SHETKARI SHIKSHAN PRASARAK MANDAL’S

JAYWANT COLLEGE OFENGINERING & POLYTECHNIC

K. M. GAD.

“INFORMATION ABOUT HYDRO POWER PLANT ”

“DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING”

(Polytechnic)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MS.SHRADHA KAKADE

YEAR 2024-25
 SHETKARI SHIKSHAN PRASARAK MANDAL’S

JAYWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINERING & POLYTECHNIC

K.M.GAD.

“DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING”

(Polytechnic)

CERTIFICATE
NAME ROLL NO

MUSAIB NAIKWADI 324261

NIHAL MULLA 324229

PARAS PATIL 324253

HARSH CHAVAN 324234

SAHIL KAMBLE 324208

Had completed their project report work on as per the curriculum of MSBTE
for the partial fulfillment of Diploma in Electrical Engineering. The changes
and suggestions are incorporated in report. The report is approved as it satisfies
the academic requirements.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to everyone who supported

me throughout the completion of this mini project on Prepairing Chart Of Hydro

Power Plant First and foremost, I extend my sincere thanks to my project

supervisor, [Supervisor’s Name Ms Shraddha Kakade] for their invaluable

guidance, expertise, and encouragement. Their insights into hydro poewr plant

significantly enriched my understanding of the subject.I also wish to

acknowledge the assistance of my peers and colleagues, whose collaboration

and feedback were crucial in the development of this project. Special thanks to

[Names of specific individuals Musaib Naikwadi , Nihal Mulla , Paras Patil ,

Harsh Chavan , Sahil Kamble .] for their support during discussions and for

sharing useful resources.Furthermore, I am grateful to the [Department]

Electrical Engineering for providing the necessary facilities and resources to

conduct this project. The knowledge and skills I have gained during this process

will undoubtedly benefit my future endeavors.Lastly, I would like to thank my

family and friends for their unwavering support and motivation.

-
ABSTRACT
Hydro power plants play a significant role in the generation of renewable energy by
harnessing the power of flowing or falling water. This abstract provides an overview of the
key components and processes involved in a typical hydropower plant. The abstract begins by
explaining the primary purpose of a hydropower plant, which is to convert the kinetic energy
of water into electrical energy. It highlights the environmental benefits of hydropower,
including its low greenhouse gas emissions and potential for energy storage. The abstract
then outlines the main components of a hydropower plant. These typically include a dam or a
diversion structure to control the flow of water, a reservoir to store water, a penstock to
channel water towards the turbines, and the turbines themselves, which are connected to
generators to produce electricity. It mentions the various types of turbines used, such as
Francis, Kaplan, and Pelton turbines, depending on the specific site characteristics.
Furthermore, the abstract discusses the importance of the transmission system in delivering
the generated electricity to consumers and the grid. It highlights the significance of grid
integration and the need for effective power management strategies to ensure stability and
reliability. Additionally, the abstract touches upon the environmental considerations
associated with hydropower plants, such as the potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems and
the need for fish passage solutions. It also briefly mentions the concept of pumped storage
hydropower, which utilizes excess electricity to pump water from a lower reservoir to an
upper reservoir, allowing energy to be stored and later released when demand is high. In
conclusion, the abstract emphasizes the role of hydropower plants as a clean and renewable
energy source. It highlights the key components, processes, and environmental considerations
associated with these plants, showcasing their importance in the global pursuit of sustainable
energy generation.
 3 ENERGY CONVERSION PRINCIPLES 3

4 STORAGE 4-7

5 HYDRAULIC SYESTEM 8-9

6 POWER STATION , TURBINES , HYDROGENERATORS 10-15

PUMPED STORAGE.

7 ECONOMICS 16

INDEX
SR. CONTENT PAGE
NO NO.

1 INTRODUCTION & PERSPECTIVE 1

2 KEYPOINTS, FUNCTION 2
Introduction and perspective
Hydropower is by far the most significant renewable resource of electricity exploited to date.
According to the International Energy Agency’s (IEA’s) ‘World Energy Outlook 2013’,
hydropower output worldwide is projected to increase from 3,490 TWh in 2011 to between
5.5 and 5.9 TWh by 2035, at a steady 15% or so of total global electricity generation. In 2001
hydropower was the world’s second largest source of electricity. In 2013 it ranks fourth
behind coal (37% now, changing to between 33 and 40% by 2035, depending on scenario
assumptions), gas (22% now, and remaining roughly at this percentage until 2035) and
nuclear (12% now, reducing slightly to 2035). According to the IEA, the share of hydropower
in electricity production will remain flat at its current share of 16%, or decline slightly by
2035, yet only about one third of the economic potential worldwide has been built to date. In
the OECD countries the best sites have already been exploited and environmental regulations
constrain new development, although the construction of smaller size plants proceeds apace
in many countries, and there is considerable activity in the refurbishment of existing schemes
to extend their lives and, in many cases, increase their outputs. New hydro projects in
developing countries are a massive area of development activity, following a maturing of our
understanding of how to balance environmental, social and energy concerns. Projects now
tend to have less water storage and hence smaller environmental footprints and reduced need
to resettle people from inundated lands, but are still able to contribute controllable low carbon
electricity at what is usually a competitive price. The largest projects are able to do this on a
vast scale compared to most other renewable energy resources, and also bring enhanced
electricity security and reduced foreign exchange requirements for imported fossil fuels to the
countries they serve.
Energy Conversion Principles

Hydro-electric engineering is concerned with the efficient and economic conversion of

energy ‘ freely available’ from a supply of water deposited at a suitable head by the action of
the cycle of evaporation and rainfall produced by the effect of solar radiation. An essential
requirement is, therefore, that the water should be at a suitable height above a lower reference
point to where the water could flow and be discharged. The difference in levels between the
water and discharge point represents the potential energy that would become available for use
should water be allowed to flow between the two levels. Since earliest times the direct
conversion by gravity of the potential energy existing in differences in heights of water levels
has been employed in the shape of the bucket water wheel. The efficiency of conversion is
not very high as only a part of the potential energy is available due to water spilling out of the
buckets before they reach the lowest part of travel. The undershot paddle type of water wheel
has also been used; here, the water strikes only the bottom of the wheel, and the water, in
falling down a channel or flume, has its velocity increased to provide more striking force on
the paddles. Although the workings of such schemes are self-evident, it should be noted that
the potential energy of water is converted into rotating mechanical energy.
Storage

Purpose of Storage

Storage is provided in order that water may be made available when required to meet the
electrical system load. The average annual load cycle may not coincide in amount or time
with the average run-off cycle and, therefore, the provision of storage means that the water
may be utilised at a different period to that when it came into storage. This is called seasonal
storage. In addition to such variations within a year, variations can occur comparing one year
with another and storage can be provided to offset such variation. This is called long term
storage. Seasonal storage under average conditions may not present any great difficulty if the
average run-off cycle very nearly coincides with the load cycle, but considering short spells
of two to three months, variations from average can be quite large and in practice provide the
main operational problem. Increasing the amount of storage eases operation of the scheme to
meet load requirements, but the cost of storage can be high. Topography and perhaps
geological conditions limit the amount of storage possible. If the amount of storage is small
in relation to the average yearly run-off, generation may have to take place at times when the
load conditions do not merit it and, in very wet weather, run-off can be wasted if it occurs at a
greater rate than can be dealt with by the plant. Conversely, in dry weather, the installed plant
capacity should be available when required to meet the load, in order that this capacity can be
regarded as “firm.” Any additional capacity provided in order to save, or to reduce, spillage
from the reservoir would have to be justified solely on this basis .
Methods of Storage

The most suitable method of providing the required storage depends on a number of factors,
topographical, geological, climatic and such availability of skilled labour and materials. The
construction of a dam may not be feasible or its provision may not be justified economically
due, perhaps, to the open nature of the country at the reservoir mouth, in which case there is
the simple arrangement of a natural reservoir from which the power station draws water at a
lower level.

In most cases, however, the construction of a water retaining structure is economically

justified. With such structures, the primary consideration affecting design is that of safety. In
the design of any dam, certain forces have to be taken into account. Firstly, there are those
that are a function of fluid pressures and weight density of materials and, secondly, there are
those due to earthquakes, silt deposits, ice, uplift pressures, and effects of floods. Those in the
first category are amenable to calculation, but coping with the remainder depends largely on
experience. When there are fishing interests, provision may also be made for the passage of
fish both into, and out of, the reservoir.
A variety of dam designs exist as follows:

Embankment Dams - an earth or rock-filled dam across the reservoir

outlet. This form of construction is nearly always cheaper than any
alternative particularly if rock-spoil is available from tunnelling. Solid
Gravity Dam - Dams of this type rely on their weight for stability and
the weight usually provided entirely by the quantity of concrete or the
masonry in the structure. A sound foundation, usually on rock, is
required.

Buttress Dams - With the potential for seepage in its foundations the
gravity dam is subject to an unavoidably large area exposed to uplift
forces and, as a result, the stresses and factors of safety against
overturning are low in relation to the strength of the concrete. Buttress
type dams were developed in order to achieve:

„ Reduction of uplift forces by having minimum downstream area in

contact with the ground.

„ Utilisation of the stored water pressure to give stability by sloping

the upstream face and, therefore, reducing the amount of concrete
required.
„ Utilisation of the strength of the concrete to a safe minimum. Pre-
Stressed Concrete Dam - Another way of counteracting the uplift
forces and increasing the stress in the gravity dam is to replace part of
the mass by preloading the structure.

Arch Dam - Arch dams are characterised by their extreme thinness in

relation to their height having this ratio as low as 0.15 and even lower
for cupola arch dams with curved cantilever sections. The design of
such dams involves complex calculation of stress and model testing is
often resorted to.
Hydraulic System
The natural catchment area may be extended by diverting adjacent streams or by tunnelling
from an adjacent watershed. Unless the power station is constructed within the dam, it is
necessary to provide an aqueduct between the storage and power station. In such ‘diversion’
schemes the supply is taken from a dammed river or lake, from which water flows through a
headrace canal to a head pond or forebay in the vicinity of the remote powerhouse. From the
forebay the water flows to the turbine through a system of pressurised pipes known as
penstocks. The purpose of the forebay is to ensure that sudden changes in rates of flow
caused by changes in turbine control do not result in unacceptable changes of the water levels
in the canal. In a variation of this scheme a low-pressure tunnel replaces the canal and takes
the water to as near as possible to the power station where there are two possibilities for
completing the route. If the rock cover over the route near the station is good and generally
steeply sloping, it will usually be economic to provide either a sloping tunnel or combined
vertical section and horizontal tunnel. This latter section of tunnel or pipeline is referred to as
the high-pressure

.
To permit quick starts of the turbine without loss of head caused by the need to accelerate
water quickly within the tunnels, and in order to protect the low pressure tunnel from pressure
surges (water hammer) where turbine control conditions lead also to sudden decreases of
rates of flow, use is made of a surge chamber or surge tank. These are usually most
conveniently located at the junction between the high and low-pressure sections. A free water
surface is thus provided at this point. The period of oscillation set up in the tank/ chamber in
this way is usually of the order of several minutes. In the absence of flow in the tunnel the
oscillations can take several hours to die away appreciably. Such oscillations in the surge
chamber level are presented to the turbine as a variable head, and if the turbine is speed
governed, it will adjust the flow in such a way that unless the oscillations are quickly damped
by friction they could, if the chamber were incorrectly proportioned, impose a forced
oscillation upon the mass of water in the chamber and produce dangerous conditions.
Power Station

Structure
Unless the power station is to be incorporated in a dam, the station can either be constructed
on the surface or located underground. Provided underground rock is sound an underground
station has a number of advantages. For instance, the length of high pressure tunnel and
amount of steel lining and reinforcement can be kept to a minimum, the tailrace tunnel can be
unlined and the superstructure required for a surface station becomes unnecessary. Depending
on the layout of a scheme, the turbines, their auxiliaries and the electrical plant may be
housed either at or below ground level. Run of the river stations are invariably housed at
ground level and are located either inside or alongside the dam. On very low head schemes
they may be housed within the structure of a submerged weir, with provisions for spilling
excess flow over the roof and side of the station. In diversion schemes, the power station is
housed either in a purpose-built structure at ground level or in an underground cavern. The
underground arrangement is also attractive from the amenity aspect. The relative costs are a
little different, but the underground arrangement does use less steel and the reduction in the
amount of tunnel lining work can save time. In underground stations special attention has to
be given to guarding against flooding, fire and leakage of carbon dioxide from fire fighting
equipment.
Layout
By comparison with thermal stations, the number of auxiliary systems that must be housed
either within, or in the vicinity of, a hydroelectric power station is fairly limited. Such
systems that are essential include the following.

„ Gates and/or valves used for isolating the turbine, together with the associated pumping
sets and pressure receivers.

„ Governors, actuators and servomotors.

„ A compressed-air system capable of charging and topping up the pressure receivers (used
by above bullet points).

„ Duplicated de-watering system with a proportion of the de-watering pumps supplied from
a secure battery based supply. (Dewatering is the process of emptying the system of water so
that it can be maintained)

„ Cooling systems for generators, transformers, pumping sets and for thrust and journal
bearings of the turbo-generator.

„ A heating and ventilating plant capable of maintaining the required degree of comfort.

„ Voltage regulators and controllers

„ Instrumentation and controls for monitoring and operating the units and their auxiliaries,
including automatic synchronising equipment.
In addition to the generators, the electrical plant housed within or in the neighbourhood of the
plant consists of low and high-voltage switchgear, transformers and generator busbars. With
generator voltages employed in hydroelectric sets tending to be in the range 8-15 kV,
considerations of the cost of bus-bars dictate that the main transformers must be placed in
close proximity to the generators. Thus in underground stations the main transformers are
normally housed in galleries running alongside the turbine hall. On installations on which
large pump turbines are employed, pump-starting equipment also has to be housed within the
stations. Given the variety of possible locations and machine types and configurations, a
multiplicity of competitive station designs has been established over the years.
Turbines

General principles

Consideration of hydraulic conditions at the turbine runner leads to the division of water
turbines into two main groups:

„ the impulse turbines represented in modern turbine practice mainly by Pelton wheels and

„ reaction turbines, a group covering both mixed flow and axial flow machines including
Propeller, Francis and Kaplan or Deriaz turbines . In an impulse turbine, all the available
energy is converted into velocity before the water enters the runner, while in a reaction
turbine the process of conversion takes place partly before and partly after the water has
entered the runner. The division of water turbines into these two groups is based on general
usage and does not imply any difference in the method of energy transfer between the water
and the runner. At its simplest, the principle of a water turbine is that of a rotating duct,
through which flows a stream of water. The stream and the duct interact; the stream is
deflected and, as a result, a force is exerted on the duct. The moment of this force, about the
axis of rotation of the duct is equal and opposite to the change in the moment of momentum
of the stream. Impulse turbines are driven by jets of water issuing from one or more nozzles
distributed tangentially around the periphery of the wheel. Adjusting the openings of the
nozzles controls the power output. With a few exceptions, reaction turbines are normally
equipped with movable guide vanes. These are disposed symmetrically around the runner and
control both the velocity of flow and its direction at the entry to the runner. The majority of
reaction turbines have runners whose geometry is fixed and invariable. Modern, mixed flow
machines, equipped with such runners are known as ‘Francis’ turbines. The flow at inlet is
invariably inward and the flow at exit is usually axial. The axial-flow machine with a fixed
geometry runner is known as a ‘propeller’. Turbines in which the guides are movable but the
runner blades are fixed are said to have ‘single regulation’.
Part-load performance of such machines tends to be poor. In order to improve performance,
machines with both movable guide and movable runner blades have been introduced. Such
machines are said to have ‘double regulation’. Axial-flow turbines with double regulation
have been employed since the 1920s. They are known as ‘Kaplan turbines’, after their
inventor. Double regulated mixed-flow turbines have been used since the 1950s. Double
regulation increases both the size of a machine and its costs. However, the resulting
improvement
in performance under a range of operating conditions can make their use economically

justified, either where single or very few machines are installed, or where substantial head

variation. .
Hydrogenerators (large)

Large diameter salient-pole generators are almost universally employed with a maximum

design speed not greater than 1000 or 1200 rev/min to produce electricity at the required

frequency of 50 or 60 Hz. Small induction generators of up to 5 MW are used in isolated

cases. The two requirements specific to hydroelectric installations are the need to take into

consideration the very high runaway speeds and the need to provide sufficient rotary inertia

to assure both the quality of speed control of the turbine and the stability of the electrical

system. In the case of vertical-shaft units the specification often calls for the bore of the

generator stator to be of sufficient size that the turbine runner can be withdrawn without the

need to remove the stator. Thrust bearings are normally provided on the generator shaft. It is

thus necessary for the generator designer to be acquainted with the magnitudes of hydraulic

thrusts appertaining to a range of operational conditions. As a result of the restrictions on size

and weight due to consideration of transport and access to remote sites, generator rotors and

stators are often assembled on site using preformed, transportable components. In the case of

major schemes it is often economic to construct a dedicated factory at the site of the scheme,

rather than to transport large components and subassemblies to the site .

Pumped storage

In many OECD countries the available waterpower resources are becoming fully utilised and,

as environmental considerations lead to resistance to further encroachment by developments

leading to the inundation of large tracts of land, modern hydroelectric practice is tending

towards construction of pumped storage schemes. Currently some 20% of the world’s largest

turbines are used in this mode. The location of such installations is not critically dependent on

the quality of the catchment area, but there must be sufficient water to fill and make good any

losses due to seepage and evaporation. However, any natural inflow to the upper reservoir

produces a bonus in output. As the cost of machinery per unit output depends on the available

head, there is an incentive to construct such schemes at sites providing. potential heads in the

range 300-600 m. Should such sites not be available, lower heads could still be exploited, but

at a greater cost. Availability of pumped storage increases the efficiency of operation of the

whole interconnected system and, because of its rapid response capability, removes the need

for investment in gas-turbine based peak-lopping units and of operation of thermal units in

the spinning reserve mode. Their use, unlike that of conventional hydroelectric units,

however, does not strictly speaking qualify as renewable energy. In Europe, the USA and

Japan, many pumpedstorage plants have been built. Many more are projected or are in the

course of construction, mainly in parts of the developing world. Pumped plants comprise the

single most important area of growth of hydroelectric power generation.

Economics

The economics of hydropower have been transformed in recent years through a mix of value

being ascribed to carbon and the rising costs and cost uncertainty of fossil-fuel alternatives.

The underlying challenges of high capital cost and long construction periods creating long

term equity and debt requirements remain, but strong support from agencies such as the

World Bank now mitigate this to a considerable extent. Financing for hydro projects is also

available from sources such as Chinese banks, when coupled with a Chinese supply chain and

contracting offering. Smaller projects are often included within renewable energy incentive

schemes, making them attractive commercial investment propositions. This, together with a

more mature view of how to manage environmental issues, has caused a focus away from the

complex multipurpose projects of the past, justified as much on irrigation and water resource

arguments as for electricity production, towards a narrower focus on electricity generation as

the major or sole rationale.

Environmental considerations

Hydroelectric schemes have significant environment and social impacts, especially if large

scale energy storage is involved. These include direct impacts on people affected by

inundation, habitat loss and associated impact on rare plants and animals, loss of cultural

artefacts, and the downstream impacts of changed river flows. These impacts can become

cumulative if several hydroelectric schemes 14 www.theiet.org/factfiles are constructed in the

same river basin. Over time, extensive quantities of silt can build up behind dams, and

potentially impair operation. Tidal range schemes in estuaries can have a significant impact

on ecology, including habitat loss for migrating birds. In recent years a more mature approach

to such issues has led to a much more integrated approach to finding good engineering and

environmental solutions. Generally projects have less storage, requiring less inundation, and

better design solutions and operational techniques can also minimise environmental impact.

However there are still cases of environmentally poor hydro schemes being developed, and

most investors now apply strict environmental and social impact tests before committing to

fund projects, usually referenced to the World Bank environmental guidelines.