FUNDAMENTALS OF

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
(REVISION 21)

Government of Kerala
Department of Technical Education
State Institute of Technical Teachers Training & Research
SITTTR, Kalamassery

GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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 FUNDAMENTALS OF
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
(REVISION 21)

Prepared By
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Government Polytechnic College, Pala
Published By
STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL TEACHERS
TRAINING & RESEARCH, KALAMASSERY
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.sitttrkerala.ac.in

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 PREFACE

Fundamentals of Electrical & Electronics Engineering is an Engineering Science

course in Revision 2021 diploma syllabus. This course is common for Computer Engineering
& allied programs / Electrical & Electronics Engineering / Electronics Engineering & allied
programs / Instrumentation Engineering / Polymer Technology / Printing Technology / Textile
Technology. The course material is prepared in accordance with the syllabus prescribed by the
Department of Technical Education, Government of Kerala and State Institute of Technical
Teachers’ Training & Research(SITTTR). This material is divided into four modules. Each
module covers a course outcome. The course material is oriented for the students of all
disciplines who have Fundamentals of Electrical & Electronics Engineering included in their
curriculum. Thus, the course material is prepared in such a way that the students find it easy to
understand the concepts and get the basic idea of electrical engineering and electronics
engineering as well. The faculty members who prepared the material have taken great effort to
make the topics simple even for the beginners. At the end of each module, model questions are
included which will help students to prepare for the board examination.
This course material is divided into two sections. The first section deals with the basic
concepts of electrical engineering starting from the basics of electrical engineering to the
computation of electricity bill. The second section contains basics of electronics engineering
which includes various electronic components and the application of these components in
electronic circuits.
Suggestions are invited to make it better in the revised editions.We hope this material
will benefit both students and teachers.

Team members

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ADVISORY BOARD MEMBERS

TONY E J Joint Director, SITTTR, Kalamassery

CHANDRAKANTA A S Deputy Director, SITTTR, Kalamassery

ANI ABRAHAM Principal, Government Polytechnic College, Pala

Dr. AJITHA S Project Officer, SITTTR,Kalamassery

SWAPNA K K Project Officer, SITTTR, Kalamassery

ACADEMIC COORDINATOR

BINU B R HOD, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,

Government Polytechnic College, Pala

RESOURCE PERSONS

AKASHKUMAR S Lecturer, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,

Sree Narayana Polytechnic College, Kollam

VINEETH V Lecturer, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,

Government Polytechnic College, Kalamassery

LORDSON DEVASIA Lecturer, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,

Government Polytechnic College, Kottayam

NEVIN JOSE Lecturer, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,

Government Polytechnic College, Pala

CHITHRA S R Lecturer, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,

Government Polytechnic College, Punalur

LIJU RAJ T Lecturer, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,

Government Polytechnic College, Cherthala

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep gratitude to Sri. Tony E.J, Joint Director, and Ms. Chandrakanta
A. S, Deputy Director, SITTTR for their constant motivation and encouragement to prepare
the course material. We are also thankful to Dr. Ajitha S and Ms. Swapna K.K, Project Officers,
SITTTR Kalamassery for their encouragement.
We appreciate the effort of Ms. Ani Abraham, Principal, Government Polytechnic
College, Pala for reviewing the book and giving appropriate suggestions.
Ms.Binu B.R, HOD, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Government
Polytechnic College, Pala has played a vital role in bringing out this course material. Her
constant support and encouragement given to each one of us is really appreciable. We are
thankful for the wholehearted cooperation and the pain taken by her and for her appropriate
guidance.
We are also thankful to all those who inspired and supported us in this venture.

Team members

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface 3
Acknowledgement 5
Table of Contents 6
MODULE 1
1.1 Brief History of Electricity 14
1.2 Nature of Electricity 14
1.3 Charge 15
1.4 Free Electrons 15
1.5 Electric potential 15
1.6 Potential Difference 16
1.7 Electromotive force 16
1.8 Electric Current 16
1.9 Ohm’s Law 16
1.10 Resistance 17
1.11 Law of Resistance 17
1.12 Resistivity 17
1.13 Conductance 18
1.14 Conductivity 18
1.15 Electric Power 18

1.16 Types of Circuits 18

1.16.1 DC Circuits 18
1.16.2 AC Circuits 19
1.17 Combination of Resistors 19
1.17.1 Resistors in series 19
1.17.2 Characteristics Of Resistors Connected in Series 19
1.17.3 Resistors in parallel 20
1.17.4 Characteristics Of Resistors Connected in Parallel 20
1.18 Magnetism & Electricity 20
1.18.1 Right Hand Thumb Rule 21
1.19 Electromagnetic Induction 21

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 1.19.1 Faraday’s First Law of Electromagnetic Induction 22
1.19.2 Faraday’s Second Law of Electromagnetic Induction 22
1.19.3 Fleming’s Right Hand Rule 22
1.20 Generation of AC Voltage 23
1.21 Basic Terms in AC systems 24
1.22 Root Mean Square (RMS) Value 26
1.23 Equation of AC Voltage 26
1.24 Electrical Reactance 26
1.24.1 Inductive Reactance 26
1.24.2 Capacitive Reactance 27
1.24.3 Impedance 27
MODULE 2
2.1 Electrical Wiring 29
2.2 Wiring in residential buildings 29
2.2.1 Factors Affecting the Selection of Wiring 29
2.3 Conduit Wiring System 29
2.4 Open/Surface Conduit Wiring 30
2.5 Concealed Conduit Wiring 30
2.6 List of Important wiring materials 30
2.7 Service Connection 30
2.8 Basic Requirements for electric connection/installation 30
2.8.1 Cut out fuses 31
2.8.2 Energy meter 31
2.8.3 Main Switch 32
2.8.4 Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) 32
2.8.5 Earth leakage Circuit Breaker 32
2.8.6 Neutral link 33
2.9 Power in AC Circuits 33
2.9.1 Power Factor 33
2.9.2 The Impedance Triangle 34
2.9.3 Types of Power 34
2.9.4 Single Phase Power 35
2.9.5 Three Phase Power 35

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2.10 Electrical Energy 36
2.10.1 Electrical Energy consumption 36
2.10.2 Calculation of Monthly Electricity Bill 36
2.11 Electrical safety 39
2.11.1 Importance of electric safety in a workplace 39
2.11.2 Effect of Electricity on human body 40
2.11.3 Various Safety precautions in Electrical systems 40

MODULE 3
3.1 Active & Passive Devices 42
3.1.1 Active Components 42
3.1.2 Passive Components 42
3.2 Resistors 42
3.2.1 Specifications 42
3.2.2 Types of Resistors 43
3.2.3 Variable Resistor 45
3.2.4 Applications 46
3.2.5 Colour Coding of resistors 46
3.3 Capacitors 47
3.3.1 Fixed Capacitors: 48
3.3.2 Variable Capacitors 49
3.3.3 Charging and discharging of capacitors 50
3.3.4 Color Coding of capacitors 51
3.3.5 Capacitors in Series 53
3.3.6 Capacitors in Parallel 53
3.3.7 Applications of Capacitors 54
3.4 Inductors 54
3.4.1 Classification of Inductors 55
3.5 Self-Inductance 56
3.6 Mutual Inductance 56
3.7 Color coding 56
3.8 Applications 58
3.9 Transformers 58
3.9.1 Principle of Operation 58

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 3.9.2 Voltage Transformation Ratio 59
3.9.3 Application of Transformers 59
MODULE 4
4.1 Atomic Structure 61
4.2 Semiconductors 62
4.2.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors 63
4.2.2 Extrinsic Semiconductors 63
4.2.3 Comparison between N type and P type 64
semiconductor
4.3 PN Junction Diode 64
4.3.1 Symbol of PN Junction diode 64
4.3.2 Forward Biasing 65
4.3.3 Reverse Biasing 66
4.3.4 Applications of diode 67
4.4 Rectifiers 67
4.5 Half Wave Rectifiers 68
4.5.1 Working 68
4.6 Full wave Rectifiers 69
4.6.1 Centre tapped Full Wave Rectifier 69
4.6.2 Working 69
4.6.3 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier 70
4.6.4 Working 70
4.7 Zener Diode 71
4.7.1 Working 71
4.7.2 Applications 72
4.8 Transistors 72
4.9 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT) 72
4.9.1 N-P-N transistor 73
4.9.2 P-N-P transistor 74
4.10 Working of NPN Transistor 74
4.11 Working of PNP transistor 75
4.12 Transistor as an amplifier 76
4.13 Applications of transistors 76
4.14 Analog & Digital Systems 77
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 4.14.1 Analog Systems 77
4.14.2 Digital Systems 77
4.14.3 Advantages Of Digital Systems 77

4.15 Logic Gates 78

4.15.1 Logic Levels 78
4.16 Classification of Logic gates 78
4.16.1 OR Gate 79
4.16.2 AND Gate 79
4.16.3 NOT Gate 79
4.17 Universal Gates 80
4.17.1 NOR Gate 80
4.17.2 NAND Gate 80
4.18 XOR Gate 81
4.19 XNOR Gate (Exclusive-NOR) 81
4.20 Application of Logic Gates 82
REFERENCES 83

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Course Objectives:
● To provide basic knowledge of the different elements and concepts of electrical
engineering
● To imbibe basic concepts of various active and passive electronic components.
Course Outcomes:
On completion of the course, the student will be able to:

COn Description Duration (Hours) Cognitive Level

CO1 Identify various combinations of resistors and 12 Applying
basic terms in ac systems.
CO2 Solve various powers in ac circuits and calculate 10 Applying
the monthly electricity bill.
CO3 Identify various types of passive components, 10 Applying
their colour coding and applications
CO4 Summarize the working and applications of 11 Understanding
diodes, transistors and logic gates
Series Test 2

Course Outline
Module Description Duration(Hours) Cognitive
Outcomes Level
CO1 Identify various combinations of resistors and basic terms in ac systems
M1.01 Apply Ohm’s law to solve electrical circuits 3 Applying
M1.02 Solve various combinations of resistor 4 Applying
circuits.
M1.03 Summarize electromagnetic induction and 2 Understanding
generation of ac voltage.
M1.04 Illustrate basic terms in ac systems and solve 3 Applying
problems.
Contents:
Brief history of electricity-definitions and units -current- voltage- resistance-power ohm’s law
(statement and equation only)-laws of resistance (statement only)-problems

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Types of circuits- basic concept- dc circuit-ac circuit -combination of resistances -series,
parallel, series- parallel (derivation of equivalent resistance and problems) - comparison between
series and parallel circuits.

Fundamentals of ac systems- electromagnetic induction (basic idea only)-Faraday’s laws of

electromagnetic induction(statement only )-generation of ac voltage (basic concept only )

Basic terms in ac systems - equation of ac voltage - important terms-definition, equation and

units -cycle-frequency-time period-angular velocity-amplitude-instantaneous value- maximum
value-reactance- impedance-problems
CO2 Solve various powers in ac circuits and calculate the monthly electricity bill.
M2.01 Outline the basic requirements for electrical 2 Understanding
wiring in residential building.
M2.02 Identify various powers in an ac circuit 4 Applying
M2.03 Solve problems to calculate monthly 3 Applying
electricity bill
M2.04 Summarize various safety precautions in 1 Understanding
electrical systems
Series Test – I 1
Contents :
Wiring in residential buildings- types and basic idea - conduit wiring (open and concealed ) -
important wiring materials (listing only)- definition of service connection - basic requirements
for electric connection (state the purpose only)- cut out fuses - energy meter-main switch-
miniature circuit breaker - earth leakage circuit breaker - neutral link

Power in ac circuits - power factor ( definition and equation only ), types of powers, active
power, reactive power, apparent power, single phase and three phase powers (equations and units
only), problems

Electrical Energy - definition-basic and commercial units, calculation of monthly electricity bill,
problems

Electrical safety- purpose , basic safety precautions( listing only )

CO3 Identify various types of passive components, their colour coding and
applications.
M3.01 Identify various types of resistors and their 3 Applying
colour coding.
M3.02 Identify the working of capacitors and their 3 Applying

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 various combinations.
M3.03 Explain the concept of inductance and 2 Understanding
applications of inductors.
M3.04 Explain the working and applications of 2 Understanding
transformers in electronic circuits.
Contents :
Electronic components - concept of active and passive components , resistors, definition,
specifications, importance, types, fixed resistors, variable resistors, carbon composition resistors
and wire wound resistors, applications of resistors, basic idea of colour coding

Capacitors – definition, specifications, importance, charging and discharging, types, fixed

capacitance, variable capacitance, electrolytic capacitor, uses of capacitors, combination of
capacitors, equation of effective capacitance of series and parallel circuits, problems, standard
representation of capacitors, basic idea of colour coding. Inductors-definition of self and mutual
inductances, types of inductors, applications, specifications, standard representation of
inductors, basic idea of colour coding Transformer -working principle ,turns ratio and
applications of transformers
CO4 Summarize the working and applications of diodes, transistors and logic gates
M4.01 Illustrate the working and applications of 4 Understanding
rectifier circuits
M4.02 Explain the working and applications of zener 1 Understanding
diode
M4.03 Summarize the operation of transistor as an 3 Understanding
amplifier
M4.04 Outline various logic gates and applications 3 Understanding
Series Test – II 1
Contents:
PN junction Diode- symbol, working and applications - rectifier circuits- working and
waveforms of half wave, full wave centre tapped and full wave bridge rectifiers. Zener diode-
symbol , working and applications, Transistors- symbol , working and applications of PNP and
NPN transistors, working of transistors as an amplifier. Logic gates, definition, symbols and
truth table of AND,OR, NOT ,NAND,NOR & XOR gates, list the applications of logic gates

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