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Module 1 Properties of Fluids

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Module 1 Properties of Fluids

Uploaded by

Aikaterine Smith
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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FLUID MECHANICS

JAGC
CONTENTS
• Module 1 : Properties of Fluids
• Fluid Mechanics - is a study of the behavior of fluids that are
either at rest or in motion
푚푎 푚
• DENSITY ( � ) = = (small Greek letter rho)
푣표푙 푚 �

For water � = 1000kg/cu.m or 1.94 slugs/ cu.ft

푊 ℎ� 푊
• SPECIFIC WEIGHT ( � ) = = (small Greek letter gamma)
푣표푙 푚 �
for water
At 4 deg C γ = 9.81 kN/cu.m 62.4 lb / cu.ft
At 20deg C γ = 9.79 kN/cu.m 62.3 lb / cu.ft

Recall : mass m (kg, slugs)


volume (cubic meters ; cubic ft)
weight (N, kN or lb)
푣표푙 푚 �
• SPECIFIC VOLUME ( ν ) = = (small Greek Letter nu)
푚푎 푚

• SPECIFIC GRAVITY (s.g.) – relative weight of fluids to water or air


푑 푛 �김 표 푙 푑 푛 �푤 ℎ� 표 푙 푑
For liquids = =
푑 푛 �김 표 푤푎� 푛 �푤 ℎ� 표 푤푎�
• Dynamic Viscosity – amount of fluid resistance to shearing
forces; commonly known as absolute viscosity (lb-
sec/sq.ft ; poise; Pa-sec)

τ
(�) = (small Greek Letter mu)
김

τ = shear stress (force over area)


= constant velocity
y = plate distance or simply distance
• Kinematic Viscosity ν (small Greek letter nu)– ratio of dynamic
viscosity of the fluid to its mass density
µ
ν=
ρ

units are in 푚2 /sec or �2 /sec

Remember that
For dynamic viscosity 1 poise = 1 g/(cm-s)
Kinematic viscosity 1 stoke = 1 �푚2 /s
• Surface Tension (�) small letter sigma – intermolecular
cohesive forces forming free surface of a liquid. This is the
main reason why insects are able to walk or sit above liquids.

4σ
Pressure inside a droplet of liquid �=
푑
p = gage pressure in Pa
σ = surface tension in N/m
d = droplet diameter
• Capillarity – behavior of fluid in a small tube due to relative
magnitude of cohesion and adhesion of the liquid to walls of
the vessel or tube.

��풄� �
h=
��
h = capillary rise or depression

� = angle of rise or depression


σ = surface tension in Pa

d = tube diameter
γ = unit weight of fluid
• Compressibility β– also known as coefficient of compressibility
of the fluid. Change if volume per unit change in pressure at
constant temperature
�
� � 풂�
= =−
�� � 풆 �

• Bulk Modulus of Elasticity �� – expresses the compressibility of


the fluid. Ratio of the change in pressure to the corresponding
volume change per unit volume
� 풆 �
�� = =− �
� 풂�
• Celerity/Pressure Wave/Water Hammer/Acoustical/Sonic
Velocity (c) – speed at which disturbance is transmitted to
a fluid

��
c=√
�
• Gas Density = 풂�
푹

where �푎푏 표푙 � =� 푎 + �푎�푚표 �ℎ �

�푎�푚표 �ℎ � = 101.325 kPa = 14.7psi


R (gas constant) = 287 J/ (kg-K)
T (temperature) in Kelvin
Problem 1
The volume of a tetrachloride having a mass of 1300Kg is
0.953 cu.m. Compute the following:
a. ) Density
b) Specific Weight/ Unit Weight
c) Specific Gravity
Problem 2
The radius of a tube is 0.5mm. The surface tension of water
at 20℃ is equal to 0.073 N/M. For a water-glass interface at
� = 0°. Compute the capillary rise in the tube.
Problem 3
• A 700Ton liquid which is compressed in a cylinder has a
volume of 1000 푚3 at 2 MPa and a volume of 880 푚3 at
2.5MPa. Compute for the
a. Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
b. Compressibility
c. Pressure wave velocity of the fluid
Problem 4
• Determine the surface tension in a tube with 0.5 m radius
and wetting angle of 0° and capillary rise of 10mm of water
Problem 5
• A moving plate is 1 mm from a fixed plate. If the moving
plate requires a force per unit area of 13 Pa to maintain a
speed of 0.66 푚 . Determine the Dynamic Viscosity of the
substance between the two plates in Poise.
Problem 6
• From Prob 5, if the fluid has specific gravity of 0.88.
Calculate its kinematic viscosity
Problem 7
• A gas having a volume of 39 Liters has a pressure of 0.24
J
MPa at 24℃. If the gas constant R is equal to 287 .
퐾 −퐾
Compute the density of gas.
References
• Gillesania, D. (2015). Fluid mechanics and hydraulics.
Gillesania Engineering Review and Training Center.
• Kundu, P., Cohen, I., & Dowling, D. (2012). Fluid mechanics.
Elsevier, Inc.
• Liu, C., Evett, J., & Giles, R. (2014). Schaum's Outline of
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill.
• Potter, M., Wiggert, D., Ramadan, B., Shih, T., & Tiwari, S.
(2012). Mechanics of fluids. Stamford: Cengage Learning.
• White, F., & Chul, R. (2017). Fluid mechanics. New York:
McGraw-Hill education

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