NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT

1. Leadership is the ability to:

A. Manipulate people
B. Influence people
C. Dissuade people
D. Direct people

2. Management is the process of getting work done through others.

A. Is a correct statement.
B. Is a wrong statement
C. Is an incomplete statement
D. Is a confusing statement.

3. The difference between leaders and managers is that leaders :

A. are part of the organizational structure.
B. may or may not be part of the organizational structure.
C. manipulate people to get the work done.
D. Focus on work output

4. Mrs. Carillo, head nurse of Ward B is not well liked by her staff because she has by-passed several senior
nurses when she was appointed as head nurse. She has just been appointed in the hospital a year ago
upon the recommendation of her uncle who is the hospital’s chief comptroller. How can Mrs. Carillo work
with his staff so that they will attain the goals of the hospital?
A. Ignore the feelings of her staff and do her responsibilities well.
B. Talk to the staff and explain that her uncle has nothing to do with her promotion.
C. Emphasize on the need for team effort and a genuine concern to do good.
D. Meet the staff for a gripe session to clear things out.

5. When providing feedback to a subordinate who needs a change in behavior, Mrs. Carillo should:
A. Identify the behavior which needs to be changed.
B. Document the bad behavior
C. Be assertive
D. Explore other possibilities to change the behavior.

6. When Mrs. Carillo evaluates the performance of her staff, she is engaged in:
A. Planning
B. Organizing
C. Directing
D. Controlling

7. To overcome resistance to change, Mrs. Carillo must first:

A. Use power to ensure change
B. Implement change in small steps rather than big steps
C. Forget about the change and just flow with the tide
D. Provide incentives to encourage people.

8. Which theory described and explained the change process?

A. Scientific Management Theory
B. Theory X and Theory Y
C. Theory Z
D. Field Theory of Human Behavior

9. When Mrs. Carillo communicates expectations about a task to be completed, then delegates the task, she is:
A. Planning
B. Organizing
C. Directing
D. Controlling

10. Which of the following can Mrs. Carillo delegate?

A. Scheduling ward and shift assignments of staff nurses
B. Initiates disciplinary action against a colleague
C. Decide on salary increase for nursing aides
D. Recommend termination for a staff nurse who is negligent
Situation: Dr. Wilma Monzon, Director of Nursing (DON) Services is performing the management functions
necessary to run the 500 bed capacity general hospital which she is in charge as DON.

11. In the selection of nursing personnel, she steps should she take?
1. Recruitment
2. Interview
3. Selection
4. Introduction
5. Orientation

A. 1, 3, 2, 4, 5
B. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
C. 1, 3, 2, 5, 4
D. 1, 2, 4, 5, 4

12. The process of actively seeking out or attracting applicants for existing position is:
A. Staffing
B. Recruitment
C. Selection
D. Hiring

13. The purpose of the orientation process is:

A. To familiarize employees with the organizational structure.
B. To make the employee a part of the team
C. To introduce the organization’s vision and mission
D. None of the above

14. The following is considered as a form of staff development EXCEPT:

A. In-service training programs
B. Conferences
C. Independent studies
D. Company Incentive Program

15. Dr. Monzon knows that planning involves:

A. Forecasting
B. Setting objectives
C. Budgeting
D. All of the above

16. When Dr. Monzon engages in selecting her staff, she is engaged in:
A. Planning
B. Organizing
C. Directing
D. Controlling

17. To assure effective communication, which guideline should Dr. Monzon least observe?
A. Communicate with the same people on the same level.
B. See to it that the line authority is clear.
C. Promote the interest of the subordinates.
D. Keep adequate reports

18. Dr. Monzon involved her staff in strategic planning. Strategic planning clarifies the following:
1. Beliefs and values
2. Strengths and weaknesses
3. Opportunities and threats
4. Direction of the organization

A. 1, 2, 3, 4
B. 1 and 4
C. 2 and 3
D. 4 only

19. Which plans extends from a few months to a year?

A. Strategic plans
 B. Operational plans
C. Both
D. Neither

20. If Dr. Monzon wants to succeed as DON, which characteristic is important to develop?
A. Budgeting skills
B. General nursing skills
C. Good relations with the doctors
D. Human management skills

21. Dr. Monzon understands that one of the following statements is true about management.
A. An organizational chart can provide guidelines for staffing
B. Staffing procedure is the same for all health agencies
C. Job descriptions may not be written as long as they are understood
D. Budgeting is not the DON’s responsibility.

22. Which is the most important communication skill that Dr. Monzon should demonstrate?
A. Listening skills
B. Affirmation
C. Questioning
D. Assertiveness

23. Dr. Monzon knows that leadership’s major focus is on:

A. Inspiring people
B. Creating change
C. Controlling others
D. Producing a product

24. People may become leaders because they possess inspirational quality that makes others feel better in
their presence. This theory is:
A. Charismatic theory
B. Trait theory
C. Great Man theory
D. Situational theory

25. Dr. Monzon familiarized herself with the different theories of leadership so that she may adopt the
most suitable approach to varied situations. Which theory would assist her most?
A. Charismatic theory
B. Trait theory
C. Great Man theory
D. Situational theory

26. Which type of power is used when Dr. Monzon mentors her supervisors?
A. Influence
B. Coercive
C. Referent
D. Expert

27. Which type of power is used when Dr. Monzon recommended her staff for promotion?
A. Legitimate power
B. Reward power
C. Coercive power
D. Expert power

28. The process of selecting one course of action from alternatives is:
A. Delegating
B. Evaluating
C. Leading
D. Decision making

29. A graphic method that can help visualize the alternatives and information needs for a specific problem is:
A. Decision technologies
B. Graphs
C. Decision tree
D. Diagram
30. Dr. Monzon nods her head as a gesture of approval during the supervisor’s meeting. This form of
communication is a:
A. Verbal communication
B. Non-verbal communication
C. Diagonal communication
D. Active listening

Situation: Miss Connie Serna is the new Assistant to the Director of Nursing for Training in a tertiary hospital.
She initially conducted a needs assessment to gather data on the staffs’ training needs. She has three Training
Supervisors who assists her in the Training Department.

31. When the Training Supervisors directly reports to Miss Serna, they are abiding by the:
A. Line structure
B. Staff relationship
C. Coordinating function
D. None of the above

32. Miss Serna created an ad hoc committee headed by one of her training supervisors to conduct a survey
on patient satisfaction. The data gathered will complement the data she has gathered on needs assessment.
An ad hoc committee:
A. can become a permanent feature of a bureaucratic structure
B. can be an informal structure within the organization
C. is a modification of a bureaucratic structure
D. can function independently of the whole organization

33. The continuing liberal education of the whole person to develop her potential fully is:
A. In-service training
B. On the job training
C. Life long learning
D. Staff development

34. Which does NOT belong to the group?

A. Attendance in conferences
B. Journal and Book Clubs
C. Field visits
D. Programmed learning

35. The primary purpose of training and development programs is to meet the needs of:
A. Nurses
B. Patients
C. Nurse Accrediting bodies
D. Requirements of the board

Situation: One of the needs found by Miss Serna is on ability to communicate effectively. She decided to develop
a program on learning to communicate effectively.

36. Which of the following is NOT true about communication?

A. All management involve communication
B. Communication is a one way process
C. Communication can be verbal or non-verbal
D. Feedback is important in communication

37. When people are confronted with more messages than they can handle, the condition is:
A. Burnout
B. Overwork
C. Systems overload
D. Grape vining

38. A part of the program is about how to handle a grape vine in the nursing service. A grape vine refers to:
A. an informal method of communication co-existing with formal methods.
B. a communication which moves fast, often distorted, fragmentary, and incomplete
C. communication moving in all directions
D. All of the above
39. When a false rumor is spreading within the nursing personnel, the best approach is:
A. Call the nursing personnel together and tell them it is not true
B. Ignore the rumor, knowing it will pass
C. Find out who spread the rumor
D. Create another rumor

40. Which is necessary for trust to exist in communicating with others?

A. Sincerity and love
B. Peace
C. Knowledge of person’s needs and desires
D. Sincerity, attentiveness, good self image

Situation: Mr. Luis Medina is the head nurse of St. Catherine Ward, a 30 bed capacity surgical ward. His ward
has been crippled with understaffing due to the resignation of several staff that collectively left for a job in the
United States. In addition, the current economic crisis gave way to a “freeze hiring” policy.

41. The method of nursing care delivery that Mr. Medina may utilize is:
A. Case method
B. Functional method
C. Team nursing
D. Primary nursing

42. The most traditional method of nursing care delivery is:

A. Case method
B. Functional method
C. Team nursing
D. Primary nursing

43. A task oriented method of nursing care delivery means:

A. Patients are divided among the available staff
B. The team divides the tasks among the members
C. Tasks are divided among the available staff
D. Patients are tasked with self care

44. Which method of nursing care delivery features a nurse who takes care of her patient from admission to
discharge?
A. Case method
B. Functional method
C. Team nursing
D. Primary nursing

45. When there are different levels of nursing personnel with different educational preparation, what method of
nursing care delivery can be used?
A. Case method
B. Functional method
C. Team nursing
D. Primary nursing

Situation: To be able to lead effectively, Nursing Supervisor Mila Ortiz knows that she must be able to master
the different theories of leadership. She decided to read more about them.
46. Ms. Ortiz recognizes that leaders need to be adaptable. This is the view of:
A. Great Man Theory
B. Charismatic Theory
C. Trait Theories
D. Integrated Leadership Model

47. Which is NOT a trait of a leader according to the Trait Theories?

A. Charisma
B. Intelligence
C. Emotional maturity
D. Decisiveness

48. The following were identified by Fiedler as aspects of a situation that structure the leader’s role. Which is the
exception?
 A. Leader-member relations
B. Task structure
C. Maturity of the followers
D. Position power

49. When Ms. Ortiz facilitates tasks by minimizing obstructions to the goals, she is applying which theory?
A. Path Goal Theory
B. Life Cycle Theory
C. Situational Theory
D. Great Man Theory

50. Who is the main proponent of the Path Goal Theory?

A. Robert Wagner
B. Robert House
C. Robert Frost
D. Robert Taylor

Situation: Ms. Ortiz also realized that she must fully understand the different leadership styles. She also read
more about the different leadership styles.

51. A delegative style of leadership is a characteristic of:

A. Autocratic
B. Bureaucratic
C. Democratic
D. Laissez faire

52. When Ms. Ortiz uses rules and regulations to run her units, she is:
A. Autocratic
B. Bureaucratic
C. Democratic
D. Laissez Faire

53. She was called by one of her head nurses to supervise them during a “Code Blue”. She realized that she needs
to be:
A. Autocratic
B. Bureaucratic
C. Democratic
D. Laizzes faire

54. Another of her head nurse has worked in the hospital for 5 years, most of the staff nurses in the unit has
been working for 3 – 4 years. Ms. Ortiz may become:
A. Autocratic
B. Bureaucratic
C. Democratic
D. Laissez faire

55. The manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people is:
A. Leadership style
B. Leadership model
C. Leadership
D. Management
56. When people become leaders or managers, they will possess power. What is power?
A. Power is the ability to lead.
B. Power is the ability to manage.
C. Power is the ability to impose the will.
D. Power is the ability to take control.

57. The form of power based on the possession of titles is:

A. Legitimate power
B. Reward power
C. Coercive power
D. Expert power

58. When a Director of Nursing gives low performance evaluations to those who do not obey her, she is utilizing
what form of power?
A. Legitimate power
B. Reward power
C. Coercive power
D. Expert power

59. When the Dean provides incentives to those who follow her orders, she is utilizing:
A. Legitimate power
B. Reward power
C. Coercive power
D. Expert power

60. Miss Paolo is well liked by her co-workers. It is easy for her to get her requests. What form of power does she
possess?
A. Legitimate power
B. Referent power
C. Expert power
D. People power

61. Expert power is based on:

A. A special ability
B. Knowledge
C. Skill
D. All of the above

62. The process of selecting one course of action from alternatives is called:
A. Decision making
B. Decision analysis
C. Decision plan
D. Decision rules

63. The first step in making a decision is:

A. Explore alternatives
B. Identify the problem
C. Implement a decision
D. Evaluate results

64. A graphic method that can help visualize alternatives available, outcomes, risks and information needs for
a specific problem is:
A. Decision technology
B. Decision alternatives
C. Decision tree
D. Decision making

65. “All management process involves communication” is a:

A. False statement
B. True statement
C. Misleading statement
D. Confusing statement

66. A traditional line of communication from the superior to the subordinate is called:
A. Downward Communication
 B. Top down approach
C. Downward trend
D. Traditional communication

67. Lateral communication is also known as:

A. Bilateral communication
B. Horizontal communication
C. Grapevine
D. Diagonal communication

68. Grapevine communication is characterized by :

A. It moves fast
B. It is distorted
C. It is fragmentary
D. All of the above

69. When student nurses and their clinical instructor conduct a conference in the corridors of the ward, they are
most likely to have which barrier to communication?
A. Personal barrier
B. Emotional barrier
C. Physical barrier
D. Language barrier

70. The following are ways to improve communication except:

A. Ideas should be clear
B. Actions speak louder than words
C. Listen
D. None of the above

71. The kind of conflict that occurs within the individual is:
A. Intrapersonal conflict
B. Interpersonal conflict
C. Extra-institutional conflict
D. Inter-departmental conflict.

72. Nurse Sheryl believed that Nurse Arlene’s ideas about evidence based practice were correct, she agreed.
The kind of conflict resolution used is:
A. Compromise
B. Competition
C. Accommodation
D. Smoothing

73. Collaborative problem solving involves:

A. Parties recognize that conflict exist
B. They confront the issue
C. They openly try to solve the problem
D. All of the above

74. When relationships are important, the most feasible approach to conflict resolution is:
A. Avoidance
B. Smoothing
C. Accommodation
D. Compromise

75. When one does not take a position regarding the conflict, one is using:
A. Avoidance
B. Smoothing
C. Accommodation
D. Compromise

76. The process of assigning work from one organizational level to another is:
A. Supervision
B. Delegation
C. Decision making
D. Patient assignment system
77. Which is retained when a head nurse delegates a task to a UAP?
A. Accountability
B. Authority
C. Justice
D. Security

78. One of the 5 rights of delegation is the “Right Person”, it includes:

A. Right RN and UAP
B. Right RN and Patient
C. Right Head nurse, RN, UAP
D. Right RN, UAP, and Patient

79. The following are the 5 rights of delegation except:

A. Right Task
B. Right Circumstances
C. Right Drug
D. Right Person

80. Right supervision includes:

A. guidance
B. monitoring
C. intervention and evaluation
D. All of the above

81. What activities are included in quality control?

A. Regulation of services
B. Monitoring a
C. Evaluation
D. All of the above

82. Characteristics of a standard are the following except:

A. Predetermined
B. Established by authority
C. Accepted by people affected by the standards
D. May be expressed or implied

83. What provides the yardstick for measuring quality?

A. Performance appraisal
B. Standards
C. Audits
D. Quality assurance

84. The measurement tools for quality is:

A. Performance appraisal
B. Standards
C. Audits
D. Quality assurance

85. When a Patient Satisfaction Survey is given to a patient before discharge, it is a:

A. Retrospective audit
B. Concurrent audit
C. Prospective audit
D. Process audit

86. What audit is performed while the client is receiving the services?
A. Retrospective audit
B. Concurrent audit
C. Prospective audit
D. Process audit

87. Nurse Jenna was rated “Very Good” even though she is snobbish and swell headed. She comes to work
on time and finishes all her work with good outputs. What appraisal system was used?
A. Anecdotal records
B. Management by Objectives
 C. Ranking
D. Peer evaluation

88. If Nurse Jenna was rated low, what error of evaluation occurred?
A. Halo error
B. Horn effect
C. Central tendency error
D. Hawthorne effect

89. Nurse Helen is very generous to her co-workers, she is never late however she is very slow and most of the
time goes beyond her duty hours to finish her work. She rated “A”. What error was committed?
A. Halo error
B. Horn effect
C. Central tendency error
D. Hawthorne effect

90. Which are the necessities for effective management?

A. Use of management processes and functions
B. Application of principles of management
C. Appropriate use of the leadership theories
D. All of the above
 NURSING RESEARCH

1. Research is a systematic, controlled and empirical investigation of hypothetical propositions about certain
A. Conflict
B. Phenomenon
C. Situation
D. Issue

2. Research that searches knowledge for knowledge sake is:

A. Basic research
B. Applied research
C. Experimental research
D. Quasi-experimental research

3. Research that explores meanings and experiences of people without measuring the phenomenon is:
A. Quantitative research
B. Triangulation
C. Qualitative research
D. Mixed methods research

4. A non-experimental research in which information regarding the activities, beliefs, preferences, and
attitudes of people is gathered via direct questioning is:
A. Survey
B. Interview
C. Correlational study
D. Ex post facto

5. Research that has as its main objective the accurate portrayal of the characteristics of persons,
characteristics or groups and/or the frequency with which certain phenomena occur:
A. Ex post facto research
B. Comparative research
C. Experimental research
D. Descriptive research

6. An expression of a dilemma or disturbing situation that needs investigation:

A. Hypothesis
B. Introduction
C. Problem statement
D. Significance of the study

7. An attribute of a person or object that varies:

A. Hypothesis
B. Problem statement
C. Significance of the study
D. Variable

8. A statement of a predictive relationship between variables:

A. Hypothesis
B. Problem statement
C. Significance of the study
D. Variable

9. A critical summary of research on a topic of interest, often prepared to put a Research problem in context:
A. Document analysis
B. Literature review
C. Synthesis
D. Abstracts

10. The way terms are used according to the study is called:
A. Conceptual definition
B. Dictionary definition
C. Operational definition
D. Literature definition
Scenario: A young nursing faculty wants to describe the competencies of nursing graduates in the
Colleges/Schools of Nursing at the National Capital Region across 3 curriculums in the last 3 decades

11. The problem areas under investigation are:

A. Competencies of nursing graduates, 3 curriculum, last 3 decades
B. Nursing faculty, nursing graduates, curriculum
C. Curriculum, nursing faculty, competencies
D. 3 decades, 3 curriculum, nursing faculty

12. The best statement of the problem is:

A. What are the findings of the nursing faculty who described the competencies of nursing graduates in
the Colleges/Schools of Nursing of Nursing at the National Capital Region across 3 nursing curriculums
in the last 3 decades?
B. What are the competencies of nursing graduates in the Colleges/Schools of Nursing at the National
Capital Region across 3 curriculums in the last 3 decades?
C. What are the competencies of the graduates of colleges and schools of Nursing in the National Capital
region for the last 3 decades?
D. What are the perceptions of the nursing faculty on the competencies of nursing graduates of nursing
graduates in the Colleges/Schools of Nursing of Nursing at the National Capital Region across 3 nursing
curriculums in the last 3 decades?

13. What is the setting of the study?

A. Colleges and Schools of Nursing
B. National Capital Region
C. Metro Manila
D. Luzon

14. Which are the best sources of data for this study?
A. Records from the Schools and Colleges of Nursing in NCR
B. Government Reports
C. Country Reports
D. Books and Journals

15. Will there be a need to forward a hypothesis?

A. Yes
B. Yes, but it must be in the null form only
C. It depends on the researcher
D. No

Scenario: A nursing supervisor wants to identify the reasons for the apparent conflict among her head nurses
and staff nurses. She is working in a tertiary hospital in Quezon City.

16. The problem area under investigation is:

A. Reasons for conflict among head nurses and staff nurses
B. Nursing supervisor’s reasons for her problems
C. Conflicts in the tertiary hospital in Quezon City
D. Head nurses and staff nurses

17. The best statement of the problem is:

A. What are the findings of the nursing supervisor who identified the reasons for the conflict
between the head nurses and staff nurses in a tertiary hospital in Quezon City?
B. What are the reasons for the conflict between head nurses and staff nurses and head nurses in a
tertiary hospital in Quezon City?
C. What are the problems of the head nurses and staff nurses in a tertiary hospital in Quezon City?
D. What are the perceptions of the nursing supervisor about the reasons for the conflict among staff
nurses and head nurses in a tertiary Hospital in Quezon City?

18. What is the setting of the study?

A. Tertiary hospital in Quezon City
B. National Capital Region
C. Metro Manila
D. Quezon City

19. Which are the best sources of data for this study?
 A. Records from the Nursing Service Office
B. Incident reports
C. Country Reports
D. Books and Journals

20. Will there be a need to forward a hypothesis?

A. Yes
B. Yes, but it must be in the null form only
C. It depends on the researcher
D. No

21. Which does NOT belong to the group?

A. Describe
B. Explain
C. Predict
D. Compare

22. Which does NOT belong to the group?

A. Interest
B. Nobility
C. Feasibility
D. Ethical

23. Which does NOT belong to the group?

A. Absence of information
B. Complete information
C. Conflicting information
D. Gap in information

24. Which does NOT belong to the group?

A. Books
B. Journals
C. Conference proceedings
D. Corporate contracts

25. Which does NOT belong to the group?

A. Null hypothesis
B. Complex hypothesis
C. Directional hypothesis
D. Non-directional hypothesis

26. Which of the following would be considered disadvantages of using observational data collection methods?
A. Individual bias may interfere with the data collection.
B. Ethical concerns may be increasingly significant to researchers using observational data collection
methods.
C. Individual judgments and values influence the perceptions of the observers.
D. All of the above.

27. In nursing research, questionnaires might be used as an appropriate method for data collection EXCEPT?
A. Whenever expense is a concern for the researcher
B. When a researcher is interested in obtaining information directly from the subjects
C. When the researcher needs to collect data from a large group of subjects who are not easily accessible
D. When accuracy is of the utmost importance to the researcher
28. Which of the following would be considered advantages of using existing records or available data to
answer a research question?
A. The use of available data reduces the risk of researcher bias in data collection.
B. Time involvement in the research study can be reduced by the use of available records or data.
C. Consistent collection of information over periods of time allows the researcher to study trends.
D. All of the above

29. What is the process of translating concepts that are of interest to the researcher into observable and
measurable phenomena?
A. Objectivism
B. Systematization
C. Subjectivism
D. Operationalization

30. Answering research questions pertaining to psychosocial variables can best be answered by using
which data gathering technique(s)?
A. Observation
B. Interviews
C. Questionnaires
D. All of the above

31. What is collection of data from each subject in the same or in a similar manner known?
A. Repetition
B. Dualism
C. Consistency
D. Recidivism

32. Scientific observations should fulfill which of the following conditions?

A. Observations are consistent with the study objectives
B. Observations are standardized and systematically recorded
C. Observations are checked and controlled
D. All of the above

33. In a research study, a participant observer spent regularly scheduled hours in a homeless shelter and
occasionally stayed overnight. The people staying in the were told that this person was conducting a
research study. The researcher freely engaged in conversation and openly observed the homeless. What is
the observational role of the researcher?
A. Concealment without intervention
B. Concealment with intervention
C. No concealment without intervention
D. No concealment with intervention

34. In unstructured observation, which of the following might occur?

A. Extensive field notes are recorded
B. Subjects are informed what behaviors are being observed
C. The researcher frequently records interesting anecdotes
D. All of the above

35. Which of the following is not consistent with a Likert scale?

A. It contains closed-ended items.
B. It contains open-ended items.
C. It contains lists of statements.
D. Items are evaluated on the amount of agreement.

36. The following statement are correct except

A. In conducting a research study, the researcher has a responsibility to ensure that all study subjects
received the same information and data was collected from all participants in the same manner.
B. The researcher who invests significant amounts of time in the development of an instrument has a
professional responsibility to publish the results
C. Although it is acceptable to use multiple instruments within a research study, the study is more
acceptable if only one method is used for the data collection.
D. Social desirability is seldom a concern for researchers when the data collection method used in
the study is interviews.
37. A researcher desires to use a questionnaire in a study but cannot find one that will gather the information
desired about a particular variable. The decision is made to develop a new instrument. Which of the
following should the researcher do?
A. Define the construct, formulate the items, and assess the items for content validity
B. Develop instructions for users and pilot the instrument
C. Estimate reliability and validity
D. All of the above

38. In order to evaluate the adequacy of various data collection methods, which of the following should be
observed in the written research report?
A. Clear identification of the rationale for selecting a physiological measure
B. The problems of bias and reactivity are addressed with observational measures
C. There is a clear explanation of how interviews were conducted and how interviewers were trained
D. All of the above

39. When a research hypothesis is supported through testing, it may be assumed that the hypothesis was
which of the following?
A. Proved
B. Accepted
C. Rejected
D. Disconfirmed

40. The following statements are correct except:

A. Limitations of a study describe its weaknesses.
B. Unsupported hypotheses mean that the study is of little value in generating knowledge.
C. Hypothesis testing is described in the discussion section of the research report.
D. The Likert scale contains open-ended items.

41. The Results section of a research study includes all the following except
A. Hypothesis testing results.
B. Tables and figures.
C. Statistical test description.
D. Limitations of the study.

42. Tables in research reports should meet all of the following criteria except?
A. Clear, concise tables.
B. Restate the text narrative.
C. Economize the text.
D. Supplement the text narrative.

43. The discussion section provides opportunity for the investigator to do all of the following except
A. Describe implications from the research results.
B. Relate the results to the literature review.
C. Make generalizations to large populations of subjects.
D. Suggest areas for further research.

44. Which f the following statement is incorrect?

A. Qualitative research focuses on the whole of human experiences in naturalistic settings. True
B. External criticism in historical research refers to the authenticity of data sources. True
C. In qualitative research one would expect the number of subjects participating to be as large as
those usually found in quantitative studies.
D. The researcher is viewed as the major instrument for data collection. True

45. To what does the term “saturation” in qualitative research refer?

A. Data repetition
B. Subject exhaustion
C. Researcher exhaustion
D. Sample size

46. Data, in qualitative research, are often collected by which of the following procedures?
A. Questionnaires sent out to subjects
B. Observation of subjects in naturalistic settings
C. Interviews
D. All are correct
47. The qualitative method that uses symbolic interaction as the theoretical base for research is known as
which of the following?
A. Phenomenology
B. Grounded Theory Method
C. Ethnography
D. Historical method

48. What is the qualitative method that attempts to construct the meaning of the lived experience of human
phenomena?
A. Phenomenology
B. Grounded theory
C. Ethnography
D. Historical method

49. What is the qualitative research method most appropriate for answering the question: “What changes
in nursing practice occurred after the Viet Nam War?”
A. Phenomenology
B. Grounded theory
C. Ethnography
D. Historical method

50. What qualitative research method would be most appropriate for studying the impact of culture on
the health behaviors of urban Chinese youth?
A. Phenomenology
B. Grounded theory
C. Ethnography
D. Historical method

51. What are the ways in which one can communicate research results?
A. Publications
B. Presentation in conferences
C. Poster presentation
D. All of the above

Situation: The research team of a 1000 beds Tertiary Hospital is conducting a study on the use of evidence
based practice among the nurses. The study is being conducted in several phases. The members of the team are
being re-oriented to the research process.

52. The sequence of steps in the research process starts with:

A. Identification of the problem
B. Review of related literatures
C. Formulation of a framework
D. Choosing an appropriate research design

53. Possible sources of a research problem are the following except:

A. Personal experiences and observation
B. Attendance in conferences
C. Readings
D. Hearsays

54. Characteristics of a research problem are the following:

A. Novelty
B. Interest
C. Ethical
D. All of the above

55. The problem may be specifically stated in the form of a:

A. Research question
B. Hypothesis
C. Assumption
D. Significance

56. Titles should be clear, concise, and stated with how many words?
A. 10 substantive words
B. 20 substantive words
 C. 30 substantive words
D. 40 substantive words

57. What variable are not studied but affects the results of the study?
A. Independent variables
B. Dependent variables
C. Extraneous variables
D. Organismic variables

58. What variable comes between the dependent and independent variable?
A. Extraneous variable
B. Intervening variable
C. Organismic variable
D. Interfering variable

59. Variables that cannot be changed through manipulation are:

A. Extraneous variable
B. Intervening variable
C. Organismic variable
D. Interfering variable

60. The best control over unknown variables:

A. Matching
B. Randomization
C. Statistical manipulation
D. Blocking

61. Which defines the boundaries of the study?

A. Scope
B. Limitations
C. Assumptions
D. Hypothesis

62. It describes how variables or concepts are to be measured.

A. Operational definition
B. Conceptual definition
C. Rating scales
D. Questionnaires

Situation: The research team attended a short lecture on the ethics of research

63. Which principle imposes a duty on researchers to minimize harm and to maximize benefits?
A. Justice
B. Principle of Human dignity
C. Beneficence
D. Nonmaleficence

64. Which 2 rights of human respondents are the major elements on which informed consent is based?
A. Right to full disclosure and right to self determination
B. Right to anonymity and confidentiality
C. Right to protection from harm and discomfort
D. Right of adults and children

65. The collection of data without the subjects’ knowledge is:

A. Concealment
B. Deception
C. Placebo
D. Single blind test deign

66. The following are vulnerable subjects except:

A. Children
B. The very poor
C. Consenting adults
D. The institutionalized
67. It refers to published reports of actual research studies done previously:
A. Conceptual literature
B. Research literature
C. Primary source of literature
D. Secondary source of literature

68. A strategy for expressing a framework is called a:

A. Paradigm
B. Conceptual map
C. Theoretical framework
D. Conceptual framework.

69. The type of hypothesis which is the expectation based on a theory is:
A. Null hypothesis
B. Alternative hypothesis
C. Accepted hypothesis
D. Rejected hypothesis

70. The best design to examine differences in variables in two or more groups which occur in a natural setting is:
A. Correlational design
B. Historical design
C. Comparative design
D. Experimental design

71. Designs which examine changes in the same subjects over an extended period is:
A. Cross sectional design
B. Longitudinal design
C. Cohort studies
D. Quasi-experimental design

72. Which is not a characteristic of a true experiment?

A. Manipulation
B. Control
C. Randomization
D. None of the above

73. A threat to experimental validity that occur in studies where randomization is not possible:
A. History effect
B. Maturation
C. Selection
D. Mortality

74. The suspension of the researcher’s preconceptions, prejudices, and beliefs is called:
A. Bracketing
B. Memoing
C. Coding
D. Categorization

75. It means that the findings can be applied to the population:

A. Representativeness
B. Generalization
C. Sampling frame
D. Sampling design

76. Cluster sampling is a type of:

A. Probability sampling
B. Non-probability sampling
C. Both
D. Neither

77. Simple random sampling may be done by:

A. Lottery
B. Table of random numbers
C. Fish bowl Technique
 D. All of the above

78. The ability of the data gathering to test what it is supposed to test is:
A. Validity
B. Reliability
C. Objectivity
D. Neutrality

79. The point on the score scale that is equal to the sum of the scores divided by the number of cases is called:
A. Mode
B. Median
C. Mean
D. Range

80. The part of the written report which includes the design, sample, tool, and data analysis plan.
A. Introduction
B. Literature review
C. Methodology
D. Discussion

81. The most prestigious way of communication research findings is:

A. Publication in a university journal
B. Publication in an international high impact factor journal
C. Presentation in international conference
D. Self publication