herar
mywasl
i
mit
edt
o50000men

- Anai
rfor
cewasf
orbi
dden.

- Economi
ccol
l
abor
ati
onwi
thGer
many
,Aust
ri
a,Hungar
yandBul
gar
iawasf
orbi
dden

- TheAl
l
ieswer
egi
vent
her
ightt
oref
ormt
heEl
ect
oral
syst
em ofTur
key

- Cont
rol
ofherf
inancesandeconomywast
akenawayandgi
vent
otheAl
l
ies

- Thisi
ncl
udedthecont
roloft
heOtt
omanBank,importsandexpor
ts,
nat
ionalbudget
,
fi
nanci
alr
egul
ati
ons,r
equest
sforl
oansandr
eform ofthet
axsyst
em.

- TheAl
l
iescont
rol
l
edev
endebtr
epay
ment
s.

3.
THELEAGUEOFNATI
ONS

ORI
GINSOFTHELEAGUE

- Theleagueisoften spoken ofasbei

ng t
hebr
ainchi
l
d ofAmer
ican Pr
esi
dent
,
Woodr
owWi l
son.

- Theleaguewasar esultofthecomingt
oget
herofsi
milarsuggest
ionsbyanumber
ofworldstat
esmensuchasLor dRober
tCeci
lofBri
tai
n,JanSmutsofSouthAfr
ica
andLeonBour geoi
sieofFr
ances.

- Lloy
dGeorgerefer
redtoi
tasoneofBr
it
ain’
swarai
msandWi
l
soni
ncl
udedi
tast
he
l
astofhi
sfour
teenpoint
s

26
AI
MSOFTHELEAGUE

- Topr
eventwarandaggr
essi
onofonenat
ionagai
nstanot
her

- St
opdr
ugt
raf
fi
cki
ng

- St
opsel
l
ingofgi
rl
saspr
ost
it
utes

- I
mpr
ovewor
ker
swor
kingcondi
ti
ons

- Set
tl
edi
sput
est
hroughar
bit
rat
ion.

- Guar
ant
eei
ngnat
ional
front
ier
s

- Topr
eser
vepeace

- Toi
ncr
easei
nter
nat
ional
cooper
ati
on

- Reducear
mament
s

- Topr
eser
vesov
erei
gnt
yofmember
soft
hel
eague

Count
ri
esThatHel
pedToFor
mtheLON

- Br
it
ain

- Sout
hAf
ri
ca

- Fr
ance

- Japan

- I
tal
y

- Ser
bia

- Chi
na

- Uni
tedSt
atesofAmer
ica(
USA)

MEMBERSOFTHELEAGUEUPTO1934

- Br
it
ain -Bel
gium -Ger
many

27
 - I
tal
y -Chi
na -
Sout
hAf
ri
ca

- Hol
l
and -Spai
n -
Greece

- Japan -
Ethi
opi
a -
Russi
a

- Fr
ance -Br
azi
l

PERMANENTMEMBEROFTHELONATI
TSFORMATI
ON

- Br
it
ain

- I
tal
y

- Fr
ance

- Ger
many

STRUCTUREOFTHELON

THEASSEMBLY

- I
twast
hel
eague’
sdebat
ingchamber

- I
tmetonceay
ear

- Al
lmemberst
atesbel
ongedt
otheAssembl
y

- Alldeci
sionshadt
obeunani
mous(
agr
eedbyal
lmember
s)bef
oret
heywer
epassedas
resol
uti
ons.

- Eachst
atehadequal
repr
esent
ati
onandonev
ote

- Coul
ddeal
wit
hanymat
teraf
fect
ingwor
ldpeace.

THECOUNCI
L

- It hadf
ourpermanent member
snamel
yBr
it
ain,Fr
ance,I
tal
yandJapanandf
iveaf
ter
Ger
many’
sadmissi
onin1926

- TheUSA wast
ohav
ebeenaper
manentmemberbutdeci
dednott
ojoi
nthel
eague
28
- Ther
ewer
efourot
hermember
sel
ect
edbyt
heAssembl
yfort
hreey
earper
iods

- Thenumberofnon-per
manentmember
sincr
easedt
oni
neby1929.

- I
tmett
hreet
imesay
earorwhenev
eri
twasnecessar
y

- Tempor
arymember
swer
echosenbyt
heAssembl
yandeachmemberhadonev
ote

- Agai
n,deci
sionshadt
obeunani
mous

THESECRETARI
AT

- I
twasi
nchar
geofal
lcor
respondenceoft
heLeague

- Consi
stedofper
manentof
fi
cial
sempl
oyedbyt
heLeague

- Ther
ewer
eheadedbyt
heSecr
etar
yGener
al(
SG)
.

- I
tlooked af
teral
lthe paperwor
k oft
he LON e.
g.pr
epar
ing agendas,wr
it
ing
r
esol
uti
onsandrepor
ts

- Car
ri
edoutt
her
esol
uti
onsoft
heLON

- I
twasbasedatt
heLeagueHeadquar
ter
sinGenev
a

COURTOFI
NTERNATI
ONALJUSTI
CE

- I
twasmandat
edt
odeal
wit
hlegal
disput
esamongnat
ions

- Consi
stedof15j
udgesofdi
ff
erentnat
ional
i
ties

- Headquar
ter
swer
eatt
heHaguei
nHol
l
and

I
NTERNATI
ONALLABOURORGANI
ZATI
ON

- I
twasmadeupofr
epr
esent
ati
vesf
rom eachst
ate

- I
twasanassoci
ati
onofal
lLeaguemember
s

- I
tsheadquar
ter
swer
einGenev
a,Swi
tzer
land.

SUBSI
DIARYORGANS/
AGENCI
ES/
COMMI
SSI
ONS/
COMMI
TTEES

29
 - Di
sar
mament

- Mandat
es

- Ref
ugees

- Heal
th

- Mi
nor
it
ies

- Sl
aver
y

- Dr
ugs

- Womenandchi
l
dren

- Mi
l
itar
yAf
fai
rs

- LabourCommi
ssi
ons

- Mi
nor
it
ygr
oups

- Tr
anspor
tandCommuni
cat
ion

- Repar
ati
ons

WORKOFAGENCI
ESOFTHELEAGUE

1.DI
SARMAMENTCOMMI
SSI
ON

- Ai
medt
oper
suadememberst
atest
oreducear
medf
orcesandweaponst
ocks

- Di
sar
mament
sconf
erenceswer
ehel
din1926,
1930,
1932and1934

2.Dr
ugsCommi
tt
ee

- Ai
medatst
oppi
ngt
hesmuggl
i
ngandmi
suseofdanger
ousdr
ugs

- Pursuedstatest
otight
enupcust
omsandpost
alcont
rol
,andt
oeducat
epeopl
e
aboutthedanger
sofdugs

- I
nvest
igat
eddr
ugst
radeandpubl
i
shedf
indi
ngs

- Tr
iedt
ost
oppoopy
-gr
owi
ng

30
 -

3. REFUGEESCOMMI
SSI
ON

- I
tsaim wast orepat
ri
atepr
isoner
sofwaraf
tert
heFi
rstWor
ldWarandt
ofi
nd
homesforr
efugees

- LedbyNor wegianexpl
orer
,Fri
dtj
ofNonsen,t
heCommissi
onr
aisedmoney
,found
tr
anspor
t,desi
gnedhousesandprovi
dedmedical
aid.

SUCCESSOFTHELONI
NPROMOTI
NGDI
SARMAMENTI
NEUROPE

- Nav
alpower
sagr
eedt
oreducenumber
sofwar
shi
psi
n1921

- Noot
heragr
eement
swer
ereached

- Howev
er,
otherst
atesdi
dnotdi
sar
m e.
g.Fr
ancewasr
ear
ming

- Ger
manywant
edmodestr
ear
mamentandmaj
orpower
stor
educear
msl
evel
s.

FUNCTI
ONSOFTHEI
NTERNATI
ONALLABOURORGANI
SATI
ON

- Toi
mpr
ovet
hewor
kingcondi
ti
onsofwor
ker
sthr
oughoutt
hewor
ld

- Tol
i
mitwor
kinghour
s

- Topr
eventchi
l
dlabour

- Toi
mpr
ovewages

- I
ssuegui
del
i
nesonsaf
etymeasur
esatwor
kpl
aces

- Makememberst
atessi
gnconv
ent
ionst
oimpr
ovewor
kingcondi
ti
ons

- Condemnunf
airl
abourpr
act
ices

EVALUATI
ONOFTHEI
NTERNATI
ONALLABOURORGANI
ZATI
ON

- I
trecommendedasy
stem ofi
nter
nat
ional
standar
dsi
nal
lwor
krel
atedmat
ter
s

- Cr
eat
edt
heei
ghthourwor
kingday

- Mat
erni
typr
otect
ionf
orwomenwor
ker
s
31
- Abol
i
tionofchi
l
dlabour

- Hel
pedi
ntheadopt
ionofequal
payandbenef
itf
orwor
kofequal
val
ue

- Hel
pedi
ncr
aft
ingsaf
etyl
awsatt
hewor
kpl
ace

- Howev
er,t
heuseofchi
l
dlabourcont
inued

- I
LOofLONhadnomechani
sm t
ofor
cesdesi
ref
orchangeongov
ernment
sandempl
oyer
s

- Wagescont
inuedt
obel
owf
ormostwor
ker
s

- Someempl
oyeeswer
est
il
lnotal
l
owedt
ofor
mtr
adeuni
ons.

THECORFUI
NCI
DENTOF1923

- Ther
ewasaboundar
ydi
sput
ebet
weenGr
eeceandAl
bani
a

- Ani
nter
nat
ionalcommi
ssi
onwassentt
otheBal
kanst
oset
tl
etheGr
eece-Al
bani
aboundar
y
l
i
ne

- Duri
ngt hecour
seofi
tswor
k,f
ourI
tal
i
anmember
swer
eki
l
ledi
nGr
eekt
err
it
orybyunknown
assai
lants

- Mussoli
nii
mmediat
elyi
ssuedanulti
matum toGr eecedemandinganapology,
asalut
etot
he
I
tal
ianfl
ag,
anenqui
rybyGreecewi
ththeassi
stanceofanItal
ianoff
ici
alandthepay
mentofa
l
argerr
epar
ati
on

- Mussoli
ni,whohadbeentheIt
ali
andi
ctat
orf
orl
esst
hanay
earsawanoppor
tuni
tyt
oobt
ain
gl
oryandt r
iumphofaFasci
str
egime.

- Greece ref
usedtoacceptt
hedemandsor ter
msoft
heul
ti
mat
um,denounci
ngt
hem as
out
rageousandvi
olat
ingt
hesov
erei
gnt
yofGr
eece

- Greeceappeal
edtotheLON,
butMussol
i
nir
efusedt
orecogni
zet
hecompet
enceoft
heLON
t
odealwit
htheprobl
em

- Mussol
inior
der
edanI
tal
i
annav
alsquadr
ont
otheGr
eekI
slandofCor
fut
obombar
dthe
har
bor.

- Fi
ft
eenci
vi
li
answer
eki
l
ledandmanywer
ewoundedasar
esul
toft
hebombi
ngoft
hepor
t.

Ev
aluat
ionoft
heLONi
ndeal
i
ngwi
tht
heCor
fuI
nci
dent

32
- Conf
rontedbyMussol
i
ni’
sdef
iance,t
heLeague t
urnedt
othecommi
tt
eeofambassador
s,a
non–leaguebody

- Thi
sbodyor
der
edacommi
ssi
onofEnqui
ryt
oinv
est
igat
ethei
nci
dent

- I
n September1923,t
he commissi
on ofenqui
rypr
esent
ed i
tsr
epor
t wi
thout hav
ing
di
scoveredwhowasguil
tyoft
hemurders

- Thecommi
tt
eeofAmbassador
sthenor
der
edGr
eecet
opay50mi
l
li
onLi
ra.

- Theamountwaspai
dandI
tal
i
anf
orceswi
thdr
ewf
rom Cor
fu.

- However
,warwasav
ert
edbutmanymember
swer
eindi
gnantov
ert
hehandl
i
ngoft
hewhol
e
af
fai
r.

- Somemember
sfel
tthel
eaguehadal
l
owedI
tal
ytodef
ythebody

- Thel
eague t
ookt
ool
ongt
osol
vet
heCor
fui
nci
dent

- Other
sfel
ttheev
idenceobt
ainedbyt
hecommi
ssi
ondi
dnotwar
ranti
mposi
ti
onofaheav
y
fi
ne

- Toaddmor
esal
ttot
hewound,
thecommi
ssi
oni
ncl
udedanI
tal
i
anwhi
chwasunf
air
.

SUCCESSESOFTHELEAGUEOFNATI
ONS

- I
twasmor
esuccessf
uli
nsoci
o-economi
cthani
npol
i
tical
act
ivi
ti
es

- Sol
vedbor
derdi
sput
ebet
weenGr
eeceand Bul
gar
ia

- I
tfor
cedSer
biat
roopst
owi
thdr
aw f
rom Al
bani
ain1921

- Sol
vedt
hedi
sput
ebet
weenI
tal
yandGr
eeceov
erCor
fu

- Sol
vedt
hedi
sput
ebet
weenAl
bani
aandYugosl
avi
a

- Aust
ri
awasgi
venl
oansanddev
elopedheri
ndust
ri
es

- TheLONset
tl
edt
hedi
sput
ebet
weenSwedenandFi
nlandov
erAal
andI
slandi
n1920

- Super
visedsett
lementi
nGr
eeceofov
eronemi
l
li
onGr
eekr
efugeesf
rom Asi
aMi
norand
East
ernThrace

- Deal
twi
tht
hef
ront
ierdi
sput
ebet
weenHungar
yandCzechosl
ovaki
a

- TheLONadmi
nist
eredt
heci
tyofDanzi
g

33
- Dealtwithworl
dprobl
emsondr
ugs,f
inance,t
ranspor
tandcommuni
cat
ions,r
efugeesand
condit
ionsofwor
k.

- Set
tl
eddi
sput
ebet
weenTur
keyandI
raqov
erMosul
whi
chwasgi
vent
oIr
aq.

- Sett
ledt
hedisput
ebet
weenGer
manyandPol
andov
erUpperSi
l
esi
awhi
chwaspar
ti
ti
oned
bet
weenthet
wo.

- Successf
ull
ydeal
twi
tht
heout
breakofchol
erai
nwar
-tor
nEur
ope.

- I
tmaderecommendati
ons f
ort
hei
mpr
ovement ofwor
kingcondi
ti
onswhi
chwer
eadopt
ed
bymanygover
nment
s

- Al
so,
wor
kwasdonet
ost
opt
het
raf
fi
cki
ngofdanger
ousdr
ugsandsl
aves.

SUCCESSESOFCOMMI
SSI
ON/COMMI
TTEES

- Manyoft
hecommi t
teesandcommissi
onsachievedv
aluabl
eresul
tsandmuchwas
donetofost
er/
promotei
nter
nat
ionalco-oper
ati
on

- I
LO,underi
ts FrenchSocial
i
st Di
rect
or,Al
ber
tThomas,managed t
oper
suade
gov
ernmentl
abourcondi
tionby:

i
) Fi
xi
ngamaxi
mum wor
kingdayandweek

i
i
) Speci
fyadequat
emi
nimum wages

i
i
i) I
ntr
oduceol
dagepensi
ons

- I
LOalsocol
lect
edandpubl
ishedvastamountofi
nfor
mat
ionandmanygov
ernment
s
wer
eprevai
l
edupontotakeacti
on.

- TheRefugeesCommi ssi
onledbyFri
dtjofNonsen,
theNorwegi
anexplor
er,
solv
edthe
probl
em ofthousandoffor
merpr i
sonersofwarmar oonedin Russi
aattheendof
thewarandabouthalfamil
lionwer
er eturnedhome.

- Theheal
thcommi t
teedi
dgoodworki
ni nv
estigat
ingt
hecausesofepi
demics,
andi
t
wasespeci
all
ysuccessf
uli
ncombati
ngat y
phusepidemi
ci nRussi
a,whi
chatone
ti
meseemedlikel
ytospr
eadacr
ossEurope.

SUCCESSES/
EVALUATI
ONOFTHELEAGUEASSEMBLY
34
 - I
twassuccessf
uli
npr
epar
ingt
hel
eaguebudget

- I
tadmi
tt
ednewmember
sint
othel
eaguee.
gGer
manyi
n1926

- Succeededi
ntheappoi
ntmentoft
heSecr
etar
yGener
al

- Debat
edi
ssuesconcer
ningwor
ldpeace

- Metonce ay
ear f
ail
uret
odebat
emat
ter
sful
l
yhence r
efer
ri
ngi
ssuest
othe
counci
l

- Howev
er,
itf
ail
edt
ost
opt
hewi
thdr
awal
ofmember
sli
keGer
manyandI
tal
y

FAI
LURESOFTHELEAGUEOFNATI
ONS

- Fai
l
edt
oef
fectdi
sar
mamente.
g.Ger
manybeganr
e-ar
mamenti
n1933.

- I
tal
ywi
thdr
ewf
rom t
heLONi
n1931af
teri
nvadi
ngManchur
iai
n1931.

- Fai
l
edt
ost
opI
tal
i
ani
nvasi
onofAby
ssi
niai
n1935.

- Fai
led to stop Ger
many’
s acts of aggr
ession i
n the Rhi
nel
and, Aust
ri
a,
Czechosl
ovaki
aandPol
andr
esul
ti
ngint
heoutbreakoft
heSecondWor
ldWar

- Mussol
i
ni’
sv i
ewsalsohelpedt
oshedmor eli
ghtonwhytheleaguef
ail
ed.“
The
l
eaguei
salri
ghtwhenspar
rowsquar
rel
.Itf
ail
swheneagl
esf
all
out.
”

- Againstthebackgroundoftheabov
ejudgment
s’,t
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easonscanbe
advancedtoexpl
ainit
sfai
l
ure.

a) STRUCTURALDEFECTS

- I
thadlimi
tedf
undsast
her
ewasnopr
ovi
sionf
ort
hisi
ntheconst
it
uti
onoft
he
l
eague.

- Theassembl
ymetonceay
earandt
hiswasnotsuf
fi
cientt
odeal
wit
hpr
obl
ems.

- Thel
eaguehadnoar
myt
oenf
orcei
tsdeci
sionsi
.e.l
ackedmi
l
itar
ypower
.

- I
tlackedgreatpower
se.g.t
heUSAwhi chdepri
vedtheleagueofapowerfulmember
whosepresencewouldhavebeenofgr
eatpsychol
ogicalandfi
nanci
albenefi
t.

- Theunani
mit
ycl
ausemeantt
hateachmemberhadv
etopowerov
eranydeci
sion,
be
35
 i
tmaj
orormi
nor
.

- Theleaguewasclosel
yti
edwi
tht
het
reat
yofVer
sai
l
lesandt
her
efor
ewasv
iewedas
thev
ictorscl
ub.

- I
naddi
ti
on,
ithadt
odef
endapeaceset
tl
ementwhi
chwasf
arf
rom per
fect
.

- Someofit
sprovi
sionswereboundt
ocausetroubl
ee.g.t
heinclusi
onofGermansi
n
Pol
andandCzechoslov
aki
aandthedi
sappoi
ntmentofIt
alyathergai
nsaf
terWW1.

- I
twast
ooEurocent
ri
ci.
e.alt
houghi
thadawor
ldwi
demember
shi
p;i
tappear
edt
obe
t
oomuchcent
eredonEurope.

- Othervi
talpowerswerenoti
nvol
vede.
g.Ger
manywasnotal
lowedtoj
oinunt
il1926
andtheUSSR( Russi
a)onl
ybecameamemberin1934whenGermanyl
eft
.

- I
tal
sodependedt
oomuchont
hegoodwi
l
landgoodf
ait
hofi
tsmember
s.

- Howev
er,
ther
ewer
eot
herf
act
orswhi
chcont
ri
but
edt
oit
sfai
l
ure.

- Ther
iseofdi
ctat
orse.
g.Hi
tl
eri
nGer
manyandMussol
i
nii
nIt
aly

- Fai
l
ureofdi
sar
mament
.

- Di
sagr
eement
sbet
weenBr
it
ainandFr
ance

- Absenceoft
heUSA,
oneoft
heLeague’
skeyar
chi
tect
s

- Pol
i
cyofappeasement
.

- Thecommi tt
eeofAmbassador sinPariswasanembar rassmenti.
e.itwasonly
i
ntendedtofuncti
onunt i
ltheLeaguewasr unni
ngbuti
tli
ngeredon,andonsev
eral
occasi
ons,i
ttookprecedenceoverthel
eague.

- Fi
nall
y,theonsetoft heGr eatDepressi
on,countri
esweremoreconcernedwith
nati
onaleconomic surv
ivalt han wi
thinter
nat
ionaldi
plomacyand co-
oper
ati
on,
henceintheendt
heleaguedi edanatural
death.

36
4.
BOOM,
DEPRESSI
ONANDRECOVERYI
N

THEUSA1919–1939
BACKGROUNDTOTHEBOOM

- Aft
ert heFirstWor l
d War ,theAmer ican economymadeast eadyr ecovery,
i
ndust ri
esincreasedpr oducti
ont ohi
ghlevels.
- Sales,profi
tsandwagesi ncreased.
- Therewasagr eatvari
etyofgoodsont hemar kete.g.r
adi
os, r
efr
igerat
ors,cycles,
mot orcars,washi ngmachinese. t
.c
- New i nvent
ionsf rom HenryFor d,T.Edisonandt hedevelopmentofHol l
ywood
fi
l
mi ndustr
ymadehugepr ofit
s.
- The1920swer erefer
redtoast he“RoaringTwenties”or“
theJazzAge.“

CAUSESOFTHEBOOM

1.Ther
ewasacl i
maxofthegreatindust
ri
alexpansi
onoft
hel
ate19t
hcent
ury
whenAmer
icahadov
ert
akenBri
tai
nandGer many.

- Thewargav eAmer i
caabigboostasEuropeanpowersthatwereatwar
i
mportedfr
om theUSA.
- Useofelect
ri
cit
yinhomesledtothedemandf orel
ect
ri
calgoodssuchas
st
ovesandfri
dges.
- Ameri
cahencewast her
eal
economi
cvict
orofWorldWarOne.

2.Governmentpoli
ciescontr
ibutedtot heprosper
it
yintheshor
tterm asi
mport
tar
if
fswererai
sedt opr
otecthomepr oducedgoods.
- Incometaxeswer er
educedl eavi
ngpeoplewit
hmorecashtospend.
3. Pr
oducti
oninthemot ori ndustr
ystimulat
edexpansi
oninanumberofal l
i
ed
37
 i
ndustri
ese.g.roadsbui l
ding,tyr
es,batteri
es,petrol
andservi
cestati
ons.
4.New industri
esal sospr angupe. g.theconst ructi
onindust
rywasst imulat
ed
toget
herwi t
hrelatedindustri
es.
5.Thewarst imulatedthechemi calindustryast heymanagedt oproduceplast
ic,
packagi
ngmat eri
alsneededbyt hegr owingeconomy .
6.Consumer swer eall
owedt obuygoodsoncr edit
.
7.USAgai nedmostEur opeanmar ket
sasEur opeaneconomieswer edisr
uptedby
war.

BOOM/ROARI
NGTWENTI
ESI
NTHEUSA

FEATURES

- Newmachi nesr evoluti

onar isedtheconstr
ucti
oni
ndustr
ye. g.powershov
els
- I
mpr ov edcommuni cationse. g.dial
phonesandautomaticswitchboar
ds
- Consumergoodsi ndust r
iesboomedl ikenev
erbef
ore
- Moder atelypr i
cedgoodse. g.radi
os,camerasandwri
stwatches
- Surfacedr oadi ncr eased
- Mot orcar sincreased
- Telephonesi nhomes
- Masspr oducedmot orcar s.
- Mill
ionswer eempl oy ed
- Cinemasexper iencebi gat tendances
- Hirepur chaseofgoods
- Emanci pat i
onofwoman
- I
ntroduct i
onofJazzanddanci ng
- Smoki ng

SOCI
ALEFFECTSOFBOOM/ROARI
NGTWENTI
ES

- FormanyprosperousAmer i
cans,the1920swer eat i
meofent ert
ainment,
exci
tement
,newf ashi
onsandf reerbehavior.
- Youngpeopleinpar t
icul
arwant edtorelaxandhav efunaf t
erthehor ror
sof
WorldWarOne.
- Youngwomenl edchangesi nfashionandsoci albehav
iour.
- Cheapcars,r
adiosandgr amophoneschanged t hewaypeoplelived.
- Themusicandf i
lmindustri
esexpandedandhel pedtoshapednewat tit
udes.
- Jazz,wi
thi
tsblackAf ri
can-Amer i
canoriginsbecamet hemostpopul arofall
- Famousplayersincl
udedLouisAr mstrong, BennyGoodmanandFat sWaller
- Theparent
sandol derpeopleobj ect
edtot heopenly sexualnatureofsome

38
 ofitssongsanddances
- Filmspr omotednewfashionsandtaughtpeoplenewway sofbehavi
our
- Thewel l-of
f middl
eanduppercl assyoung women who l edthenew
fashions i n woman’s cl
othes and behav
iorwere known as ”Fl
apper
s”
becauseoft hei
rshor
tskirt
s.

DI
DUSAWOMENBENEFI
TFROM THE“
ROARI
NGTWENTI
ES”

- Therewasemanci pationofwomen
- Young women’ s sexualbehav iorbecame f r
eerespeci al
lyamong college
students.
- Girl
s/womencopi edt heon- screenbehav i
ourofst ar
sl i
keJoanCr awford
whoper fect l
yportrayedt hef l
apper.
- Salesofcigar ett
esdoubl ed.
- Womenwor kedinf actories,secretar
ialj
obs,teachinge.t.
c
- Fi
lmspr omot ednewf ashionandt aughtwomennewway stobehave
- About100mi l
l
ionAmer i
canswentt othecinemaev eryweek
- Dancingbecameapopul arhobbyanddancehal l
swer eopenedupacr ossthe
country
- Womendr ov eposhcar s,discussedsexual i
ssuesopenlyanddressedinshor t
miniski
rts.
- Howev er,therewasmor al decay.
- Ther ewast oomuchbeerdr i
nking.
- SpreadofSexual l
yTr ansmi t
tedInfecti
ons( STIs)
- Teenagepr egnancies
- Womenwer eexposedt ov i
olenceandsomedi dnotbenefitf
rom the“
Roar i
ng
Twent i
es.”

THEPROHI
BITI
ONOF1919

- Prohi bitionwasi ntroducedbyt heVolsteadActof1919

- Itwast hebanni ngoft hemanuf acture,importandsel lofallalcohol i
cLiquor
throughoutt heUSA.
- TheActal sopr ohi
bitedt hetransportati
onofal coholicdrinks.
th
- Itwasaddedt ot heAmer icanConst it
utionsast he18 Amendment .
- I twast her esultoft heef f
or t
sofawel l
-meani ngpr essur egr oupwhi ch
believ ed t hata” dry” Amer i
cawoul d meanamor eef fi
cientand mor al
Amer ica.
- Prohi bitionl edtot hecreat i
onofshebeensandi ll
ici
tbr ewandt oxicbrandy.
- Itpr ov ed i mpossi blet o eliminate bootl egger s( manuf acturers ofill
egal
l
iquor ),whopr otectedt heirpremi sesfr om ri
valswi thhiredgangswhoshot
eachot heri ngunfights.
- Sellingpoi ntswer egivendi f
ferentnamese. g.“speakeasies”or“ boot l
eggers”
- Thel awwasf louted,racketeersandgangst ersflouri
shed.
- InChi cago, gangv i
olencebecamepar toftheAmer icanScenei .e.AlCapone

39
 andhisthugsgrewrichfr
om thepr oceedi
ngofbootlegging.
- Alcoholtr
adewasdr iv
enunder ground.
- Ther ow overProhi
biti
onwasoneaspectofat raditi
onalAmeri
canconf
li
ct
betweenthecountr
ysideandt heci t
y.
- Manycount r
y peoplebeliev
edt hatci
tyli
fewassi nf
ulandunheal
thywhi
le
l
ifeinthecountr
ywaspur e,
nobl eandmor al
.

SUCCESS/
FAI
LUREOFUSAGOVERNMENTI
NENFORCI
NGPROHI
BITI
ON

- Prohibi
tionprov eddiff
iculttoenf
or ce.
- Al
cohol wasi ll
egallybrewed, i
mpor tedanddrunkin“speakeasi es.
”
- Outlawingliquorboost editspopularity
.
- Dri
nkwassmuggl edi ntothecount rybypower f
ulgangse. g.AlCaponein
Chicago.
- Thel awwasf loutedandgangst ersf oundacarnival
ofcr i
me
- I
nt heageofJazz,mi niskir
tsandchangi ngmoralstandards,thegov
ernment
wasboundt of ail
.
- Legal l
y,theUSAwasdr ybutinrealityitwasthewettestperiodinAmeri
ca.

THEGREATDEPRESSI
ONOF1929

BACKGROUNDTOTHEGREATDEPRESSI
ON

- Notev eryone benef

it
ed int he gener
alpr osperi
ty ofUSA e.g.Far
mer s
especiall
yi nthe1920sexper i
enced afall
/decreaseint hepri
ceoft hei
r
produce.
- Europeanagr i
cult
urewaspi cki
ngupandst i
ffcompetiti
onwascomingfrom
Canada, Russi
aandAr gent
ina.
- Farmer swereproduci
ngmor ethanwhatcoul dbeconsumed
- Theblackpopul at
ionwasleftoutoftheprosperi
tyespecial
l
yint
hesouth

CAUSESOFTHEGREATDEPRESSI
ON

- InSept ember1929,t hebuy i

ngspr eeont hestockexchangei nWallSt
reet
,
NewYor ksloweddownwi thindi
cationt hattheboom wascomi ngtoanend.
- There was pani c sell
i
ng ofshar es bef ore pr
ices f
elltoo far(Pani
c by
shareholders).
- ByOct ober24,pr i
cesf elldramatical l
yandt hosewhoboughtshar eswhen
pri
cesofshar eswer esti
llhighwerer uined.
- Thisdisasterisgener al
lyremember edast heWALLSTREETCRASH
- Overproductionofgoodsl eadingtoov ersupplyofthemarket.
- Slowi ngdownoft radei .
e.forei
gnt rade.
- Lackofconf idenceinthest ockmar ket.

40
 - Unevendist
ri
buti
onofweal t
h.
- Speculat
ioni.
e.pani
cbuy i
ngandsell
i
ngofshar
es.Ov
erv
aluedshar
es.
- USAgoodswer etooexpensi
ve
- Under
-consumptionduetolowincome.

EFFECTSOFTHEGREATDEPRESSI
ON/WALLSTREETCRASHONAMERI
CA

- Debtandbankr uptcyspr eadi nal l directions.

- Therewasl ackofconf idencei nt hest ockexchange
- Valueofshar eshadl ittl
edi rectr elationt ot heindustri
est heyrepr esented.
- Largevolumesofwi t
hdr awal sf r
om banks.
- Somebanksandf i
nanci al housescl oseddown.
- Fewergoodswer esoldi nshopst her ebyl eadingt oclosureoff act ori
es.
- Greatunempl oymentf igur eswer er ecor dedasar esul toflow demandf or
goods.
- By1931, theUSAhadal most8mi l
lionpeopl eunempl oy ed.
- Therewasar ecessioni nt r
ade.
- Squali
dl i
v i
ng condi tions and demand f or gov ernment ai d wer e also
experi
enced.
- Char i
tysoupki tchens,t enant sf aili
ngt opayr entals,farmer sl ostallthei
r
propert
y,br eadqueuesandnearst arvationofmanybecamet heor derofthe
day.The“ Gr eatAmer icandr eam”ofpr osper i
tyforallhadf ail
ed.
- Peoplewi thsav ingsinbanksl ostt heirmoney .
- Therewasar iseinsui cidecases.
- Cityhomel esspeopl el i
vedi ncampsni cknamed“ Hoovervill
es”af terthe
presi
dentwhowasbl amedf ort hedepr ession.
- Manycount ri
esout sidesUSAespeci all
yGer manywer eaffectedt oobecause
thei
rprosper i
tydependedonl oansf rom t heUSA.By1931, Eur opewasi nthe
samepl i
ghtasAmer i
ca.
- Stockmar ketcr ashrui nedmi l
lionsofi nv est
orswhohadpai dhi ghpr i
cesfor
thei
rshares.
- TheDepr essionhadpol it
icalr esul tsascount r
iessuchasGer manyhadr i
ght
winggov ernment sthatcamet opower .

WHOWASTOBLAMEFORTHEDEPRESSI
ON?

- Itwaseasyandf ashionablet oblamePr esi

dentHerber tHooveratthetime
thoughtheRepubl i
canPartyist obeblamedaswel l.
- Thegov ernmentcould hav eencour ageov er
seascount ri
est obuy mor e
Amer i
cangoodsbyl ower i
ngt ari
ff
sinsteadofraisi
ngt hem,incr
easingwages,
encouragingbigbusinessest olowerpr i
cesandlimit
ingcreditwhichal
lowed
speculat
ionont hestockmar ket.

GOVERNMENTRESPONSE

41
 - Hoov er’
sgov ernmentt riedtosol vethepr oblem by :
i
) Encour agingempl oy er
snott or educewagesandl ayoffworker
s.
i
i
) Lendi ngmoneyt obanks.
i
i
i) Encour aginglower ingofpr i
ces.
i
v) I nt r
oduci ngwor kschemest obr ingempl oy ment.
v
) Declaringaoney earmor atorium onwardebt s.
- Thismeantt hatf oreigngov ernment scoul dmi ssonei nst
allmentoftheir
debtst ot heUSAi nt hehopet hatt heywoul duset hemoneysav edtobuy
mor eAmer icangoods.
- Howev er,thismadel ittl
eimpactasAmer i
canexpor tsin1932wer elesst
han
thi
rdoft he1929t otal.
- Furt
her mor e,mostbanksandf actoriesremai nedclosed.
- Unempl oy mentf iguresr emainedhi ghandt her ewasar i
seinsuici
decases.
- Lai
ssez-Fai r
e(non-i nt er
fer
ence pol i
cy)pol i
cy adopted by Hoov eral
so
contri
butedt otheGr eatDepr ession

Howdi
dgov
ernment
’sLai
ssez–Fai
repol
i
cyCont
ri
but
etot
heGr
eatDepr
essi
on?

- Ther epublicansandpr o-businessdi dnot hi

ngtoli
mi tt
hegrowthoft hesuper
-corporati
ons.
- Thegov ernmentf ai
ledt ocont roltheeconomyasmanuf actur
eswer enot
preparedtor educepricesori ncreasewages.
- Itfai
ledtoaddr esslabourissues.
- Gov ernment ’
sfail
uretobuyf armer s’surpl
uscrops.
- Howev er,t
her ewereot herfact orswhi chcontr
ibutedtotheGreatDepression
suchast oomanygoodsf ort hehomemar kett oabsorb,i
ntroducti
onof
i
mpor ttari
ffsagainstAmer icangoodsbymanyEur opeanstat
esandt hegreat
rushofspecul ati
onont hest ockmar ket.

42
 THENEW DEAL
- I
twasi
ntr
oducedbyPr
esi
dentFr
ankl
i
nDel
anoRoosev
elt
.

FACTORSTHATPROMOTEDROOSEVELT’
SRI
SETOPOWER

- PromisesoftheNewDeal.
- Hoover’
sfai
luretocombatthedepressi
on.
- Aswingawayf rom t
herepubl
icanbeli
efi
nafr
eeeconomy(
lai
ssez-f
air
e)
- Thegreatsl
ump
- Conti
nuedsufferi
ng
- Unemployment

AI
MSOFTHENEW DEAL.

1.Reli
ef togivedi rectaidtopoverty–stri
ckenpeoplei.
e.thosewithoutfoodand
shelt
er.
2.Recoveryt or educeunempl oyment,sti
mulat
edemandf orgoodsandgett he
economymov i
ngagai n.
3.Reform t ot ake what evermeans/measur es t
o preventa r epeatoft he
economicdisast erfrom everhappeningagai
n.
- I twasobv ioust hatdrasti
cmeasur eswereneeded;Roosev el
t’smeasur es
were a compl et
e change f r
om t hose ofthe lai
ssez-fair
e Republ i
cans.
Roosevel
twaspr eparedtointerv
eneineconomicandsoci alaffair
sasmuch
aspossibleandt ospendgov er
nmentfundstopul lthecount ryoutofthe
depr
ession.

ROOSEVELT’
SHUNDREDDAYSMEASURE

43
- Thesewereaseri
esoflawsext
endi
ngthepowersofthefeder
algover
nment
andprov
idi
ngforext
ensi
vemeasur
esofref
orm andr
eli
efofsuff
eri
ng.

1.Emer gencyBanki ngActof1933( EBA)-aimedatr egul

ati
ngt heacti
vit
iesof
banksandt hestockexchange.
- Itensuredpeopl e’sdeposi
tsinbankswer einsur
ed againstlosses caused
bypubl i
cpani c
- Beforethenewdeal ,peopl
efeltitwassaferforthem tokeepallthei
rmoney
athomet haninbankswher eitcouldbelostonthestockmar ket
.

2.Securi
ti
esExchangeCommissi
onof1934– r
efor
medt hestockexchange
andinsi
stedt
hatbuyer
spay50%downpay
menti
nsteadof10%.

3.FarmersReliefActof1933-Gover
nmentpai
dcompensat i
ontof
armerswho
produced low output t
oi ncr
ease pr
ices (
also known as Agr
icul
tur
al
AdjustmentAct[AAA]
)

4.Civi
li
anConser vati
onCor psof1934( CCC) pr ovi
dedoutdoorwor kfor
thousandofjobl
essy oungmeni nconserv
ationproj
ect
.
- By1940,about2, 5mill
i
ony oungmenhad“ enjoy
ed”asixmonthspellinthe
CCC, whi
chgav ethem asmal lwageof$30amont haswel
lasfood,clot
hing
andshelter
.

5.NationalIndust
ri
alRecover
yActof1933 thi
swast hemostimportantpart
oftheprogr amme.
- Tri
edt ogetpeoplebackt oworkper
manently
,sothattheywoul
dbeabl eto
buymor e.
- Thi
swoul dsti
mulatei
ndustr
yandhel
ptheeconomyfuncti
onnormall
y.
- TheActal soint
roducedthePubl
icWorksAdmi ni
str
ati
onandt heNational
Recov er
yAdmi ni
str
ati
on.

6.Publi
cwor ksAdmi
nistr
ati
on(PWA)  Or
gani
zedandpr
ovidedcash/fundsfor
thebuil
dingofusefulinf
rast
ruct
uresuchasdams,bri
dges,roads,school
s,
creat
ingsever
almil
l
ionextraj
obs.

7.Nat i
onalRecov eryAdmi ni
str
ati
on(NRA) abolishedchi l
dlabour ,i
ntr
oduced
amaxi mum ei ghthourwor ki
ngdayandami nimum wage.
- Althought heser uleswerenotcompulsory ,employ edwer epr essuri
zedto
acceptt hem andt hosewhodi dwerepr
ivil
egedt ousesanof fi
cialsti
ckeron
theirgoodsshowi ngabl ueeagl
eandtheletter
sNRA.
- Thepubl icwasencour agedtoboycot
tfi
rmswhi chr efusedtoco-oper ate.
- Ther esponsewast remendous,wi
thwel
lov er2mi ll
ionsempl oyersaccepti
ng
thenewst andards.

44
 8.Feder
alEmergencyRel
i
efAdmi
nist
rati
on prov
ided500mil
l
iondol
l
arsfor
soupkit
chens.Gavemoneytostatestohel
punemployedandhomeless
peopl
e.

9.Federaltheat
re Pr
oject-Cr eat
ed jobs forplaywr
ight
s,ar t
ist
s,act
ors,
musiciansaswel
lasincr
easi
ngpubli
cappreciat
ionoft
hearts.

10.
Soci al Secur
it
yActof1935intr
oducedoldagepensi
onsandunempl
oyment
insur ance schemes which weret o be f
inanced by f
eder
aland st
ate
gov er nments,empl
oyer
sandworkers.

11.
TheWagnerActof1935Thi swast hewor kofSenatorF.WagnerofNew
York.
- Itgavetr
adeunionsapr operlegalf
oundationandther
ighttobar
gai
nfort
hei
r
member sinanydisputewi t
hmanagement .
- Ital
sosetuptheNat ionalLabourRelat
ionsBoardswhereworker
scoul
d
appealagai
nstunfairpracti
cesbymanagement .

12.
TheFairLabourSt
andar
dsAct
sof1938 int
roducedamaximum 45hour
worki
ngweekaswellasami
nimum wagei
ncert
ainlowl
ypai
dtr
ades.

13.
TennesseeVal l
eyAut hori
ty pr ovi
dedwat erandel ectr
icit
yf orpeopl ein
TennesseeandAl abamast ates
- Hundredsofj obswer ecreated.
- In1933t heDemocr ati
cAdmi nistrati
onheadedbyPr esidentFranklinDelano
Roosev el
tintroducedabi llcreati
ngt heTVA.Thebi l
lwasadopt edbyt heU.S.
Congressandsi gnedbyt hepr esidentinMay1933.TheTVAachi evedstri
king
successesal mostf rom it
si nception.
- DuringWor ldWarI I(1939-1945) ,TVApowerandmanuf acturi
ngf acil
i
ties
madesi gnifi
cantcont ri
buti
onst ot henational
def
enseef fort
.AtOakRi dge,
Tennessee, akeyat omi c-
ener gyinstall
ati
onwasoper atedlargelywithTVA-
producedel ectri
city.TVApl ant salsopr oducedsi
gni
ficantquant i
tiesof
muni t
ionsmat eri
alsandf ertil
izers.

14.Farm Cr
edi
tAdmi ni
str
ati
on(
FCA)andtheHomeOwnersLoanCor
por
ati
on
UsedFeder
alfundstohelppeopl
epayoffmor
tgagessot
hathomeowner
s
woul
dnotlosesthei
rhomes

15.
Soi
lConser
vati
onActof1935-ReplacedtheAAAprogrammeandenabl
ed
gov
ernmenttocont
inuesubsi
dizi
ngf
armer
swhocutt
heirproduct
ion.

EVALUATI
ONOFTHENEW DEAL.

- FERAgav
ehel
ptopeopl
einneed
45
 - FERAal sopr ov i
dedsoupki tchens.
- TheCWAgav ewor kt omor et han2mi lli
onpeopl ewhoear nedawagei nstead
ofnot hing.
- School s,r oadsandai r
por tswer ebui l
t. Thousandsofwr iters,actorsand
artistswer eempl oy edoncr eativepr oject s
- Soci al welfareguar ant eedhel ptot heol dandneedy .
- Ov erpr oduct i
onendedandpr i
cesr osei nagr i
culturet hrought heAAA.
- TVApr ov i
dedwor ki nf act ories,indust ri
esandagr i
culture.
- TVA, SSAar est i
llexi stentt oday
- Whensomet hingt hatwasi nst i
tutedsol ongagoi sstil
lv iableandf uncti
oning
wel l,i
ti sasur esi gnofi t
ssuccess.
- Bankswer erejuvenat edt hrought heEBA.
- Credi tr estri
cti
onswer eeased.
- Far mf i
nanceswer er egul atedt oget herwi thpr oductionandpr ices.
- Howev er,unempl oy mentwasnotcompl etelysol ved.
- Wageswer etoolow.
- Bl acksdi dnotbenef itmuchf rom t hesemeasur es.
- Gov ernmentwascr iti
cizedf orpay ingf armer st opr oducel ess.
- Reducedpr oduct i
oni nf armsl eftpeopl ewi thout j obs/ wor kespeci all
yt he
blacks
- Manypeopl ewer eputt owor konpr oject sofl i
ttlevalue.
- SSAwasnotagr eatsuccessatt het imebecausepay ment swer eusuallynot
verygener ousandt her ewasnopr ovisionf orsi cknessi nsur ance.
- .Fur ther mor e,theTVApr ogr am wast het argetofbi tterat t
acksbybusi ness
spokesper sons,whoconsi deredi tspr ogr am asoci alisti
c,unconst i
tuti
onal
threatt ocompet ingpr ivatei ndust ri
es.Pr i
vatei ndust ri
esobj ect edparti
cularl
y
strongl yt oonepar toft hepr ogram, agov ernmentpl ant ouset hecostofTVA
-producedpowerasay ardst i
ckf ormeasur i
ngel ectricityrat eschar gedby
privateut i
lit
ycompani es.
- Somepr oblemsoft heDepr essi onr emai nedf ory earst ocome.

OPPOSI
TIONTOTHENEW DEAL

i
) Businessmen obj ect ed st ronglyt ot he gr owt h of t r
ade unions,
regulati
onofwor kinghour sandwagesandi ncreasedt axati
on.
i
i
) TheSupr emeCour tcl aimed thatt hepr esidentwasassumi ng too
muchpowerandt hatt heNRAwasunconst itutional.
i
i
i) Somest ateri
ghtgr oups/st at
egov ernment sr esentedt heextentto
whicht hefederalgov ernmentwasi nterfer
ingi nwhatt heyconsi
dered
tobei nter
nalstat
eaf fairs.
i
v) Sociali
stsfel
tthati twasdr asti
cenoughandl efttoomuchpoweri n
thehandsofbi gbusi nesses.
v
) Republ i
cansresent edt hewidev ar
ietyofnewor ganizat i
onsknownby

46
 t
hei
rini
ti
als.

Despi tetheopposit
ion,Rooseveltwastr
emendouslypopul
arwi thmill
i
onsof
ordinary Americans,the “Forgott
en Men”as he called them,who had
benef i
tedfrom hispoli
cies.Hehadwont hesupportoftradeunions,many
farmer sandblackpeopl e.Alt
houghtheopposinggroupst r
iedthei
rbestto
remov ehi min1936and1940,Roosev el
twonacr ushi
ngvictoryin1939and
anot hercomfortabl
eonei n1940.

AMERI
CANPRESI
DENTSBETWEEN1900AND1933

- Woodr owWi l
son
- HerbertHover
- Calvi
nCool i
dge
- FranklinDel
anoRoosev
elt
- Theodor eRoosevel
t
- Wil
li
am Howar dTaf
t
- War r
enHar ding

5.
DICTATORSHI
PSI
NEUROPE

THE EMERGENCY OF DI
CTATORSHI
P AFTER WORLD
WARONEINITALYANDGERMANY1918–1939

BENI
TOAMI
LCAREANDREAMUSSOLI
NI(
BENI
TOMUSSOLI
NI)

- Mussoliniwasbor non29Jul y1883anddi edon28Apr il1945att heageof

61.
- Hewast heheadofgov ernmentofI t
alyfr
om 24December1925t o25Jul y
1943.
- Besidesbeingadi ctat
or,
hewasonceanov el i
st,
teacherandjour nali
st.
- Hel edtheNationalFascistpart
yandhasbeencr edit
edwi t
hbei ngoneoft he
keyarchit
ects/f
iguresinthecreati
onoffascism.
- Hewast hedictat
orofI t
alyfrom 1930to1943,hav ingdestroyedal lpoli
ti
cal
opposit
iont hr
oughhi ssecretpoliceandhav ingoutlawedwor ker stogoon
str
ike.

FACTORSBEHI
NDMUSSOLI
NI’
SRI
SE

 I
nfl
ati
on
47
  Highunempl oy ment
 Generaldiscontentresult
ingf
rom thepeacesett
lement(
VERSAI
LLES)
.
 Useofpr opagandamadehi m appearasuccess.
 Useofv i
olenceandcr i
me.
 Weakcoal it
iongov ernments.
 Useofintimidation
 Fearofcommuni sm.
 Unpopularit
yoft heItal
iangover
nment.
 Orator
yabi l
it
ies.
 Povert
y
 Stri
kes
 Hungerandst arvat
ion.

SOCI
ALPROBLEMSI
NITALYBETWEEN1918AND1922

- Hungerandst arvati
on.
- Unemployment
- Thesout hwaspr i
miti
veandpoor
.
- Highil
li
teracy(78%)
- Nosocialsecurit
yinindustr
y.
- Commonur banpov ert
y.
- Cri
mev erycommon.
- Rampantcor r
uption.
- Prost
it
uti
on.
- DomesticViolence.

ECONOMI
CPROBLEMSI
NITALY

- Unempl oy ment
- Lowwages
- WarDebt s.
- Ageingfact orymachi
ner
y .
- Inf
lati
on
- Lowagr icultur
alpr
oduct
ion.

WHYWASMUSSOLI
NIABLETOCOMETOPOWER?

- Therewasageneralat
mosphereofdi
sil
l
usi
onmentandfr
ustr
ati
oni
nIt
alyby
thesummerof1919,whichwer
ecausedbyanumberoff
actor
s.

1.Di
sappoi
ntmentatI
tal
y’
sgai
nsf
rom t
hepeaceset
tl
ement

- Whensheent eredthewaront heAll

ies’si
deItal
ywaspr omi
sedTrentino,
Sout
hTyrol
,Istri
a,andTri
est
e,par
tofDalmati
a,Adali
a,someAegeanI
slands
andapr
otectorateoverAl
bani
a.

48
 - Shewasgi vent hef i
rstfourareasandt her
estwer eawardedtootherst
ates,
mainlyYugosl avia.
- Albani
awast obei ndependent .
- TheI t
aliansfeltcheat edinv i
ew ofthei
rval
iant(cour
ageous)eff
ortsduri
ng
thewarandt helossof700000men.
- Parti
cularlyirr
it
at i
ngwast heirfai
l
uret ogetFiume( gi
v entoYugoslavi
a),
thoughithadnotbeenpr omi sedtothem.

2. Ef
fect
soft
hewaront
heeconomyandt
hest
andar
dofl
i
vingwer
edi
sast
rous.

- Heavywardebt shadtoberepaidtotheUSA.
- Thedeclineinval
ueoftheLirai
.e.fr
om 5l i
ratoonedol l
ar(5:1)in1914to28
l
ir
at oonedol l
ar(28:1)in1921increasedthecostofl i
vingaccordi
ngl
ybyat
l
eastfiveti
mes.
- Therewasmassi v
eunempl oymentasheav yindustr
ycutbacki tswartime
product
ionlevel
s.
- 2,5mi l
l
ionex-ser
vicemenhaddiffi
cult
yfindi
ngj obs.

3.Gr
owi
ngcont
emptf
ort
hepar
li
ament
arysy
stem

- Vot esf oral lmenandpr opor ti

onalrepresentationwer eintr
oducedf orthe
1919pol ls/electi
ons.
- Althought hisgav eaf ai
rerrepresentationthant hepr evi
oussy stem,itmeant
thatt her ewer eal argenumberofpar tiesinparli
ament .
- Af tert hepol lsofMay1921f orexampl e,therewer eatl eastninepolit
ical
partiesr epresent edi ncludi
ngt heliberals,
nationali
sts,sociali
sts,
communi sts,
cathol icpopul arpar tyandt hef ascist
s.
- Thismadei tdifficultf oranyonepar t
yt o gai nanov eral
lmaj ori
ty,and
coal i
tiongov er nment swerei nevit
able.
- No consi stentpol icywaspossi bl
e asf ive diff
erentcabi netswi t
h shaky
maj oritiescameandwent .
- Ther ewasgr owingi mpat i
encewi thasy st
em whi chseemeddesi gnedt o
prev entdeci sivegov ernment.

4.Awav
eofst
ri
kes,
1919and1920

- Thesewer eaccompani edbyr ioti

ng,l ootingofshopsandoccupat i
onof
fact
ori
esbywor ker
s.
- I
nt hesout h,sociali
stleaguesoff ar
m wor kersseizedlandf rom weal t
hy
l
andowner sandset -upco-operativ
es.
- Thegov er
nment ’spresti
gesankev enlowerbecauseofi t
sf ai
luretopr ot
ect
proper
ty.
- Manypr operty–owner swereconv i
ncedt hatal ef
twi ngrevoluti
onwasat
hand,especial
lywhent heIt
ali
ancommuni stpart
ywasf ormedin1921.
- Howev er,the chances ofr evoluti
on wer er ecedi
ng byt hen;strikes and

49
 f
actoryoccupat ionswer ef i
zzl
ingout ,becauseal t
houghwor kerstri
edt o
maintainproduct ion,cl
aimi
ngcontrolofthef actori
es,i
tprovedimpossi
ble.
- Suppliersr efused t hem raw mat er
ials and t hey needed engi
neers and
manager s.
- Alt
hought hef ormat i
onofthecommuni stpartymadear evol
uti
onlessli
kely
,
t
hef earofar ev oluti
onremainedstr
ong.

5.Mussol
i
niat
tract
edwi
despr
eadsuppor
t

- Mussol i
niandt hef ascistpar tywer eat tract ivet omanysect i
onsofsoci ety
becauseheai medt or escueI talyf r
om f eebl e/ weakgov ernment .
- Mussol i
nihadav ariedear lycar eer ,wor kingf orat i
measast onemason’ s
mat eandt henasapr i
mar yschool t eacher .
- Politi
cal l
yhewasasoci alistandbegant omakeanamef orhi msel fasa
j
our nalist,becomi ngedi toroft hesoci ali
stnewspaper ,Av ant i
.
- He f ounded t he f asci stpar tyi n 1919 wi t
h a soci alistand r epubli
can
programme, andheshowedsy mpat hywi t
ht hef actor yoccupat ionsof1919–
20.
- Localpar ty branches wer e known as Fascidicombat t
iment o( f
ighting
groups) .
- Thewor d“ Fasces”meansabundl eofr odswi t
hapr otrudi ngaxewhi chwas
usedt osy mbol izet heaut hor i
tyandpoweroft heanci entRomanConsul s/
RomanEmpi re.
- Asf act oryoccupat i
onsbegant of ail,Mussol inialteredcour seandcameout
asadef enderofpr ivat eent erpriseandpr oper ty,henceat tractingt hemuch
neededf i
nancial suppor tfrom weal thybusi nessi nterest s.
- Beginni ngi nlate1920, blackshi r
tedsquadsoff asci stsr egul ar l
yat tackedand
burntdownl ocalsoci alistheadquar ter
sandnewspaperof ficesandbeatup
socialistcounci l
lors.
- Byt heendof1921,Mussol inihadgai nedt hesuppor tofpr oper tyowner si n
gener al,becauset heysaw hi m asaguar ant orofl aw andor der ,especi all
y
afterthef or mat i
onoft hecommuni stpar t
yi nJanuar y1921.
- Hav i
ng won ov erbi g busi nesses,Mussol inibegan t o make conci li
atory
speechesaboutt heRomanCat holi
cChur cht hathehadear l
iercr it
icized.
- PopePi us1swungt hechur chi ntol i
nebehi ndMussol ini,seei nghi m asa
goodant i
-communi stweapon.
- When Mussol iniannounced he had dr opped t he r epubl i
can par tofhi s
programmei nSept ember1922,ev ent heki ngbegant ol ookmor ef avourably
ont ot hef ascists.

6.Lackofef
fect
iveopposi
ti
on

- Ant
i-fasci
stgroups f
ail
ed to co-
operat
e wi
th each ot
herand made no
det
erminedef
for
tstokeepthefasci
stsout.

50
 - Communi stsr efusedtocooper atewi tht hesociali
sts.
- Gioli
tt
o,whowasPr imeMi nisterf r
om June1920t oJuly1921hel dpol l
sof
May1921sot hatthef ascistswhower esti
llunrepresentedinpar l
i
ament ,
couldwi nsomeseat sandt hensuppor thisgovernment.
- Hewaswi ll
ingtoov erlookt heirv iol
encei nthehopet hattheywoul dbecome
mor eresponsi bleoncet heywer einpar li
ament.
- Howev er,t he number of f asci stsquads t hroughoutt he countr
y was
i
ncreasingr apidly.
- The soci ali
sts mustt ake much oft he blame f orrefusing t
o wor kwi t
h
governmentt ocur bfascistv i
olence.
- Acoal i
ti
onofGi ol
it
to’snat ional i
stbl ocandt hesoci ali
stscouldhav emade
reasonabl ystablegov ernment ,hencekeepi ngthefascistsout.
- Thesoci al i
stswoul dnotco-oper ateandt hiscausedGi oli
tt
ot oresignin
despair.
- Thesoci al i
ststriedtouset hesi tuationt othei
rownadv antage/fortheirown
benefitbycal l
ingagener alstrikeint hesummerof1922.

7. Theat
tempt
edgener
alst
ri
ke,
summer1922.

- Fasci stst ookadv ant ageofi tandannouncedt hati fthegov ernmentf ail
edt o
crusht hest ri
ke, theywoul dcr ushi tthemsel v es.
- Whent hest ri
kef ailedduet ol ackofsuppor t,Mussol iniwasabl et oposeas
thenat ion’ssav i
ourf rom communi sm andbyOct ober1922,t hef ascistsf el
t
conf identenought ost aget heir“Mar chonRome. ”
- About50000bl ackshi rt
sconv ergedont hecapi tal,whileot hersoccupi ed
i
mpor t
antt ownsi nt henor t
h.
- ThePr imeMi nister ,Lui gFact awaspr epar edt or esist.
- Howev er,KingVi ct orEmmanuelr esist edtodecl areast ateofemer gencyand
i
nst ead,i nvi
tedMussol initocomet oRomeandf orm anew gov ernment ,
whichheobl i
gingl ydi d, arri
vingbyt r
ai n.
- Afterwar ds,t he f asci st s claimed t he bel ieft hatt heyhad sei zed power
heroi cally,buti thadbeenachi evedl egallybyt hemer ethreatoff or ce,whi l
e
thear myandpol icest oodasi de.
- Ther oleoft heki ngwasv it
albecausehemadet hecr uci
aldeci sionnott o
uset hear myt ost oporcr usht heBl ackShi rts.
- Manyhi stori
ansbel i
ev est hatt her egul ararmywoul dhav ehad l it
tledi ff
icult
y
i
ndi sper singt hedi sor derlyandpoor lyar medsquad,manyofwhom ar ri
ved
byt rain.
- Themar chwasanenor mousbl uffwhi chcameof f
.
- Reasonswhyt heki ngdeci dedagai nstar medr esistancer emainamy stery,
sincehewasnotwi l
lingt odi scusst hem.

- Suggesti
ons:
i
) Lackofconf
idencei
nFacta(
thePM)
i
i
) Doubtsaboutwhethert
hearmywit
hit
sfasci
stsy
mpat
hiescoul
dbe

51
 rel
iedont oobeyor ders. .
i
ii) Fearofal ongci vilwari fitfail
edtocrushthefascist
squickly.
- Thereisnodoubtt hatt hekinghadacer t
ainamountoff aithandsy mpathy
withthefascistaim ofpr ov i
dingst ronggovernment.
- Hewasal soaf rai
dt hatsomeoft hegeneralscouldforcehimt oabdicatein
favourofhiscousi n,theDukeofAost a,whoopenlysupportedthefasci
sts.
- What evertheking’smot ives,t heout comewascl ear:Mussol i
nibecamet he
fi
rsteverfascistpremi erinhist ory
.

MUSSOLI
NI’
SDOMESTI
CPOLI
CY

1.Al
lpol
i
tical
l
ypar
ti
esexceptt
heFasci
stwer
esuppr
essed

- Persist entopponent soft heregimewer eeitherexil

edormur dered.
- Themostnot ori
ouscaseswer ethoseoft wosoci al
ists,GiacomoMat t
eot t
i
andGi ovanni Amendol a,bothofwhom wer ebeat entodeat hbyf ascistt
hugs.
- Criti
csoft her egimewer ef orcetoeatlivefrogs.
- Howev er,theI t
aliansy stem wasnev erasbr utalast heNazir egi
mei n
Germany ,andaf ter1926whenMussol i
niFel tmor esecur e,v i
olencewas
muchr educed.
- Furtherchangesi nt heconst i
tuti
onincluded:
i
) ThePr imeMi nister( Mussol i
ni)wasr esponsibleonlyt otheki ngandnott o
parl
iament( 1925) .
i
i
) ThePr imeMi nistercouldr ule bydecr eewhi chmeantt hatnewl awsdi dnot
needt obedi scussedbypar li
ament .
(1926)
i
i
i) Theel ect oratewasr educedf rom about10mi l
li
ont o3mi ll
i
on( t
heweal t
hiest)
.
- Alt
houghpar liamentst i
llmet ,allvit
aldecisionswer et akenbyt heFasci st
GrandCounci lwhi chalway sdi dasMussol i
ni t
oldit.
- Inef fectMussol ini,whoadopt edthetit
leIlDuce( t
heleader),wasadi ct
ator.

2.Passi
ngoft
heAcer
boLaw,
Nov
ember1923

- TheAcer boLawchangedt herul

esofgener alpol
ls.
- From 1923onwar ds,t
hepartywhichgott hemostv ot esinagener alel
ection
wouldaut omat i
cal
lybegiventwothi
rdsofseat sinpar l
iament.
- Asar esultofthenextelecti
oninApril1924,thefascistsandt hei
rsupporters
cameoutwi th404seat swhi l
etheopposi ti
onpar t
iescoul dmanageonl ya
palt
ry107seat s.
- Ther i
ghtwi ngsuccesscanbeexpl ainedbyt hegener aldesireforast r
ong
governmentwhi chwouldputt hecount r
ybackoni tsf eetagain,aft
ert he
weakmi noritygovernmentsoftheprecedingyears.

3.Changesi
nlocal
gov
ernment

52
- Elect
edt owncounci lsandmay orswer eaboli
shedandtownswer erunby
offi
ci
alsappoi ntedfrom Rome.
- Inpracti
ce,thel ocalfasci
stpartybosses( knownasras)of
tenhadasmuch
powerasgov ernmentof fi
cial
s.
- TheOVRA( secr etpoli
ce)wer ealsointr
oducedandusedtoarrest
,tor
tur
eor
evenmur dercr i
ticsandopponent softheregime.

4.Pr
esscensor
shi
p

- Str
ictpresscensor
shipoftel
evi
sion,radi
oandnewspaperswasenfor
ced.
- Anti-f
ascistnewspaper
sandmagazi neswereei
therbannedorthei
redi
tor
s
werereplacedbyfasci
stsuppor
ters.
- Radio,f
ilmsandthetheatr
ewereal l
control
l
edint
hesamemanner .

5.Educat
ionsuper
vised/cont
rol
ofeducat
ion

- Educat i
oni nschoolsanduni versi
ti
eswascl oselysuper vi
sed/monitor
ed.
- Teacher shadt ower euniforms
- Newt ext bookswer ewr i
ttentogl ori
fyfascism.
- Chil
dren wer e encour aged t o cr i
ti
cize t eacher
s who seemed t olack
enthusiasm/suppor tforthepar ty.
- Chil
dren and y oung peopl e wer e f orced t o join gov ernment youth
organizationswhi chindoctr i
natedt hem wi t
ht hebrill
ianceoft heDuceand
thegloriesofwar .
- The ot hermai n message was t otalobedi ence t
o aut hori
ty which was
necessar ybecauseev erythingwasseeni ntermsofst ruggle.
- “Beli
eve, Obey,Fight”becamet heslogan.
- Thenot ion/beliefthattheDucei salway sri
ghtwaspr omot ed.

6.Empl
oymentpol
i
cies

- Governmentt ri
edt opromot eco-oper at
ionbetweenempl oyersandwor ker
s
andtoendcl asswar f
are.
- Thecor poratest atewasi ntroduced.
- Fascist–cont r
olleduni onshadt hesol eri
ghtt
onegot iateforthewor kers.
- Bothuni onsandempl oyers’associ ati
onswer eor ganizedintocor porati
ons,
andwer eexpect edt owor kt ogethertosettl
edisputesov erpay /sal
ariesand
workingcondi ti
ons.
- Str
ikeswer ef orbidden.
- By1934,t herewer e22cor porati
onseachdeal i
ngwi thasepar ateindustr
y
andint hiswayMussol inihopedt ocont r
olworkersanddi rectproductionand
economy .
- Tocompensat ef ortheirl ossoff reedom,wor kerswer eassur edofsuch

53
 benef
it
sasf
reeSunday
s,annual
hol
i
day
swi
thpaye.
t.
c.

7.Anunder
standi
ngwi
tht
hePopewasr
eached.

- Pope Pi us XIdi sappr oved the i ncr easi ng t otali

tari
anism oft he f asci
st
governmentt houghhehadbeensy mpat het ictowar dsMussol i
niin1922.
- Thef ascisty out hor ganizati
onscl ashedwi ththecat holicscout s.
- Mussol ini, whowaspr obabl yanat heisthi mself,waswel lawar eofthepower
oftheRomanCat hol i
cChur chandhet riedt owi nt hePope’ ssuppor t
.
- Ther esul twast heLat er
anTr eatyof1929i nwhi chI t
alyr ecognizedt he
VaticanCi tyasasov ereignstate.
- Hepai dt hePopeal argesum ofmoneyascompensat ionf orallhislosses,
accepted Cat holi
cf ait
h ast he of f
icialst ater eli
gion and made r eli
gions
i
nstructioncompul soryinallschool s.
- Inreturn, thePapacy( Pope)r ecogni zedt heki ngdom ofI taly.
- Somehi st ori
anshav edescr i
bedt heendi ngoft helongenemi tybetweent he
churchandt hest ateasMussol i
ni’smostl asti
ngachi ev
ement .

8.Landr
ecl
amat
ionpr
ogr
amme

- Thi
si nvol
v edthedr aini
ngofmarshes((
wetlow-ly
inggrounds),pl
anti
ngfor
estsin
mount ai
nousar eas,againaspar
toft hedr
ivetoimproveandi ncr
easeagri
cul
tur
al
yi
elds.
- Thegr eatestshowpi ecewast
heclai
medPontineMarshesnearRome.

Gov
ernmentpost
shel
dbyMussol
i
ni

- Pri
meMi nist
er
- ForeignAffair
sMi nister
- Ministeroftheinteri
or/HomeAf f
air
sMi ni
ster
.
- Mi ni
sterofcor porati
ons
- Commanderi nchi efofthemili
ti
a
- Mi ni
sterofarmy ,nav yandairf
orce
- PresidentoftheFasci stGrandCouncil
.

HOW FAR DI
D MUSSOLI
NI’
S DOMESTI
C POLI
CY STRENGTHEN HI
S POSI
TION I
N
I
TALY

- Thepolicywasgear edmai nl
yatenhanci ngFascistr
uleandMussolini
’
s posi
tionin
I
taly
- From 1922t o1923,Mussol iniheadedacoal i
ti
ongov ernmentasPrimeMi nist
er,
Forei
gnMi ni
sterandHomeAf fai
rsMinist
er.
- In1923, hechangedtheElectorall
awbypassi ngtheAcerbolaw.
- I
talybecameaonepar t
ystateandal l
opposit
ionwasr emov ed
- Aboli
ti
onofant i
-fasci
stparti
esandt radeunionsmeantt hatMussol
i
niassumedr ul
e

54
 bydecree.
- Theintroduct
ionofacor poratestateunderaf ascistchairmeantt hatMussol
i
nihad
cont
roloverworkersandempl oyees.
- Mussol i
niensurethatcertaingroupswer eeit
herf avouredorappeasedandt hi
s
hel
pedhi mtomaintainhisholdont heItali
anpeople.
- However,Mussoli
ni’
sdomest icpolicycreatedfearamongt heI
tali
ans.
- Opposi
tionwasst i
l
lthereanditresultedinhisdeathasweshal lseelater
.
- Unemploymentwasst i
l
ltheree.g.aftertheGreatDepr essionunempl oymentr
oseto
1,
1mill
i
on.

DI
DMUSSOLI
NIDI
CTATORSHI
PBENEFI
TITALI
ANSDURI
NGTHI
SPERI
OD?

-Dictatorshi pensur edpeaceandst abi l

ityinIt
aly.
-TheLat er ant reat yendedal ongmi sunderstandingbet weent heRomanCat holi
c
Chur chandt hest ate.
-The banni ng of st r
ikes,l ockout s and demonst r
ati
ons pr omoted a peacef ul
environmentwhi chwasv i
talforeconomi cdev elopment .
-Dictatorshi ppr omot edasenseofnat i
onalism.
-The Ov ra( secretpol ice)was ef fectiv
ely used t o suppress opposit
ion thereby
ensur i
ngpeaceandor der .
-Howev er ,civilandpol i
ticalri
ght swer esuppr essed,sopeopl eli
vedinperpetualfear
andcoul dnol ongerf r
eelyexpr esst hemsel ves.
-Al otofpr oper tyandl ifewasl ostduet oviol
ence.
-Wor kerswer eheav i
lyexploit
edunderacor poratestate.
-Parli
amentwast urnedi nt
oaf arcebecauset hePr imeMi ni
stercoul
dr ul
ebydecr ee
i
.e.newl awsdi dnotneedt obedi scussedi nPar li
ament .

EVALUATI
ONOFMUSSOLI
NI’
SDOMESTI
CINDEALI
NGWI
THSOCI
ALANDECONOMI
C
PROBLEMS

- Whatreal
lymatt
eredtot
heordinar
ypeoplewaswhet herther
egime’spol
ici
es
wer
eef f
ecti
veornot.
- DidMussolinir
escueIt
alyfrom weakgov ernmentashehadpr omised,or
washe,assomeofhi scri
ticsall
egedatt hetime,justawindbagwhose
gov
ernmentwasjustascorr
uptandinef
fi
cientasprevi
ousones?

a)Apr
omi
singbegi
nni
ng

55
 - Much off ascistpol
i
cywasconcer nedwiththeeconomy,thoughMussol
i
ni
knewev erylit
tl
eabouteconomics.
- Thebi gdr ivewasf orsel
f-suffi
ciencyandt heearl
yyear
sseemedt obe
successful
, orsoasthegover
nmentpr opagandatol
dpeopl
e.

1.I
ndust
rywasencouraged withgovernmentsubsi
dieswherenecessar
y,sothat
i
ronandsteelpr
oduct
iondoubl
edby1930andar ti
fi
cialsi
l
kproduct
ioni
ncreased
t
enfol
d.By1937,pr
oducti
onofhydr
o-elect
ri
cpowerhaddoubled.

2.The”Batt
leofwheat”encour
agedfarmerstoconcent
rat
eonwheatpr
oduct
ionas
partofthedriv
ef orself– suf
fi
ciencyandby1935wheati mport
shadbeen
reducedby75%.

3.Alandrecl
amat
ionprogrammewaslaunched.Itinv
olv
edthedrai
ningofmarshes,
i
rr
igat
ingandplant
ingoff or
est
sinmount ainousareas. Thi
swaspar tofthe
dr
ivetoimprov
eandi ncr
easeagr
icul
tur
aly i
elds.A l
otofunempl oy
edpeople
wereabsor
bedasar esul
t.

4.Ani mpressivepublicwor kspr ogrammewasdesi gnedamongot herthingst o

reduceunempl oyment.Itincl
udedt hebuil
dingofmot or
ways,br i
dges,blocksof
fl
ats,rai
lwayst at
ions,sportsst adi
ums,schoolsandnew t ownsonr eclaimed
l
and.Ast ar
twasmadeonel ectri
fyi
ngmai nrai
l
wayl i
nesandt hegr eatf asci
st
boastwast hat Mussol i
nihadmadet het
rainsr
unont i
me.Ev enspor t
smendi d
wellunderfascism.TheItali
ansoccert eam wontheworldcupt wicein1934and
1938!

5.Theaf t
erwork(Dopolavoro)organizat
ionpr
ovidedt heIt
alianpeoplewiththi
ngs
todoi nthei
rleisur
et i
me.Ther ewer echeaphol idays,toursandcr ui
ses,and
Dopolavor
oalsocontroll
edt heat
res,dramasociet
ies,li
braries,or
chest
ras,br
ass
bandsandsporti
ngor gani
zat i
on

6.TopromotetheimageofItal
yasagreatpower
,avi
ri
le(str
ong)f
orei
gnpol
i
cy
wascar
ri
edout.
- However,thepromiseoftheear
lyyear
sofMussol
ini
’srul
ewasin many
waysneverful
fi
ll
ed

b)Unsol
vedpr
obl
ems

- Evenbef
oreItal
ybecamei
nvol
vedintheSecondWor
ldWar
,Itwascl
eart
hat
Fasci
sm hadnotsol
vedmanyofherpr
obl
ems

1.Li
tt
lehadbeendonetoremedyherbasi
cshort
ageofrawmater
ial
s coaland
oi
lmuchmor eef
for
tcouldhav
ebeenmadet odev
elophydr
o-el
ect
ri
cpower.An

56
 i
ronandst
eel
producerI
tal
ycoul
dnotev
enmat
chasmal
lst
atel
i
keBel
gium.

2.Alt
hought he( “
battleofwheat ”)was av i
ctory,i
twasachi evedonl yatthe
expenseofdai ryandar ablef raming whoseout putf ell
.Thecl i
mat einthe
southismuchbet tersui t
edt ogr azi
ngandor chardst hangr owingwheatandthis
wouldhav ebeenmor elucrati
vef orfarmers.
- Asr esult,agricultureremai nedi neff
ici
entandf ar ml abourersremainedthe
poorestcl assint hecount ry.
- Thei rwagesf ellbybet ween20%and40%,dur i
ngt he1930s
- I t
alystillhadwhati sknownasa‘ duali
st’
economyi .e.thenort
hwasi ndust
rial
andr easonabl ypr osperous,whi l
ethesouthwasl ar gelyagri
cultur
al,
backward
andpov erty–st r
icken.
- Theat temptatsel f–suf fi
ciencyhaddi smallyfai
led.

3.Mussoli
nir
eval
uedt
hel
i
raf
art
oohi
ghat90t
othepoundi
nst
ead of150i
n
1926.

- Itwasanat tempttoshowt hatI

talyhadast r
ongcurrency.
- Unfort
unatelythismadeItali
anexpor t
smor eexpensiveontheworl
dmar ket
andledtor educedorder
s,especial
lyi
nt hecott
onindustr
y.
- Manyf actorieswereonat hr
ee– dayweekandwor kerssuf
feredwage
reduct
ionsofbet ween10and20%,bef oretheworldeconomiccri
siswhich
beganin1929.

4.Thegreatdepr
essi
onof1929st
art
ingwi
tht
heWal
lSt
reetcr
ashi
nUSAmade
matt
ersworse.

- Expor t
sf ellfurt
her,unemploymentroseto1,1mi l
l
ionyett
heDuceref
usedt o
dev al
uet hel i
raunti
l1936.
- Insteadwagesandsal ari
eswer ecut,andalthoughthecostofli
vi
ngwas
fall
ingbecauseoft heDepr essi
on,wagesfellmor et
hanpri
ces,soworkers
sufferedaf al
lofover10%i nrealwages.
- Indust r
ialwor kerswer eheav i
lyannoyedast heyhadnowayofpr ot
esting
sincestrikeswer eill
egalandunionsweak.

5.Theregi
meal sof
ail
edinsoci
alserv
iceswheretherewasnoof f
ici
algover
nment
healt
h i
nsuranceunti
l1943andonl yaninadequateunemploymentinsurance
scheme,whi
chwasnotev enimproveddur
ingthedepressi
on.

6.Ther egi
mewasi nef
fici
entandcor
ruptasmanyofi t
spoli
cieswerenotcar
ri
ed
out.
- I
nspite ofallthe publ
ici
tyaboutland recl
amat
ion onl
yaboutone-t ent
h ofthe
progr
ammehadbeendoneby1939andwor kwasatastandst
il
levenbefor
ethewar
began.

57
- Huge/l argesumsofmoneydi sappearedint ot hepocket sofcor r
uptoffici
als
- Partoft hepr oblem wast hatMussol ini
incr easingl ytri
edt odoeverythi
nghi mself
- Her efusedt odel egatebecausehewant edt otal control.
- Howev er,itwasi mpossi bleforonemant odosomuch,andi tplacedani ntol
erabl
e
burdenonhi m.
- DennisMackSmi th,hisbiographersaidi tall;
“ Byt ryi
ngt ocontr
olev ery
thing,heended
upcont r
ol l
i
ngv eryl i
tt
le.Alt
houghhegav eaconst antstream oforders,hehadnoway
ofchecki ngt hatthesewer ecar ri
edoutandasof fici
alsknew this,theyof t
enonly
pretendedt oobey ,and/butt ooknoact ionaf teral l.

ECONOMI
CPOLI
CIESOFMUSSOLI
NII
NITALYAFTER1922

- Industr
ywasencour agedwi thgovernmentsubsi di
es.
- Thebat tl
ef orwheatencour agedf armer stoconcentr
ateonwheatpr oductiontoattai
n
self–suffi
ciency(aut arky)
- Landr eclamationi nv olv
ingdr ai
ningofmar shes,ir
ri
gationandpl anti
ngf or
estswas
l
aunched.
- Publicwor ksprogr amse. g.el
ectrif
icat
ion,roadconstructi
on,br
idges,rai
l
wayst at
ions
andspor t
sst adiumswer edesigned.
- Thelirawasr evalued.
- Stri
keswer eout l
awed/banned.
- Tradeunionswer esuppr essedandr eplacedwi t
hcorporati
ons.
- Therewasexpansi onofsi l
kandsteel producti
on.
- Producti
onofhy dro-electr
icpowerdoubl ed.
-
Ev
aluat
ionofMussol
i
ni’
seconomi
cpol
i
cies
1. Benef
it
s

- Stabi
l
izati
onofpr
icest
hroughthel
oweri
ngofwagesandsuppressi
onofstri
kes
andtradeuni
ons.
- Thegov er
nmentf
ixedr
ental
sandcont
rol
ledf
oodpri
ceshencemakingupforl
ow
wages.
- Theli
rawasreval
uedsoitcoul
dbuymore.

Non-
benef
it
s

- Ther
ewasamassi v
eshort
ageofbasi cgoodsduet othei
ntr
oduct
ionofpr
ice
cont
rol
s.
- Unemploy
mentwasnotful
lyaddressed.
- Rampantcor
rupt
ionandi
neff
ici
encycontinueunabat
ed.

MUSSOLI
NI’
SFOREI
GNPOLI
CY
58
- Mussol iniwant edt omakeI tal ygr eat ,r espect edandf ear ed, buthewasnotsur e
onhowt oachi ev et his.
- Atf ir
st,heseemedt ot hinkofanadv ent urousf oreignpol icyashi sbestl i
neof
action,hencet heCor f uI nci
dentandt heoccupat i
onofFi umei n1923.
- Ini
tial
ly,Mussol inidepended on di plomacy t o pr ot ectI taly especi allyfrom
possibleGer mani nf l
uencev iaAust ria.
- In1923, It
alyi nv adedt heGr eeki slandofCor fuaf terf ourI talianshadbeenki l
led
duet oabor derdi sput ebet weenGr eeceandAl bania.
- In1924, anagr eementwasr eachedwi tht henewst ateofYugosl av i
aov erFiume.
- In1925,Mussol i
nisi gnedt heLocar noPactwi t
hBr itain,Fr ance,Ger manyand
Belgium.
- Mussol inipr ov i
dedar msandmoneyt okeepDol lfuss,Chancel lorofAust ri
a
i
ndependentofGer many .
- Mussol inimobi li
zedt roopsatt heBr ennerPasst oav enget hemur derofDol lfuss
andst opHi tlerf rom annexi ngAust ria.
- In1925,heat tendedt heLocar noConf er encebutwasdi sappoi nt edwhent he
agreement ssi gneddi dnotguar ant eet heI talianf rontierwi thAust r
ia.
- In1935, hei nv adedAby ssinia( Et hiopi a)t oav enget heI taliandef eatatAdowai n
1896.
- InApr i
l1935, Mussol inijoinedt heBr i
tishandt heFr enchi ncondemni ngGer man
actionandguar ant eeingAust riai .e.t heSt ressaFr ont.
- BothBr i
tainandFr ancecar eful lyav oidedment ioningt heAby ssi
niancr i
siswhi ch
wasal readybr ewi ng.
- Mussol init ookt hi stomeant hatt heywoul dt ur nabl i
ndey et oanI tali
anat tack
onAby ssinia, regar dingi tasabi tofol d- fashionedcol onial expansi on.
- Mussol inicul t
iv atedgoodr el ationswi thBr i
tainbysuppor tingBr it
ai n’sdemand
thatTur keyshoul dhandov ert heMosul prov i
ncet oIraq.
- Inreturn, t
heBr i
t i
shgav eItalyasmal lpar tofSomal i
l
and.
- Hesentt roopst ohel pGener alFr ancoi nt heSpani shci vilwarandt hisdr ew
Mussol ini awayf rom Br i
tainandFr anceandcl osert oGer many .
- In 1936,Mussol inief fectivelyf ormed a pr ot ectorat e ov erAl bani at o offset
Yugosl av i
ani nf l
uence.
- In1937, Mussol ini joi
nedt heAnt i
-Comi nt ernPactwi thGer manyandJapan.
- InDecember1937, Mussol i
ni wi thdr ewf rom t heLeagueofNat i
ons.
- Hesi gnedt heRome- Ber linAxi swi thHi tleri n1936.
- In1937, hesi gnedt heRome- Ber lin-Toky oAxi swi thGer manyandJapan.
- In1938,Hi t
leri nv adedAust r i
abutMussol inidi dnotobj ectashehadpr evi
ously
done.
- In1939, It
alyi nv adedAl bania.
- In1939,Mussol inisi gnedt hePactofSt eelwi thGer manyandi twasaf ull
all
iance.
- Dur i
ngWor l
dWarTwo, Mussol ini deci dedt owai t,suppor tingnosi deupt o1941.

59
Howdi
dIt
ali
ansbenef
itf
rom Mussol
i
ni’
sFor
eignPol
i
cy?

- I
tali
antradeprospered.
- Mussolini
’sprest
igewasst rengthenedathomeaf tertheCor f
uInci
dent.
- I
tali
answer emadet ot hinkthatt heywer eseniorpar t
nersintheall
iancebet ween
Germany ,I
tal
yandJapan.
- Employmentwascr eated.
- Howev er,cheap boot y was obt ained in Aby ssini
a,Somal i
a,Dal matia and
SouthernFranceandt hismadeI talyj
oinWor l
dWarTwoonGer many’sside.
- Mussolini
’sforei
gnpol i
cycr eatedmor eenemi est hanf r
iends.
- I
gnoring domest ic issues and concent rating on f orei
gn affair
s l ed to
misall
ocati
onandmi sappr opri
ationofresources.
- ManyI t
ali
anslosttheirli
v esduringbat t
les.
- Manychi l
drenwer eorphanedandwomenl ostt hei
rhusbands.

Howdi
dHi
tl
eri
nfl
uenceMussol
i
ni’
sFor
eignPol
i
cy?

- I
nitial
ly ,
Mussol i
ni’
sf oreignpoli
cywasdet erminedbyI t
alianinterestsandaims.
- TheCor fuincidentwasdesi gnedtoadv ancenat i
onalgreatnessi nforeignaffair
s.
- Fi
umeandAl baniawer eaimedati l
lustr
ati
ngItaly’
sgreatnessandt ogai ncont r
ol
overt heent ryintotheAdr i
ati
cSea.
- Aby ssiniaandAl bani awer emeantt ofulf
il
lIt
aly’
scolonial i
nterests.
- Howev er,Ger manyat tempted Anschluss with Austri
ai n 1934 was st rongly
opposedbyMussol ini.
- Aftert heAxisagr eement ,Mussoli
nibecameapr otégéofHi tl
er.
- Ther ewasmut ualco- operati
onbetweent hetwocount r
iese. g.helpingFrancoi n
Spani shci v
ilWar ,Rome- Ber
li
nAxis, Rome-Berl
in-
Toky oAxi s,andAnt i-
Comint er
n,
Pactofst eele.t.
c.

60
ADOLFHI
TLEROFGERMANY.
Br
iefHi
stor
y:Adol
fHi
tl
erofGer
many

- Hitl
erwasbor nin1889i nt hesmal lAust ri
ant ownofBr aunam I nn.
- Hitl
erbeganschool i
n1900andhi sgr adeswer eabov eav erage.
- Itwas deci ded t hathe woul d at tend Real schule,a secondar yschoolt hat
preparedstudent sforf urt
herst udy .
- Howev er,Hitlerandhi sf atherst ronglydi fferedaboutcar eerpl ans.
- Hisf at
herwant edhi mt oent ertheci vilservice;Hi t
lerinsistedonbecomi ngan
arti
st.
- Asar esult
,Hi t
lerdidpoor l
yi nReal schul e,havingt or epeatt hef ir
sty earand
i
mpr ovingli
t tl
et hereafter.
- Duringt hi
st i
me,Hi tl
erbegant of or m hi spol it
icalv i
ews:ast r
ongsenseof
Germannat ionalism,t hebegi nningsofant i-
Semi ti
sm,anddi st ast eforther ul
ing
familyandpol i
ti
cal str
uct ureofAust ria-Hungar y.
- Thedeat hofHi tl
er’sfatheri nJanuar y1903changedt hefamilydr asti
call
y.
- Thesur viv
or s’incomewasi nadequat et osuppor tHi tl
er,hismot herandsi ster
,
buttheabsenceofadomi nantf atherf i
gur ealteredHi tler
’sposi tionint hefamily.
- Hespentmucht i
mepl ay i
nganddr eami ng,di dpoor lyinhi sst udiesandl eft
school ent
irelyin1905af t
ert heequi v alentoft heni nthgr ade.

Ri
seoft
heNazi
Par
ty

- Thesituati
on in Germanyprovi
ded a f
ert
il
eground f
orther
iseofex
treme
nat
ional
istpart
iessuchastheNAZI.
- Themainf act
orsbehindther
iseoft
heNAZIPart
yincl
uded:

(
i) NAZIspromi sedtoendeconomi cproblems.
(
ii
) NAZIspromi sedrestor
ationofnat i
onal prideandt obri
nglawandor der
.
(
ii
i) NAZIshadapr i
vatearmywhi chatt
ractedy oungmen.
(
iv) NAZ’sofferednationalunit
y ,
prosperi
tyandf ull
employment.
(
v) Mor eso,theNAZI spromi sedtoendr eparati
onsandi gnor
etheVer saill
es
Treaty
.
- The capital
ist
s and r i
ch peopl e suppor ted Nazi sm because they feared
communi sm.
- AdolfHitl
erwasagoodor atorwhousedt hisgi fteff
ecti
vel
ytoconvi
ncepeopl e.

Ri
seofHi
tl
er1920-
1933

- I
n1920, Hit
lerjoi
nedGer manyWorker
sPart
y(NAZI)
.
- Hebecamet heleaderi
n1921.
- I
n1921,t heSt orm Tr
oopers(SS)wascr
eatedasaprivat
earmyt
ofightHi
tl
er’
s
opponents.
- I
n1923,Hi tlerattemptedtogetpowerbyf orcethr
oughtheabor
tedMunich
61
 Put
schorBeerhal
lPut
sch.

TheBeerhal
lPut
sch.

- In Nov ember1923,Hi tl
ermar ched t o muni ci
palbui l
dings wi th 600 ofhi s
member s,takingadv antageofeconomi cdiff
icult
iesinGer many .
- Theat temptf ail
edandhewasar rested.
- Hitl
erwassent encedt ofivey earsi npr i
sonbutwasr eleasedaf ter9mont hs
becauset heaut hor i
ti
eshadal otofsy mpat hywi t
hhi saims.
- Whi l
einpr i
son,Hi t
lerwrotehi sfamousbook, MeinKampf( MyStruggle)spel l
ing
outNAZIi deology .
- TheMuni chPut schwasaf ai
lur
ebuti tmadehi mr eali
zet hatforceal onecoul d
notbringhi mt opower .
- Hitl
erbegant or eachoutt opeopl et hr
oughpr opagandaandpar t
icipationi n
electi
ons.
- Inthe1924pol l
s,NAZIpar tygot14seat sintheRei chstag(Ger manyPar li
ament )
.
- Between 1926 and 1929,Nazisuppor twentdown because t he Ger many
economywasdoi ngwel lunderChancel l
orStresemann.
- In1928, theNAZI ’
sgot12seat s.
- TheGr eatDepr essionof1929i ncreasedsuppor tfortheNAZI ’
sandi nt he1930
pollstheygot107seat sbecomi ngt helargestsecondpar t
yi nReichstag.
- In1932pol ls,
Hi tl
erchall
engedPr esidentHindenbur g.
- In1934,Pr esi
dentHi ndenbur gdiedandHi tlerbecameChancel l
orandPr esident
i
.e.theFuhr er
.

Hi
tl
er’
sDomest
icPol
i
cy

- In1933,hepassedt heEnabl i
ngLaw al l
owi nghi mt opassl awswi thoutthe
approval oft heRei chst ag.
- Electi
onswer ebannedandal lpol i
ti
calpar tieswer ealsobannedexceptt heNazi
party.
- TradeUni onswer ebannedandr eplacedwi tht heGer manLabourFr ont
.
- Stri
kesanddemonst r
ationswer eout lawed.
- Theeducat ionsy stem wasst r
ictlymoni toredbyt heNAZIpar ty
.
- Newbookswer epr i
ntedtor efl
ectNAZIi deol ogy, humanbi ologydomi natedNazi
racetheor yi.e.bel iefintheSupr emacyoft heAr yanrace.
- Teacher s,lect uresandpr ofessor swer eclosel ymoni toredandwor eunif
orms
- School childrenwer eurgedt ospyont heirteacher s.
- Boy swer ef or cedt oj oinHi t
lerYout hMov ementatt heageof14whi legirl
s
j
oinedGer manMai denssi ngi
ng“ Hi
tlerisalway sright”
.
- TheGest apoi .e.Nazi secretpolicewasi ntroducedt oarrestNazi opponents.
- Allcommuni cat i
ons wer e heav i
lycensor ed i.e.r adio,fil
m,newspaper s and
theatr
e.
- JosephGobbel sbecamet heMi nisterofPr opaganda

62
 - Reli
gionwasbr oughtunderst atecontrol.
- Catholicism becamet hereli
gion.
- TheNi ghtofLongKni vesr esul
tedi nt hedeat hofHi tl
er’
scloseassoci
ates
becausehef earedtheywer ebecomi ngt oopower ful
.
- Anti
-Semi ti
sm r esult
edi nthedeat hofmi l
li
onsofJewsasHi tl
erwantedpure
Germans( Aryanrace)onlytol i
veinGer many.
- Jewsl ostt heircit
izenshiprighti
nGer many ,werenotal l
owedt owor
kasci vi
l
servant s,doctors,ownar adiooroper ateabusi ness.
- Publicwor ksprogramsi ncreasedempl oy ment.
- New i ndust ri
est omanuf acturetext
iles,syntheticrubberandfuelwer
ecreated
duet oeconomi cgrowth.

Hi
tl
er’
sFor
eignPol
i
cy

- Hit
ler
’sfor
eignpolicywasbuiltonthreemainaimsnamely:
1.TodestroyorreversethehatedVersail
lest
reat
y
2.Tocreatea“GreaterGermany ”byuni
t i
ngal
lGermanspeaki
ngpeopl
e.
3.Thecreati
onofLebensr aum -li
vi
ngspacefortheGermanpeopl
e.

Summar
y:Tr
eat
yofVer
sai
l
les

- TheGermanyArmywasl i
mit
edto100000men.
- Germanyhadtopayrepar
ati
ons
- GermanyhadtoacceptWarGuil
tCl
ause231.
- Germanyl
ost13%ofherterr
it
ori
esandal
lhercol
oni
es

Lebensr
aum

- Hit
ler’
sGreaterGer
manywoul dhav eapopulat
ionofover85mill
i
onpeopl
e.
- Germany’
sl andwouldbeinsuffi
cientt
ofeedmanypeopl e.
- Hit
lerwantedtoexpandeastwar dstowar
dsPolandandRussia.
- TheRussiansandPol eswer esl av
eswhom Hi t
lerbel
i
ev edtobeinf
eri
orhence
Germanywasent it
ledtot
aket heirl
and.
- Hit
lerwantedasinglehomelandf oral
lGer
manyuni onwithAust
ri
a.

FOREI
GNPOLI
CYI
NDETAI
L
- In1933,Hitl
ermadei tcl
eart
hathewasgoi ngtorearmtheReichatwhat ever
cost.
- Hit
lerwithdr
ew Ger man’
srepresent
ati
vesatt hedisar
mamentconf erencei n
Geneva,Swit
zer
land.
- In 1934,he si
gned German-Poli
sh Pactbreak up Fr
ance’
s enci
rcl
ementof
Germany.
- InJuly1934,Hi
tlersuf
fer
edaser i
oussetbacktohisambit
iousofanAnschl uss
63
 (uni on)bet weenGer manyandAust ria.
- TheAust rianNazi s,encour agedbyHi tler,st agedar ev oltandmur deredt he
Aust rianChancel l
or ,Engel ber tDol l
fuss, whohadbeensuppor tedbyMussol ini.
- Howev er,when Mussol i
nimov ed I tal i
an t roopst ot heAust ri
an f rontierand
war nedt heGer manst obackof f, ther ev oltcol lapsed.
- Hitlerhadt oacceptt hatGer manywasnoty etst rongenought of orcet hei ssue,
andhedeni edr esponsi bili
tyfort heact i
onsofAust rianNazi s.
- InJanuar y1935, theSaarwasr etur nedt oGer manyaf terapl ebi sciter esul t
ingi n
a90%v otei nf avour .
- Thought hishadbeenpr ov i
dedf ori nt hepeaceset tlement ,Nazipr opaganda
madet hemostofsuccess.
- InMar ch1935,Hi tl
erannouncedt heexi st enceofLuf twaf fe( Ger manyAi rFor ce)
andt her eint roduct i
onofconscr ipt i
on, i
nv i
olat i
onofVer saill
es.
- Hisexcusewast hatBr i
tainhadj ustannouncedai rf or cei ncr easesandFr ance
had ext ended conscr iption f rom 12 t o 18 mont hs,t hei rj ust i
ficat i
on bei ng
Ger manr ear mament .
- Mucht ot hei ralarm, Hi t
lertol dhi sst artledgener alsandt her estoft hewor l
dt hat
hewoul dbui lduphi speacet i
mear myt o36di visi
onsi .e.about600000men.
- Thegener alsdi dnothav et obewor ried:al thought heSt ressaFr ontcondemned
thi
sv i
ol ationofVer sai ll
es, noact ionwast aken; t
heLeaguewashel pless, andt he
Frontcol lapsedasar esul tofHi tl
er ’
snextsuccess.
- InJune1935,Hi tlersi gnedt heAngl o- GermanNav alAgr eemental l
owi nghi mt o
hav eanav y .
- Hitlerof fer edt ol i
mi ttheGer mannav yt o35%oft hest rengt hoft heBr iti
shnav y .
- Britai neager l
yaccept ed,seemi ngl yt hinkingt hatsi nceGer manywasal ready
breaki ngVer saill
esbybui l
dingaf leet ,itwoul dbeaswel ltohav ei tli
mi ted.
- Wi thoutconsul t
ingheral li
es, Br i
tai nhadcondonedGer manyr e-armament ,whi ch
wentaheadwi thgat her ingmoment um.
- Byt heendof1938,t hear myst oodat51di visions( about800000men)pl us
reser v es.
- Ther ewer e21l argenav alv essel s( bat tleshi ps,cr uiser sanddest roy ers),many
mor ewer eunderconst ructionand47U- boat s.
- Al ar geai rf orce( Luf t
waf fe)ofov er5000hadbeenbui ltup.
- InMar ch1936, Hitlert ookt hecal culat edr i
skofsendi ngGer manyt roopsi ntot he
demi litarizedzoneoft heRhi nel andandBr i
taint ooknoact i
ondespi tethef act
thatt hiswasav iolationofbot hVer sai ll
esandof feringapeacet reat yt olastf or
25y ear s.
- Lat er i n 1936, Hi tl
er consol idat ed Ger many ’s posi ti
on by r eachi ng an
under st andi ngwi thMussol ini,signi ngt heRome- Ber l
inAxi s.
- Hesi gnedt heAnt i-Comi nternPactwi thJapanwhi chwasal soj oinedbyI t
al yin
1937.
- Hesentt roopst ohel pGener alFr ancowhowasf i
ght ingaci vilwaragai nstt he
Spani shgov ernmentasawayoft est i
ngweapons, i
ncr easi ngf r
iendsandgai ning
militar yexper ience.
- One oft he mostnot orious expl oi t
s oft hi s warwas t he bombi ng oft he

64
 defenselessBasquemar kett ownofGuer nicabyt heGer manCondorLegi on.
- In1938, Hitl
erannouncedt heAnschl ussi .
e.Ger manyuni onwi thAust ri
a.
- I
n1938, Nazi forcesoccupi ed/t ookov erSudet enlandfrom t heCzechs.
- Theyl at
eroccupi edt her estofCzechosl ov akiaandHi tlert ookcont roloft he
Skodaar msf actorywhi chst rengthenedhi smi li
tar
y .
- Hit
lerattackedPol andon1Sept ember1939i nv iol
ati
onoft henon- aggression
pactsignedear li
eron.
- Hit
ler,ov erthey ear shadbui ltupanaggr essivef oreignpol icyandGer man
nati
onalst opreparef orwar .
- ThePactofSt eelsignedwi thI t
alywasmeantt oassisteachot herintheev entof
war.
- Hesi gnedt heRome- Ber l
in-Toky oAxi swhi chwasmeantt of i
ghtinternati
onal
Communi sm.
- Aft
ert heAnschl ussof1938,Hi t
leri ssuedpr opagandat ot hewor l
daboutt he
persecutionofNazi fol
lower sinAust r
ia.
- Hedemandedt hatapr o-Nazi bemadeChancel l
or,towhi chAust riar
efused.
- Nazi t
roopsmov edi ntoAust riawit houtresistance.
- Hit
lerannouncedt hatt het wonat ionswer eone.

65
APPEASEMENT
- Apol i
cyfoll
owedbyt heBrit
ishandlaterbyt heFr ench,ofavoi
dingwarwi th
aggressi
ve powerssuch asJapan,Italyand Ger many ,byagreeing t
ot hei
r
demands, pr
ovi
dedtheywerenottoounreasonable.
- Nevil
leChamberlai
nwastheBr i
ti
shPri
meMi nist
erwhonegot i
atedwi t
hHitl
erin
1938.

LANDMARKSOFAPPEASEMENT

- In1933, Germanyl efttheLeagueofNat i

onsandst ar
tedtorear
mi nsecret
.
- In 1935,Ger many announced conscr ipt
ion afterthe Anglo-
Germany naval
agreementandt heAby ssi ni
anCr i
sis
- In1936, t
heRhi nelandwasr emi l
it
ari
zed.
- Mar ch1938, theAnschl uss.
- Sept ember1938, Sudet enlandcrisi
sandMuni chAgreement.
- In1939, Germanyt ookov ertherestofCzechoslov
akia.
- In1939agai n,Britai
nandFr anceabandonedappeasementandguar anteedt
o
defendPol and.

RESULTSOFAPPEASEMENT

- Europewassav edfrom warpossi blythoughsomehi st

ori
ansar guet hatifthe
Czechs,Fr ench,Br i
ti
shandRussi anshadst oodupt oHi t
ler,hewoul dhav ebeen
defeated,andwoul dhav efacedwaront wof ront s.
- Czechoslov akia was weakened by t he l oss ofv i
talmi li
tary defenses and
resources.
- Germanygai nedt heSudetenland,anotherst ept owardsGr eaterGer many .
- Brit
ainandFr ancegainedt imetobuildupt hei rarmedf orces,butsodi dGer many
.
- Hitl
erdecidedBr it
ainandFr ancewereunlikel yev ertoopposehi m byf orce.
- Stali
nwasof fendedatbei ngexcludedfrom t het al
kSanddeci dedt hathecould
notrelyonBr i
taintohelp/assistt
heUSSRst andupagai nstGer many .

66
6.
THESECONDWORLDWAR1939-
1945
1.Causesofthewar
2.Courseofthewar : Openi
ngmov es
: Oper at
ionSea-l
ion
: Oper at
ionBarbarossa
Japaneseatt
ackonPear lHar
bour
BombingofHi r
oshimaandNagasaki
3.Result
s/eff
ectsofwar

CAUSESOFWW2

1.TheVer sail
lesTr eat yhasbeenbl amedf orf i
ll
ingt heGer manswi thbi t
terness
andt hedesiref orr ev engeduet ot hefactt hatt hepr ovisionsweredeemedt oo
harshf orthedef eat edpower sandal sobecauset het reati
eswer eviewedbyt he
Ger mansasf av
our ingt heVi ctors’clubi.e.theAl li
edPower s.
2.TheLeagueofNat ionsandt hei deaofcol lecti
v esecur it
yhav ebeencr iti
cized
becauset heyf ail
edt osecur egener aldi sarmamentandt ocontrolpot ent ial
aggr essors.Fur thermor et heLeaguewasv iewedasa“ toothl
essbulldog”whi ch
“hadbeent ri
edbutf oundwant i
ng” .
3.Thewor ldeconomi ccr isis/Greatdepr essionof1929enabl edHitl
ert ocomet o
powerashewasv iewedast he“ Messiah”whocoul dr escueGer manyoutoft he
GreatSl umpwhi chaf fectedmostnat ions.Hi t
lerwasagoodandgr eator ator
whousedhi sor atoryski ll
st oper suadeandmot ivatepeopl et osupporthisideas.
4.Appeasementwasequal lytobl ameasot herhi stori
ansar guethatBr i
tainand
Franceshoul dhav et akenaf i
rml i
newi t
hHi tl
erbef oreGer manyhadbecomet oo
strong.
- AnAngl o-Fr enchat tackonWest ernGer manyi n1936att i
meoft heRhi neland
occupat ionwoul dhav et aughtHi t
leralessonandmi ghthav etoppl
edhi mf rom
power .
67
- Bygi vi
ngwayt oHi tl
er’sdemandsandact ions,t heappeaser si ncr easedhi s
prest igeathome.
- Successandt heabsenceofr esistancet empt edHi tl
erashemi ghtnothav enot
hav ehaddef initepl ansf orwarbutaf tert hesur renderatMuni ch,hedeci dedt o
gambl eonwarwi t
hPol and.
- Chamber lainhasal sobeencr it
ici
zedf orchoosi ngt hewr ongi ssueov erwhi cht o
makeast andwi thHi tl
er.
- Iti
sar guedt hatGer manycl aimsf orDanzi gr out esacr osst hecor ri
dorwer emor e
reasonabl et hanherdemandsf ort heSudet enlandwhi chcont ai
nedal mosta
millionnon- Ger mans.
- Polandwasdi fficultf orBr i
tai nandFr ancet odef endandwasmi li
tar i
l
ymuch
weakert hanCzechosl ovaki a.
- Chamber lainhenceshoul dhav emadehi sst andatMuni chandbackedt he
Czechs.
- Chamber lain’sdef ender scl aim t hathi smai nmot i
veatMuni chwast ogi ve
Britaint i
met or ear mf oranev entual fi
ghtagai nstHi tl
er.
- Howev er,hiscr iti
cspoi nt edoutt hati fhehadgenui nelyintendedt ocur bHi t
ler,it
woul dhav ebeenbet terf orBr it
aint ohav ef oughtal ongsideCzechosl ov akia,
whi chwasmi l
itar i
lyandi ndust r
iall
yst rong.
5.TheUni onofSov ietSoci al i
stRepubl i
c( Russi a)hasbeenaccusedofmaki ng
wari nevitablebysi gni ngt henon- aggr essi onpactwi thGer many .
-Iti sar guedt hatsheoughtt ohav eal l
iedwi tht heWestandwi thPol and,t hus
fri
ght eningHi tl
eri ntokeepi ngpeace.
-Howev er,theBr it
ishwer emostr el
uct antt oal l
ywi ththeRussi ans.
-Li ke t he Pol es,Chamber l
ai nl ooked down upon t hem because t heywer e
communi stsandhet houghtt heywer emi l
itari
lyweak.
-Russi anhi st oriansj ustifyt hepactont hegr oundst hatitgav et heUSSRt i
met o
prepar eitsdef ensesagai nstapossi bleGer manat tack.
6.TheSpani shci vilwarpr ov i
dedHi tler,wi thaf erti
legroundt ot estnewweapons,
i
ncr easef riendsabr oadandgai nmi li
tar yexper i
encewhi chwoul dbeusef ulinhi s
futurepl ansofconquer i
ngt hewor ldanddest royingpower fulnat ionssuchas
BritainandRussi a.
7.TheAct sofAggr essi oncommi tt
edbyt hedi ctatorswer et hemat chst i
ckst hat
l
itthebonf ire.
-Ger man’ si nv asionofPol and on1 Sept ember1939 cul mi nated i nv arious
decl arationsofwarbynat i
onsi nsuppor tofei therpar t
yi.e.Ger manyorPol and.
-Fur theri nv asi onsofDenmar k,Nor wayi nApr il1940,Hol land,Bel gium and
Franceon10May1940l eftmostnat ionswi thoutanopt ionbutt of ightf ort heir
all
ieswhohadbeenat tackedbyt hedi ctator sorwhohadt hepot ent i
altobe
attacked.

COURSEOFTHEWAR

- Unl
i
ket
he1914-
1918war
,theSecondWorl
dWarwasarapidmovementandwas
amuchmorecompl
exaff
air
,withmajorbat
tl
esi
nthefarEast
,inNort
hAfri
ca

68
 andPacif
icandthehear tofRussi a,aswellasi
ncentralandWesternEur
opeand
theAtl
ant
ic.
- Thewarfall
sintof
ourf air
lyclearl
ydefinedphaseswhichareasfoll
ows:
1.Openingmov es:Sept ember1939t oDecember1940
2.TheAxisoffensi
v eswi dens:1941tosummer1942
3.Theof f
ensi
veshel dincheck: Summer1942t osummer1943
4.TheAxispower sdef eated:July1943toAugust1945

1.OPENI
NGMOVES:
SEPTEMBER1939TODECEMBER1940

(
a)POLANDDEFEATED

- ThePol eswer edef eatedbecauseoft heGer manBl it

zkri
eg( l
ightningwar)whi ch
theywer eill–equippedt odeal with.
- Itconsist edofr apidt hrustbymot orizeddi vi
sionsandt anks(Panzer s)support ed
byai rpower .
- TheLuf twaf fe(GermanAi rForce)putt hePol ishrai
lwaysy st
em outofact ionand
dest r
oyedt hePol i
shai rforce.
- Polish resi stancewasher oi
cbuthopel essbecauset heyhad no mot ori
zed
divisi
onst ost opadv ancingGer mant anks.
- Br i
tai
nandFr ancedi dl i
ttl
etohel ptheirallydirect
lybecauseFr enchmobi lization
procedur ewassl ow andout -of
-date,andi twasdi ff
icul
tt otransportsuff i
cient
troopst oPol andtobeef fecti
ve.
- Whent heRussi ansi nvadedEast ernPol and,resist
ancecol l
apsedt otal
ly
.
- On29Sept ember1939,Pol andwasdi videdupbet weenGer manyandt heUSSR
asagr eedi nt heNazi -
Sov i
etPactofAugust1939.

c)THE“
PHONEYWAR”

- Ver ylit
tlehappenedi ntheWestf orthefoll
owi ngfi
v emonths.
- I ntheeast ,theRussi anst ookov erEstonia,LatviaandLi thuaniaandi nv
aded
Finl
and i n November1939,f orci
ng hert o surr
enderf rontierterr
it
ori
est hus
enabli
ngt heRussi anstodef endt hemsel vesbetteragainstanyat t
ackfrom the
West .
- TheFr enchandGer mansmannedt hei
rrespectiv
edef ensesi .
e.theMaginotand
Siegfr
ed.
- Hi tl
erhopedt hatt hepausewoul dweakent heBriti
shandFr enchandencour age
them tonegot i
atepeace.
- Thel ackofact ionpleasedHi t
ler’
sgener als,whower eunconv i
ncedthatt he
Germanyar mywasst rongenought oatt
acki ntheWest .
- I twast heAmer icanpresswhi chdescr i
bedt hisperiodasthe“ phoneywar”i.
e.
aper
iodwhenenemi eswer eoffi
cial
lyatwarbutnotact i
velyengagedi narmedconf l
i
ct ,
e.
g.t
heper i
odofr el
ativ
ecal m atthebeginni ngofWor ldWarI I

69
 d)DENMARKANDNORWAYI
NVADED,
APRI
L1940

- Hitler’
st roopsoccupi edDenmar kandl andedatt hemai nNor wegi anpor tson
9Apr il1940.
- Thei nv asionwasai medatsecur i
ngt heNor t
hseaRout ewhi chwasusedf or
shippi ngSwedi shi ron-or ewhent heBal ti
cwasf r
ozen.
- Ger manywant edcont rolbecauseNar vickwast hemai nout letforSwedi shiron
ore, whi chwasv ital f
orGer mansar mament sindust ry.
- WhenaBr i
ti
shdest roy erchasedt heGer manv essel ,Altmar kandr escuedt he
300Br itishpr i
soner sabr oad, Hi
tl
erdeci dedi twast i
met oact .
- On9Apr il,
theGer mansl andedatOsl o,St avanger ,BergenandTr ondhei m.
- Althought heBr i
tishandFr encht roopsar ri
vedaf ewday sl ater,theywer eunabl e
todi slodget heGer mans, whower eal readywel lest abli
shed.
- The Ger mans wer e assi sted byt he l ocalNazi s undert heirl eader ,Vidkun
Quisl i
ngwhogav et hei nv adersev eryassi stancet heyneeded.
- Int hese oper ations,t he Ger mans used par achut et roops t o capt ur
e and
i
mmedi atelylaunchedanexpedi tiont oNar vikandsev erelydamagedNor wegian
nav alf orcesi nt hear eas.
- All
iedpl answer ei l
lco- ordinatedandconf used.
- TheGer mansmadesuper i
oruseofai rpowert osuppor ttheirlandandnav al
forces.
- The Br i
tish had no ai rsuppor t ,wher eas t he Ger man ai rFor ce ( Luft
waf fe)
const ant lyhar assedt heal l
ies.
- TheNor wegi ancampai gnhadv italresul ts:
(i
) Ger manywasassur edofherbasesandheri ronor esuppl i
es,butl ost
threecr uisersand t endest roy ers.Thi smadet heGer manynav yless
effectivet hani tmi ghthavebeen.
(i
i) I tshowedt hei ncompet enceofChamber lain’
sgov ernment .Chamber lain
wasf orcedt oresi gnandWi nstonChur chi
ll becameBr itishPr i
meMi nister.
- Denmar kf ellwithoutf i
ght ingandNor wayf ellaft
ert womont hs.

I
MPORTANCEOFI
NVASI
ONSTOTHEGERMANS

- Thei nv
asionssaf eguardediron-oresuppl i
esfrom Sweden.
- I
twasamor aleboost er
.
- Mor emili
tarybaseswer ecreatedininv adedareas.
- Theycausedpani ctoBr i
ti
shleader shipe.g.t
her esi
gnati
onofChamberl
ain.
- Bri
tainandFr ancelostNor wegianpor tsandai r
fiel
dstotheGermans.
- Howev er,theinvasionswer est i
lli
nt hebeginningsoi twastooearl
ytoassume
decide the out come as l at
er f oll
owed e. g.Oper ati
on Seal
i
on,Oper at
ion
Barbarossaet c.

(
c)HI
TLERATTACKSHOLLAND,
BELGI
UM ANDFRANCE

70
 - AttacksonHol land,Belgium andFr ancewer el aunchedsi mul taneousl yon10
Mayandagai nBli
tzkri
eg( l
ight ingwar )met hodsbr oughtswi f
tvictories.
- TheDut ch,shakenbyt hebombi ngofRot terdam whi chkilledalmostat housand
people, surrenderedaf t
eronl yf ourday s.
- Belgium hel doutl onger,buthersur renderatt heendofMayLef tt heBr it
ishand
Frenchi nBel gium previousl yexposedasGer manmot or i
zeddi v i
sionsswept
acrossNor thernFranceandonl yDunki r
kr emai nedi nAll
iedhands.
- TheBr it
ishnav ypl ayedapi vot alroleinev acuat ingov er338000t roops,t wo
thi
rds( 2/3)oft hem Br i
ti
sh, from Dunki rkbet ween27Mayand4June.
- Thiswasar emar kableachi ev ementi nt hef aceofconst antLuf twaf feattackson
thebeaches.
- EventsatDunki r
kwer ev i
talbecauseat hir
dofami ll
ionAl li
edt roopswer e
rescuedt of i
ghtagai nandChur chil
lusedi tforpr opagandapur posest oboost
Brit
ishmor alewi t
hthe“ Dunki rkspi ri
t.”
- Itwasaser iousblowf oral lthei rarmsandequi pment ,soi tbecamei mpossi ble
forBr i
taintohel pFrance.
- TheGer manssweptsout hwar dsandPar iswascapt ur
edon14JuneandFr ance
surrender edon22June.
- Duet oHi tl
er’si
nsistence,thear mi sti
ce( ceasef ire)wassi gnedatCompi egnei n
thesamer ail
waycoacht hathadbeenusedf orthe1918ar mi st
ice.
- Ger mansoccupi edNor t
her nFr anceandt heAt l
ant iccoast ,giv
ingt hem v al
uable
submar i
nebases, andtheFr enchar mywasdemobi li
zed.

OPERATI
ONSEA-
LION(
12AUGUSTTO30SEPTEMBER1940)

- OperationSeal i
onwast hecodenamegi vent othepl annedi nvasi
onofGr eat
Bri
tai
n/ Englandi n1940byHi tler.
- Hit
lerl ai
doutf ourcondi t
ionst hathadt obemett oensur esuccess.These
i
ncluded:
i. Theel i
mi nationoft heRoy alAirFor ce( RAF)t oensureairsuper i
orit
y.
i
i. Clearingoft heEngl ishChannel ofmi nesandt helayingofGer manmi nes.
i
i
i. Theempl acingofar til
l
eryalongt heEngl ishChannel.
i
v. Preventingt heRoy al Nav yfrom i nterfer
ingwi ththelandings.
- Thiswasf oughti nt heai r
,whenGoer i
ng’sLuftwaffetri
edt odest r
oytheRAFasa
prel
iminar ytot heinv asionofBr itain.
- TheGer mansbombedhar bour s;r adarstations,aerodromesandammuni ti
ons
fact
ories.
- InSept ember ,theybegant obombLondon,i nretali
ationf oraBr i
tishraidon
Berl
inast heGer manscl aimed.
- TheRAFi nf
lictedheav ylossesont heLuf twaffe(1389Ger manpl aneswer elost
against792Br i
ti
shpl anes).
- Wheni tbecamecl eart hatBr it
ishai rpowerwasf arf r
om bei ngdest royed,Hitl
er
call
edoft hei nvasi
on.
- Reasons/ mot iv
esf ortheBr iti
shsuccesswer e
i
. Thei rchai nofnew r adarst ationsgav epl ent
yofwar ningofappr oaching

71
 Germanatt
ackers.
i
i. Germanbomberswer ear
medandwer ehamperedbylimitedrangeast hey
coul
donlycarr
yenoughf uelt
oenabl
ethem t
ostayint heairforabout90
minut
es.
i
i
i. Theswit
chtobombi ngLondonwasami st
akebecauseitrel
ievedpressure
ontheai
rf
iel
dsatthecri
ti
calmoments.

SI
GNI
FICANCEOFOPERATI
ONSEA-
LION

- Forthefi
rstt
ime,
theGer manshadbeencheckedandsot heywerenoti
nvi
nci
ble.
- Bri
tai
nwasabl et
or emaininthestruggle,hencefaci
ngHi tler(
whowasaboutt o
att
ackRussia)wi
ththefatal
situat
ionofwaront wofronts.
- Theeffi
ci
encyoftheLuftwaff
ewassev erel
ycompr omised.

MUSSOLI
NII
NVADESEGYPT,
SEPTEMBER1940

- Notwant ingt obeout donebyHi tl

er,Mussol i
nisentanar myf r
om theI t
ali
an
col
onyofLi byawhi chpenetrat
edabout60mi lesintoEgy ptinSeptember1940,
whil
eItali
anar myi nvadedGreecefrom AlbaniainOct ober1940.
- Howev er,theBr it
ish soon drovet heItali
ansoutofEgy pt
,pushed them at
Bedaform, captur
ing130000pr i
sonersand400t anks.
- TheGr eeksf or
cedt heItal
i
ansbackandi nvadedAl bania.
- Mussol i
niwasbegi nningtobeanembar r
assmentt oHitl
er.

OPERATI
ONBARBAROSSA

- OperationBar barossawast hecodenamegi v ent ot heinv

asionofRussi aby
Hit
leron22June1941.
- Barbarossawast helar
gestmi l
i
taryattackofWor l
dWarTwoandwast ohav e
appalli
ngconsequencesf ortheRussians.
- Threear mygr oupsnamel yAr myGr oupsNor t
h,Centerand Sout h at
tacked
Russiaon22June1941.
- Russiawasdef endedbyf ourarmyuni ts.
- Theat t
ackst artedat0300hour s,Sundaymor ning22June1941.
- Intotal,Germanandheral l
i
esused3mi l
li
onsol di
ers,3580tanks,7184ar t
il
ler
y
guns,1830pl anesand750000hor ses.
- Hit
ler’
smot i
vesseem t ohavebeenmi xedbecauseof :
i. Feart hatt he Russians mightat t
ack Ger many whi l
e she was st i
ll
occupiedi nt
heWest .
i
i. Hopet hattheJapanesewoul dattackRussi aintheFarEast.
i
i
i. Themor epowerfulJapanbecame, thel esschancetherewasoft heUSA
enter
ingt hewarorsoasHi tl
erthought .

72
 iv. Abov eal lwashi shatr edofcommuni sm andhi sdesi r
eforLebensraum
(l
iv
ingspace) .
- Importantciti
essuchasRi ga,Smol enskandKi evwer ecapt ured.
- TheRussi anshadbeencaughtof ftheirguardst i
llre-
equi ppingthei
rarmyandai r
for
ceandt heirgeneralswerei nexper i
enced.
- Howev er,theGer mansf ai
ledtocapt ureLeningradandMoscow.
- Theywer esev erel
yhamper edbyt heheav yrainsofOct oberwhichturnedt he
Russianr oadsi ntomud,andbyt hesev erefrost sofNov emberandDecember
wheni nsomepl aces,thetemper aturef el
lto-38oC.
- TheGer manshadi nadequatewi ntercl ot
hingbecauseHi tlerhadanti
cipat
edt he
campai gnstobeov erbeforewi nter .
- Inthespr ingof1942,nopr ogr esswasmadei nt henor thandcent r
easHi tl
er
decidedtoconcent r
ateonsei zingt heCaucasusoi lfi
elds.

RUSSI
ANCI
TIESATTACKEDBYGERMANYDURI
NGWORLDWARTWO

- Kiev
- Kursk
- Stal
ingr
ad
- Leningr
ad
- Minsk
- Rostov
-

JAPANESEATTACKONPEARLHARBOR

- JapanwasGer many ’sonlyal l

yint heeast .
- TheUSAwasbr oughti ntothewarbyt heJapaneseat tackonPearlHarbor( thei
r
naval basei ntheHawai i
anIslands)on7December1941.
- Untilt hen,theAmer icans,whohadnotent eredthewaronei thersi de,had
remai ned neut ralt houghaf terthe Lend- LeaseActofApr il1941,t heyhad
providedBr i
tai
nwi thmassi vef i
nancial ai
d.
- Theat tackwasbr ill
iantlyorganizedbyAdmi r
al Yamatato.
- Therewasnodecl arationofwar .
- 353Japanesepl anesar riv
edundet ect edatPear lHarborandintwohour s,they
destroy ed350ai r
cr aftand5bat t
leships.
- 3700menwer eki ll
edorser iouslyinjured.
- PresidentRoosev eltcal l
ed7December1941adat ewhichwil
ll
iveininf
amy .
- Pearl Har borhadv it
al result
s:
i. I tgaveJapancont r
oloft hePaci fi
c,andbyMay1942t heyhadcapt ured
Mal aya,Singapor e,HongKongandBur mae. t.
c
i
i. I tcausedHi tlertodecl arewaront heUSA.

73
THEHOLOCAUST
- Thi swast heal mostcompl et edest r
uct i
onofJewsi nEur opebyNaziGer many
andi tscol labor ator sdur ingWW2( 1939- 1945) .
- Thel eader shi pofGer many ’sNaziPar tyor der edt heext ermi nationof5, 6t o5, 9
mi l
lionJews.
- TheHol ocaustwast hewor stgenoci dei nhi st or y.
- Thosewhocar riedi toutmet hodi callycreat edt hemeanst oef fi
cient lyroundup
andki ll mi ll
ionsofpeopl e.
- Manyhar bor edapr ejudiceagai nstJewst hati sknownasant i
-Semi t
ism.
- Jewswer eaccusedofhav i
ngaccept edt hehar shandcr uelVer sai l
lest reat yand
wer el abel ed“ Nov embercr imi nal s.”
- Int hemi ndsofant i
-Semi t es,Jewsr epr esent edmy st eri
ous,my thicalandev i
l
forceswhopl ay edasi nisterr olei nwor l
dhi stor y.
- Hitler,ont hebasi sofhi sant i-Semi ticv i
ewsat tackedt hei mpr essi ver ol eJews
hadpl ay edi nGer mansoci et ydur i
ngt heWei marer aandr eferredt ot hem asa
plagueandacancer .
- InMei nKampf ,Hi tl
erbl amedt hepl ightofGer manyatt heendofWW1onan
i
nt ernat ionalJewi sh conspi racy and used t er ms such as ext ermi nat i
on i n
relationt ot heJews.
- Hitlercl aimedt hatJewshadachi ev edeconomi cdomi nanceandt heirownmer it
.
- Hewr ot eoft heneedt oer adi cat et heirphy sical remov al.
- On1Apr i
l1933, t
heNazipar tyi nst i
gat edaboy cot tofJewi shownedshopsand
Jewi shpr of essi onal ssuchasl awy ersanddoct or s.
- On7Apr il1933,t heRei chst agenact edal aw t hatal l
owedt hegov ernmentt o
dismi ssJewsf r om t heGer manci vilservice.
- Lat er, quot aswer eadopt edt ol imi tthenumberofJewi shst udent s.
- Howev er,Hi tl
erandt heot herNazil eader sv i
ewedt hesepi ecemealr egul ati
ons
as i nsuf ficient ,and so t hey deci ded t oi mpl ementa compr ehensi vel egal
framewor kf ort hei rant i
-Semi ticpol i
cies.
- Af t
ert heout br eakofWW2i nSept ember1939, t heNazi ssear chedf orwhatt hey
termeda“ final solut i
ont ot heJewi shquest ion. ”
- Leader soft heSSwer eputi nchar geofsol v ing“ Jewi shquest ion.”
- All Jewswhooccupi edof f
ici al posi t
ionswer eint er pretedt omeanal ladul tJews,
whower ei mmedi atelyshot .
- In August1941,t heki lli
ngswer eexpanded t oi ncl udeJewi sh women and
childr en.
- Int heaut umnof1941,t heHol ocaustwasext endedt oJewsi npar tsofPol and
andSer bia.
- Fort heseki l
lings,Hi tlerusedgasv ans,speci allyseal edv ansi nwhi chexhaust
fumesf rom t heengi newer epi ped i nto ast oragecompar tmentf i
lled wi th
victimst oasphy xiatet hem.
- Int hespr ingof1942,t hei ntensi veki lli
ngr esumedt oi ncludeJewi shsl ave
Labor er s.
- Theyusedcy ani degaspr oducedf rom Zy clone- B,t hecommer cialnameofa
74
 pest
ici
debasedonhy
drocy
ani
caci
d.
-
AMERI
CANENTRYI
NTOTHEWAR

- Amer ica’sent ryintot heSecondWor ldWaront heAl l

ies’ sidewaschi ef l
ycaused
byJapan’ sbombi ngofPear lHar borandl at
erbyHi t
ler’sdecl arat ionofwaront he
USA.
- Amer ica’sent ryboost edt heAl l
iesmor aleatat imewhent hechi pswer edown.
- Amer icabr oughti nf reshsol diers,adv ancedweaponsandbr ill
iantnew i deas,a
featthatt heCent ralPower scoul dint hePaci fi
c(June1942) ,theAmer i
cansbeat
offapower fulJapaneseat tack,whi chi ncludedf iv
eai rcraftcar ri
ers,near l
y400
air
craft,17l argewar shi psandani nv asi onf orceof5000t roops.
- The Br iti
sh,wi th onl yt hree car ri
er sand 233 pl anes,dest roy ed f ouroft he
Japanesev ictoryagai nstheav ierodds:
i
. Theyhadbr okenal lt heJapaneser adi ocodeandknew exact l
y
whenandwher et heat tackwast obel aunched.
i
i
. TheJapanesewer eov erconf identandmadet wof atalmi stakesof :
1.Spl ittingt heirf orces,henceal lowi ngt heAmer icanst oconcent rateont he
mai ncar ri
erf orce.
2.At tacki ngwi thai rcr aftf rom al lcar ri
erssi multaneousl y,sot hatwhent hey
wer eal lr
ear mi ng, theent i
refleetwasext remel yv ulnerabl e.
- Att hisj unct ure /st age,t he Amer icansl aunched a count erat t
ackbydi ve
bomber swhi chswoopedunexpect edl yf r
om 19000f eet,si nki ngt wooft he
carri
ersandal lofthei rplanes.
- TheAmer i
cansmai nt ainedt heirleadi ncar r
iersandai rcraft,especi all
ydi ve-
bomber s.
- TheAmer icansunderGener alMacAr thurbegant or ecov ert hePaci fi
cI slands,
beginningi nAugust1942wi thlandingsont heSol omonI slands.
- Thest r
uggl ewasl ongerandbi t
terandbi tterandcont inuedt hr ough1943and
1944.

BOMBI
NGOFHI
ROSHI
MAANDNAGASAKI

- On6August1945,t heAmer icansdr oppedanat omi cbombonHi r

oshimaki l
li
ng
75000peopl eandl eavingtensoft housandsmor esl owlydy i
ngofr adiati
on
poison.
- 12Amer i
cannav yfli
ersinHiroshimaci t
yjai
l wereal sokill
edinther ai
d.
- On9August1945,asecondbomb( plut
oni um)wasdr oppedont heci tyof
Nagasaki kil
l
ingnearly40000peopl eanddest r
oyingpr opert
yandi nfr
astruct
ure.
- TheJapanesegov ernmentsur rendereduncondi ti
onal l
yandFarEastwarcamet o
anendasJapanwasGer many ’
sonl yremainingal l
yi ntheFarEast.
- Thedr oppingoft hesebombswasoneoft hemostcont rover
sialacti
onsoft he
entir
ewar .
- PresidentHar r
yTr uman’sjustifi
cati
onwast hathewassav i
ngAmer i
canlives,
si
ncet hewarcoul dhav edraggedonf oranothery ear.

75
 - Theeffect
soft hebombi
ngsaresti
llbei
ngf
eltt
odayasbl
i
ndanddi
sabl
ed
chi
l
drenarest
il
lbei
ngbor
ninJapant
oday.

HOW DID THE BOMBI

NG OF HI
ROSHI
MA AND NAGASAKICONTRI
BUTE TO THE
DEFEATOFJAPAN

- The Amer icans want ed to end t he warqui cklybutt he Japanese fought

stubbornly
.
- TheUSAal sof earedlossofAmer i
canl ivesint hewaragai nstJapan.
- Somemi l
itarycommander swant edt of i
ghttot helast,butthebombi ngsforced
Emper orHirohitotosur render.
- Hirohi
todidnotknowt hatAmer i
canshadnomor eatomicbombs.
- Howev er,theJapaneseeconomywasal r
eadycol lapsingasmanyf actori
es
wer edestr
oy ed.
- Japanhadbeendef eat edatthebat tlesofCor alSea,MidwayandLey teGulf.
- In1945, manypeopl ewer estarvi
ngandi ndustrial
product i
oncoll
apsed.
- Japaneser esour ceswer eov erstretched.
- Japanhadat oolargear eatocont rol anddef end

DEFEAT OFTHEAXI
SPOWERS-JULY1943-
AUGUST1945

(
aThef
all
/demi
seofI
tal
y

- Thiswast hefi
rststagei ntheAxi scoll
apse.
- Bri
tishandAmer i
cant roopsl andedi nSi ci
l
yf rom theseaandai ron10july
1943andqui ckl
ycapt uredt hewholei sland.
- Thiscausedthedownf allofMussol i
ni,whowasdi smissedbytheKing.
- All
iedt r
oopscrossedt oSal erno,Reggi oandTar ant
aont hemainlandand
capturedNaplesinOct ober1943.
- Mar shal
lBadogli
o,Mussol ini
’ssuccessor ,signedanar mi
sti
ceandbr ought
It
alyontotheAlli
edside.

- TheGer mans,det erminedt o holdont oI t

aly,rushedtroopst hr
ought he
BrennerPasst ooccupyRomeandt henorth.
- TheAl l
iesl andedaf orceatAnzi o,30mi l
essout hofRomei nJanuary1944,
butbitt
erfightingfoll
owedbef oreMont eCassinoandRomewer ecapturedin
MayandJuner espectivel
y.
- Milaninthenor thwasnott akenunt il
Apr i
l1945
- Theeliminat i
onofItalydidcont ri
butetowar dsthefinalAl
li
edvict
oryas;
i
. I
talyprovidedai rbasesf orbombi ngt heGermansi ncentr
alEuropeandt he
Balkans.
i
i
. Germant roopswer ekeptoccupi edwhent heywer eneededt oresistthe
Russians.

(
a)Ger
manydef
eat
ed

76
 - TheGer manshadbombedLondonandot heri mpor tantBr i
tishci tiesand
ports dur i
ng 1940 and 1941,butt hese r ai
ds dwi ndl ed dur i
ng oper at ion
Barbarossawhi chr equi r
edal ltheLuf t
waf fe’sst rengt h
- TheBr itishandAmer icansr etali
atedwi thwhatt heycal leda“ strategi cai r
offensiv e’whi chi nv ol
v edmassi veattacksonmi litaryandi ndustri
alt arget si n
ordertohampert heGer manwaref f
ort.
- TheRuhr ,Cologne, Hambur gandBer li
nal lsuf fer edbadl y
- Att i
mes, r
aidsseem t ohav ebeencar ri
edoutt ounder mi neci vili
anmor ale, as
whenabout50000peopl ewer ekill
eddur ingasi ngl eni ghtr aidonDr esdeni n
Februar y1945.
- Aqui ckendt ot hewarwasdel ayedbydesper at eGer manr esistanceandby
disagreement sbet weent heAmer icansandBr itish
- Determi nedBr iti
shandAmer i
canact ionst emmedt headv anceandpushed
theGer mansbackt ot heiror i
ginalpositi
on.
- Thebat t l
eoft heBul ge,asi tbecameknown,wasv it
albecauseHi tl
erhad
ri
skedev erythingont heat t
ackandhadl ost250womenand600t anks, whi ch
wer eir
r eplaceabl eatt hatst age.
- Earlyin1945,Ger manywasbei nginvadedonbot hf ront s,from theeastand
thewest
- TheBr itishst il
l want edt opushaheadandt akeBer linbef oret heRussi ans, but
supremecommanderEi senhowerr efusedt obehur r
ied,andBer l
inf ellt o
Stali
n’sf or cesi nApr i
l1945
- Hitl
er,notwi l
li
ngt osur r
ender ,orderedal lar miest of ightt othel astr oundof
thel astmenbuthi scommander scoul d notr i
skl i
v esoft her emai ni ng
soldiers.
- Hitl
er,unabl et of acedef eat,commi tt
edsui cidet ogetherwi t
hhi smi st ress,
EvaBr auni nanunder gr oundbunkeri nBer l
inandGer manysur rendered.

-
Whydi
dt heAxisPower sl
oset heSecondWar ?
- Ther easonscanbesummar i
zedbri
efl
y:
i
. Short
ageofr awmat er i
als
i
i. TheAlli
eslearnedfrom theirfai
l
ures
i
ii
. Thecombi nedresour cesoftheUSA,USSRandBri
tishEmpi
re
i
v. Ser i
oustacticalmi
stakesbyt heAxispowers
- Hitler
’sdecisiontoat tackt ot heUSSR resul
tedi
nawaront wof
ront
si.
e.

77
 EasternandWest er nfr
ont
- Thest rengt hoft heUSA i t
sweal th,r esourcesandf i
ght i
ngf orcesl edt ot he
demor al izationoft heAxi spower s
- Thest rengt hoft heUSSR,i tspeopl e’swi l
ltoresist,theRussi anwi nt er
,v ast
armyandabi lit
yt omanuf actureweaponswasanot herf actor.
- TheGer mani ndust rywasser i
ouslydamagedbyAl l
i
edbombi ng
- German’ sf ailureatOper at
ionSeaLi oncostGer manheav ylosseswhi chwer e
i
rreplaceabl ei .
e.1700ai rcr
aft.
- TheAl lieshadcommandoft heai randsea.
- Germanr esour ceswer eov erstretchedbecauset heyhadt ofi
ghtont heEast ,
WestandI talyasMussol i
niwasnotadequat elypr epar ed.Thei nv asionof
Germanybyt heAl li
escutof fthesuppl yofai dandot herrawmat erial
s
- Thedef eat /demi se/ fal
lofItalyin1943l eftGermanyf ightingalonei nEur ope
- Thedr oppi ngoft heat omicbombsatHi roshimaandNagasakir esultedi nt he
defeatofJapan, Ger man’ sonlyal l
iesi nAsia.
- German occupy ing f orces f aced st rong resi
stance mov ement si n many
count r
ies
- Manpowershor tageser iouslyhamper edt hewaref fortont heAxispower sside.
- Useofi nexper iencedsol di
ersandf orcedl aboraddedmor esaltt otheal ready
bl
eedi ngwound.

I
mpor
tanceofr
olepl
ayedbyUSAi
nthedef
eatoft
heAxi
sPower
s

- TheUSApr ov i
dedi tsv astr esour ceswhicht il
tedthescal esinf avoroft he
all
i
es
- TheUSA’ sseapowerwasef f ectiveindef eati
ngJapani .
e.75% ofJapan’ s
mer chantshi pswer esunkbyUSAsubmar ines
- USAat omicbombi ngsdest r
oy edJapanesehomesandf act
ories
- Thebombi ngsatHi roshimaandNagasakii n1945causedJapant osurr
ender
unconditi
onal ly
- TheUSAsuppl iedwarequi pmentt oBrit
ainandRussi a
- TheUSA def eat edJapanatt heBat tl
eofMi dway ,USA andPaci fi
cFl eet
defeatedJapaneseat tack,sinki ngf ourenemyai r
craftanddest royi
ng296
air
craft.
- USA Gener alEi senhowerl edt heal li
edf orcesont heD- Daylandingsand
l
iberati
onofFr ance
- TheUSAhel pedBr it
aini ndefeat ingGer manyanI t
alyinNorthAf r
ica
- Howev erot herfact orsal soplay edapar t
- Ther e wer e r esi
stance mov ement s agai nst Ger many i n Fr ance,
Czechoslov akia, Austr
ia,Denmar kandPol and.
- Chineseresi stancet oJapanandt heev ent
ual defeatofJapani nChina
- Fail
ureofGer manyt odef eatBr itai
ni nOperationSeaLi on.
- Fail
ure ofOper ati
on Bar bar ossa and t he Russi an winteral so caused
Germany ’
sdemi se
- WeaknessofI talyalsocont r
ibut edt otheAxi spower sdefeatedasGer many

78
 const
ant
lyhel
pedout
.

Count
ri
esi
nvadedbyGer
manydur
ingWW2

- Poland
- Denmar k
- Russi a/USSR
- France
-Czechoslovaki
a
- Britai
n
-Bel
gium
- Nor way
-Holl
and/Netherl
ands

WeaponsUseddur
ingWW2

- Tanks
- Machineguns
- Submar i
nes/U-boats
- Torpedoboats
- Warplanes(Spit
fi
res)
- Bayonets/Kni
ves
- Bombs
- Landmines
- Radar
- Armoredcar s

East
ernEur
opeanSt
atest
hatf
ell
undercommuni
stcont
rol

- Poland
- Czechoslovaki
a
- Romani a
- Yugoslavi
a
- Bulgar
ia
- Hungary
- Albani
a

RESULTSOFTHESECONDWORLDWAR

Economi
c

79
 - Destr
uct i
on ofi nfrastructure,roads,r ai
l
wayl i
nes,bri
dges,f actor
ies and
i
ndust r
ies
- Therewasashi ftinthel ineofproductione.g.f
rom ar
msofwart oconsumer
goods.
- Economi c co-operation among nat ions shari
ng common i nterests and
i
deologye. g.Organizat i
onf orEuropeanEconomi cCo-
operati
on( OEEC)and
the1948Mar shall
Ai dPl an.
- TheI nter
nationalMonet ar
yFund( I
MF)andWor ldBankundert heUnited
Nati
onsOr ganizati
on( UNO)of fer
edlinesofcreditt
odevel
opingnat i
ons

Pol
i
tical

- Divi
sionofEur opei ntot woPol i
ti
calandeconomi cblocs,EastandWest ;
Communi sm versusCapi t
ali
sm, NATOv ersusWar sawPact .
- Creationofanewi nternat i
onalorganization,theUnit
edNat i
onsOr gani
zat
ion
(UNO) .
- Emer gence ofnew st at es e.g.Nor th and Sout h Korea,Eastand West
Germany
- Fallofdi ctat
orshipsinI talyandGer many
- ThemapofEur opewasr ecreated
- Self
-det erminationforsomemi nori
ti
ese. g.creati
onofJewi shhomel and
- TheCol dWarbet weent heEastandwest
- Thest atusofwomenchangede. g.theywer egiventhef ranchiseinsome
countries.
- Therewasnoal l
-i
nclusiv epeaceset tl
ementl i
keintheFir
stWor ldWar
- Thewarcausedt hepr oduct i
onofnucl earweapons
- Europe’ sdomi nationoft herestofthewor ldended
- Emer genceofsuperpower se.g.USAandRussi a
- Decoloni zati
onwasencour agedandachi ev edinsomecount ri
esaspeopl eof
dif
ferent nat ionalit
ies who had f ought al ongsi
de t heir colonial
mast ers/ col
onizerscoul dnotandwer enotwi l
l
ingtoret
urnt oEuropeanrul
e.
-

ENDOFEUROPEANHI
STORY2167/
2

80